physical assessment ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
MADE EASY
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VITAL SIGNS
• Temperature• Apical or Radial Pulse• Respirations• Blood Pressure• Pulse Oximetry• Pain
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AUSCULTATION
• Remember Skin to Stethy
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PAIN THE 5TH VITAL SIGN
• P- Point of Origin • Where did the pain start
• When did it begin• What were you doing
to cause the pain• Does it radiate?
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PAIN THE 5TH VITAL SIGN
• A- Alleviating and Aggravating Factors
• What makes the pain better
• What makes it worse• Have you had this
pain before
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PAIN THE 5TH VITAL SIGN
• I- Intensity
• Wong-Baker Faces Scale
• Rank the pain on a numerical scale of 1-10
• 1-No Pain• 10-worse pain you’ve
ever experienced
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PAIN THE 5TH VITAL SIGN
• N- Nature of the Pain • Describe the quality of the pain– Burning– Crushing– Sharp– Dull– Constant– Intermittent
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PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
• The Sequence– I Inspect– P(a) Palpate– P(e) Percuss– A
Auscultate
• Sequence for the Abdomen
• I Inspect
• AAuscultate
• P(e) Percuss• P(a) Palpate
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SKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
Skin Inspection • Color• Hygiene• Lesions-size, shape,
location, configuration, color, blanching, exudate
• Odors
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SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
• SKIN PALPATION • Moisture• Temperature• Texture• Turgor• Elasticity
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SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
• HAIR Inspection • Color • Distribution• Quantity
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SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
• Nails Inspection • Pigmentation of nail bed
• Ridging, beading, pitting, pealing
• Schamroth Technique
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SKIN -Abnormal Findings
• Skin-Melanoma • Sores that do not heal• Nevi-Brown, Black with
Red, White, Blue margins• Development of a nodule,
especially with erosion or ulceration
• Bleeding• Changes in color, size,
thickness
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SKIN -Abnormal Findings
• Kaposi Sarcoma • Malignant tumor of the endothelium and epithelial layer of the skin. Lesions are characteristically soft, vascular, bluish-purple and painless.
• See frequently in patients with AIDS
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PRESSURE ULCER STAGING
• Stage I
• Stage II
• Redness that is not relieved by stimulation or removal of pressure. Skin is intact.
• Abrasion, blisters or shallow crater due to partial-thickness loss of epidermis/dermis
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PRESSURE ULCER STAGING
• Stage III
• Stage IV
• Full-thickness loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue. Deep crater visible.
• Full-thickness skin loss, necrosis, and damage to fascia, connective tissue, muscle or bone.
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CHEST AND LUNGSAnatomy
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CHEST AND LUNGS
• INSPECTION • Inspect chest movement with breathing for– Symmetry– Bulging– Use of Accessory
Muscles
Evaluate respirations forRate, rhythm, andRespiratory pattern
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CHEST AND LUNGS
• Auscultate with diaphragm of stethscope
• Duration• Intensity• Pitch• Timing (Where in
respiratory cycle does sound occur)
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Where to Auscultate
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CHEST AND LUNGSNormal Breath Sounds
• Bronchial (Tracheal)
• Bronchvesicular
• High pitch, Loud, Inspiration < Expiration, Harsh/Hollow, Heard over Trachea
• Moderate Pitch Inspiration=Expiration, Heard over major bronchus
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CHEST AND LUNGSNormal Breath Sounds
• Vesicular • Low, soft, Inspiration>Expiration, Quality of rustling like wind in trees, heard over the peripheral lung fields
• Most frequently heard sound
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CHEST AND LUNGSAdventitious Lung Sounds
• Fine Crackles
• Coarse Crackles
• High-pitched, heard during end of inspiration, not cleared by coughing
• Loud, bubbly noise heard during inspiration, not cleared by coughing
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CHEST AND LUNGSAdventitious Lung Sounds
• Rhonci
• Wheeze
• Loud, low, coarse sounds, like a snore, most often heard continuously during inspiration and expiration
• Musical noise sounding like a squeak; heard continuously in inspiration and expiration
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CHEST AND LUNGSAdventitious Lung Sounds
• www.ymec.com/hp/signal2/lung2.htm
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Rub: Cardiac vs. Pleural
• How do you make a decision regarding origin???
