physical development: maturation and growth a.birth to two years 1.birth 2.neonatal period 3.each...
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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
1. Birth
2. Neonatal Period
3. Each Month
4. Fourth Month
5. Twelve Months
6. Between 1-2 Years
7. Two Years Old
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
1. Slimmer
2. Proportions
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
C. Seven to 11 Years
1. Slimmer
2. Muscles
3. Lungs
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MATURATION AND GROWTH
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Two to Six Years
C. Seven to 11 Years
D. Puberty
1. Growth & Weight Gain
2. Gonads/Sex Glands
3. Secondary Sex Characteristics
4. Body Composition
5. Circulation and Respiration
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
1. Newborn
2. Five Months
3. Nine Months
4. Twelve Months
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
1. Environmental Influences
2. Inherited Factors
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
1. Speed
2. Coordination
3. Gross Motor Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
1. Speed
2. Coordination
3. Gross Motor Development
4. Fine Motor Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Fine Motor Skills
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Birth to Two Years
B. Sources of Variation
C. Two to Six Years
D. Seven to Eleven Years
1. Motor Skills
2. Reaction Time
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Brain Growth Spurt– Period between the seventh prenatal month and 2 years of age when more than half of the child’s eventual brain weight is added.
Brain Growth SpurtBegins Here
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:Synapse – the connective space (juncture) between one nerve cell (neuron) and another.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:Synapse – the connective space (juncture) between one nerve cell (neuron) and another.
Neurons – nerve cells that receive and transmit neural impulses
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions:Synapse – the connective space (juncture) between one nerve cell (neuron) and another.
Neurons – nerve cells that receive and transmit neural impulses
Glia – nerve cells that nourish neurons and encase them in insulating sheaths of myelin.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions Cont’d:
Synaptogenesis – formation of connections (synapses) among neurons.
Plasticity – capacity for change; a developmental state that has the potential to be shaped by experience.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN:
Neural Development and Plasticity
Some Basic Definitions Cont’d:
Synaptic pruning – surviving neurons that are stimulated less often lose their synapses.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
About Brain Development
1. Brain Stem and Midbrain– most mature at birth
- consciousness - reflexes - respiration - digestion - elimination
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
About Brain Development
2. Surrounding Midbrain are the Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex
- movement - perception - learning - language - thinking
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Earliest Maturing areas of the cerebrum are the Primary Motor & Sensory Areas
Darker, dot-like areas mature first, then the lined areas, and finally the clear areas develop in adolescence
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Neural Development & Plasticity
Lateralization
• Evident from birth
• Increases with age
•Get better with age at integrating functions of each hemisphere
• Dyslexia
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Problems of Under nutrition:
• Catch-up growth
• Marasmus (insufficient protein & calories)
• Kwashiorkor (insufficient protein, but sufficient calories)
• Vitamin & mineral deficiencies
• Iron deficiency anemia
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Problems of OVER nutrition:
• Obesity
• Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart, liver & kidney disease
• Social impact
ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
Nutrition
Illnesses
Emotional Stress/Lack of Affection
• Nonorganic failure to thrive
• Deprivation dwarfism
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty
Adolescent Growth Spurt: the rapid increase in physical growth that marks the beginning of adolescence.
Puberty: the point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of fathering or conceiving a child.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty: the point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of fathering or conceiving a child.
Also refers to the physical changes that occur as child passes from child to adult.
CHANGES IN PUBERTY
1. Rapid growth/Weight Gain
2. Further development of gonads
3. Secondary sexual characteristics
4. Changes in muscle/fat compositions
5. Changes in circulatory & respiratory systems
WHAT CAUSES PUBERTY?
• All of these changes triggered by hormones
• No new hormones produced at puberty
• Increase of hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Growth Hormone
Hormonal Influences on Development
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
ThyroidAdrenal Glands
Growth Hormone
Testes Ovaries
Thyroxine Androgen Testosterone Estrogen
Early brain growth
Bone growth
Muscular growth
Bone growth
General growth of body tissues
Adolescent growth spurt
Male reprod. organs before birth
Maturation of male organs
Voice,facial & body hair, muscle dev., bone growth, broad shoulders
Female reprod. Organs
Breasts, hips
Body hair
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty
GirlsBoys
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL MATURATION
GIRLS:
• Begins about age 11 (breasts)
• Menstruation about age 13
• Fertility (at or after menstruation)
SEXUAL MATURATION
BOYS:
• Begins about age 11 or 12 (testes enlarge)
• Fertility about age 14.5 or 15
VARIATIONS IN TIMING OF PUBERTY (BOYS & GIRLS)
• Heredity (identical twins similar timing)
• Environment
SEXUAL MATURATION
Psychosocial Influences of Puberty
• Boys that mature earlier
• Girls that mature “on-time”
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
• U.S. rates = +1 million/year
• 50% miscarriage or abortion
• 2 million babies next 4 years
• 2X higher in U.S.
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
CONSEQUENCES for Mom:
• Loss of education
• Loss of social network
• Lower income
• Lifestyle changes
SEXUAL MATURATION
Teenage Pregnancy
CONSEQUENCES for Baby
Higher probability of:
• Prematurity
• Drug exposure
• Poor nutrition
• Less sensitive/experienced mom
• Intellectual deficits
• Emotional disturbances
• Economically disadvantaged