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ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY PATTERNS
• Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
• Respirations gradually wax and wane in a regular pattern, increasing in rate and depth and then decreasing with periods of apnea.
• Normal in the very young and very old during sleep.
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ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY PATTERNS
• Kussmaul • Rapid, Deep, Regular• Most commonly seen
in patients in Metabolic Acidosis, usually associated with Renal Failure
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Asthma • Inspection-– Tachypnea– Dyspnea
• Auscultation– Prolonged expiration– Wheezes– Diminished lung
sounds
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Bronchitis– Secondary to
proliferation of mucous glands in the passageways, resulting in excessive mucus secretion. Inflammation of bronchi with partial obstruction
• Inspection– Hacking, rasping
cough productive of thick sputum
– Dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
• Auscultation– Crackles, Wheeze,
Prolonged expiration
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Emphysema– Secondary to
destruction of pulmonary connective tissue
– Enlargement of air sacs distal to terminal bronchioles
– Increased airway resistance, especially on expiration
– Hyperinflated lungs and lung volume
– Cigarette Smoking
• Inspection– Barrel chest– Use of Accessory
muscles– Dyspnea on exertion
• Auscultation– Decreased breath
sounds– Prolonged expiration– Muffled heart sounds
secondary to overdistention of lungs
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Atelectasis • Inspection– Delayed/diminished
chest wall movement– Tachypnea
• Auscultation– Diminished/absent
breath sounds– Wheezes, Rhonci,
Crackles
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Inspection– Respiratory Distress– Audible wheezing– Cyanosis– Distended neck veins– Possibly finger
clubbing (RHF)
• Auscultation– Rhonci, Wheezing,
Crackles
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Pneumonia– With lobar
consolidation
• Inspection– Tachypnea– Shallow breathing
• Auscultation– Crackles– Rhonci– Bronchial breath
sounds
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PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• Pneumothorax– Free air in pleural
space causes partial or complete collapse of lung
• Inspection– Unequal chest
expansion– Tachypnea, Cyanosis,
Apprehension
• Auscultation– Breath sounds
decreased or absent
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TRACHEOSTOMY AND TUBES
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Purpose of Tracheostomy
• To bypass a compromised upper airway and to provide access to the lower airway for basic air exchange and ventilation
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Advantages (Why)
• No upper airway complications• Easier to suction• Easier to stabilize• Well tolerated by patient• Improved communication• Patient can swallow• Easy to change/reinsert
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Disadvantages
• Immediate complications
• Surgery• Bleeding• Pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum• Air embolism• Subcutaneous emphysema
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Disadvantages
• Late complications
• Infection• False passage into subcutaneous tissue• Hemorrhage (erosion of adjacent structures)• Formation of granulomatous tissue• Tracheomalacia or stenosis• Fistula (TE or TI)• Occluded with secretions
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Tracheostomy Tube
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Types and Sizes of Tracheostomy Tubes
• Various manufacturers and types• No standardized sizing• Variable size, length and shape• Fenestrated/nonfenestrated• Cuffed/cuffless• Single cannula/double cannula• Disposable/nondisposable• Specialty tubes
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Fenestrated Trach Tubes
• Fenestrated trachs– permit use of the
natural airway above the tracheostomy tube when inner cannula is removed and cuff is deflated
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Shile 6 FEN
• Fenestrated Low Pressure Cuffed Tracheostomy Tube
• Inner Cannula– Fenestrated– Non fenestrated
• Available sizes 4, 6, 8
• 6.4 mm ID• 10.8 mm OD• 76 mm Length
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Fenestrated Trach Tube
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Passy Muir valve
• One way flap valve• Allow gas flow
through tracheostomy tube
• Patient exhales via upper airway
• Use caution with increased secretions
• CUFF MUST BE DEFLATED
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• Information regarding Tracheostomy Tubes compliments of Mr. Daniel Chapman, Ast. Director Respiratory Therapy, Mass. General Hospital
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THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
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Auscultation of Heart“ALL PUPPIES TAKE MILK”
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Normal Heart Sounds
• S1 • Closure of the AV valves (Tricuspid, Mitral)
• Indicates the beginning of Systole
• Best heart at the Apex• “Lub” sound
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Normal Heart Sounds
• S2 • Closure of semilunar valves (Aortic, Pulmonic)
• Best heard at the base
• “Dub” sound
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Abnormal Heart Sounds
• S3 • Heard with bell• Follows S2• Ventricular filling
sound• Indicates decreased
compliance of the ventricles
• Frequently seen in patients with LHF
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Abnormal Heart Sounds
• S4 • Ventricular FILLING sound
• Occurs in late diastole when the atria contract.
• Heard with Bell• Precedes S1
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Abnormal Heart Sounds
• Gallops • Refers to the speed with which the ventricles are filling.
• Tachycardia may result in a summation gallop in which all 4 sounds are present
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Abnormal Heart Sounds
MURMURS
• Result from diseased or incompetent VALVES
• Stenosis-Calcification of the valves result in narrowed lumen and restricts forward flow of blood
• Regurgitation-Incomplete closure of the leaflets of the valve, allowing blood to flow backward
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MURMURS
• Aortic Stenosis • Restricts forward flow of blood during systole
• LV hypertrophy develops
• Loud, harsh, midsystolic, crescendo-descrescendo
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MURMURS
• Aortic Regurgitation • Blood flows back into LV during diastole.
• LV dilatation and hypertrophy
• Murmur starts with S2, soft, high-pitched blowing diastolic, decrescendo
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MURMURS
• Mitral Stenosis • Impedes forward flow of blood into LV during diastole
• Enlarged LA• Murmur-low pitched
diastolic rumble, best heard at apex
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MURMURS
• Mitral Regurgitation • Blood flows back into LA during systole
• In Diastole, blood flows back into LV along with new flow resulting in LV hypertrophy
• Murmur-Pansystolic, blowing, radiates
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GRADING MURMURS
• GRADE1/6
2/6
3/6
4/6
5/6
6/6
• DESCRIPTION• Very faint, difficult to hear
• Quiet, but easier to hear
• Moderately loud
• Loud, may have thrills
• Very loud, +/- thrills, may be heard without stethoscope
• Can be heard without a stethoscope
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PULSES for PALPATIONRADIAL, POSTERIOR TIBIAL, PEDAL
• Palpate right and left pulses simultaneously• Evaluate the pulses for rate, rhythm,
elasticity of vessel wall, and force of amplitude
• Grade the amplitude as– 4+ Bounding– 3+ Increased– 2+ Normal– 1+ Weak– 0 Absent
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CAPILLARY REFILL
• An indicator of peripheral perfusion and cardiac output.
• Depress and blanch the nail bed.• Release the nail bed and note the time
for color return.• Normal Capillary Refill is <3 sec.
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ALLEN TEST
• Used to evaluate peripheral circulation prior to cannulating radial artery (prior to drawing ABG, or insertion of arterial line)
• Occulde both radial and ulnar arteries.• Have patient make a fist.• Have patient open fist and you release
ulnar artery• Adequate circulation results in return of
normal color in 2-5 seconds
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ASSESSING FOR EDEMA
• Press firmly for 5-10 seconds over a bony surface such as tibia, fibula, sacrum, sternum.
• 0 No edema• +1 Slight pitting, no
visible distortion, disappears rapidly
• +2 Deeper pit than 1, disappears in 10-15 sec.
• +3 Pit is deep and may last more than 1 min.
• +4 Deep pit and lasts 2-5 minutes
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PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN THE LEGS
• Arterial Insufficiency– 3 P’s- Pain, Pallor,
Pulselessness– 4th P- Paresthesia (acute
occulsion of major artery)
– 5th P- Paralysis- completing the Compartment Syndrome
– Exercise excerberates pain and rest relieves
– Skin lesion is usually small, round, dark
• Venous Insufficiency– Results from
impediment to blood flow
– May be secondary to Deep Vein Thrombosis
– Treatment is Heparizination and bed rest
– Skin lesion is red, has uneven edges, bleeds
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THE HOMAN’S SIGN
• A positive finding is suggestive of Thrombophlebitis or DVT
• Flex the knee with one hand and dosiflex the foot.
• A complaint of calf pain with the procedure is a positive sign.
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ABDOMEN
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ABDOMEN
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ABDOMEN
• Inspection– Observe for contour,
symmetry, location of the umbilicus, skin color
• Abnormal findings– Jaundice– Cyanosis– Glistening, taut
appearance (ascites)– Bluish discoloration
around umbilicus (Cullen’s Sign)
– Striae (Cushing Disease-purple and do not fade)
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ABDOMEN
• Auscultation– Use Diaphragm of
stethscope– Begin at RLQ-ileocecal
valve area– Listen in each
quadrant for up to 5 minutes
• Abnormal– Hyperactive-loud,
high-pitched, tinkling• Stomach growling-
Borborygmus
– Hypoactive or absent-postoperatively, inflammation of peritoneum
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TYPES OF OSTOMIES
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COLOSTOMY
• Descending or Sigmoid - This type of colostomy may often produce formed stools. Irrigation (enema) may be recommended by the physician to regulate bowel movement, in which case only a special pad or small security pouch is needed to be worn over the stoma.
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COLOSTOMY
• Transverse - This type of colostomy generally does not result in formed stools, it being more likely that stools will be loose. Irrigation may regulate bowel movement in some but not in the majority of cases. Special care must be taken to protect the skin from discharge. It is probably necessary to wear an appliance at all times.
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ILEOSTOMY
• This type of ostomy involves the surgical construction of a connection from the small bowel to the abdomen, forming a stoma which allows for the discharge of body wastes. Surgery often involves removal of the colon and rectum.
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ILEOSTOMY
• The discharge will vary from being quite liquid at first to semisolid as time goes on. It is necessary to wear an appliance at all times, and special care must be given to protecting the skin. It is important for the ileostomate to take meals at regular hours and to drink lots of fluid to keep electrolytes in balance. Diet will have a bearing on the quantity and character of output.
•
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UROSTOMY
• This type of ostomy involves the surgical construction of a connection from the ureters to the abdomen, forming a stoma, which permits the discharge of urine after removal or dysfunction of the bladder.
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UROSTOMY
• The ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the Ileal Conduit (pipeline created from a small section of the ileum) through which it flows to the outside of the body. Wearing an appliance is needed at all times and great care must be taken to protect the skin around the stoma. After the 15 cm piece of ileum is removed to create the conduit and stoma, the cut ends of the ileum are joined and the intestinal tract will soon function the same as before the surgery.
•
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NEUROLOGIC
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CRANIAL NERVES
• CN I-Olfactory (On)• CN II-Optic (Old)• CN III-Oculomotor
(Olympus)• CN IV-Trochlear
(Towering)• CN V-Trigeminal
(Tops)
• Smell• Visual acuity• Pupil response
• Downward, inward eye movement
• Jaw opening, chewing
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CRANIAL NERVES
• CN VI-Abducens (A)• CN VII-Facial (Finn)
• CN VIII-Accoustic (And)
• CN IX-Glossopharyngeal (German)
• CN X-Vagus (Viewed)
• Lateral Eye movement
• Facial expression, close jaw
• Hearing• Swallowing, gag
reflex
• Speech, swallowing, parasympathetic
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CRANIAL NERVES
• CN XI-Spinal Accessory (Some)
• CN XII-Hypoglossal (Hops)
• Shrug shoulders
• Tongue movement
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NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT
• Level of Consciousness– Ease of arousal– State of awareness– Orientation
• Motor Function
• Person• Place • Time
• Squeeze hand, smile, stick out tongue, raise eyebrows
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NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT
• Pupillary Response • Size• Shape• Symmetry of pupils
• Document degree of constriction to light– 5/4
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• A quantitative tool that defines the level of consciousness by giving it a numeric value.
• Divided into 3 parts-Eye Opening, Verbal Response, Motor Response
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• Best Eye Opening Response
• Spontaneously 4• To Speech 3• To Pain 2• No Response 1
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• Best Motor Response • Obeys Verbal Command 6
• Localizes pain 5
• Flexion-withdrawal 4
• Flexion-Decorticate 3
• Extension-Decerebrate 2
• No Response 1
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• Best Verbal Response
• Oriented x3 5• Conversation confused
4• Speech inappropriate
3• Sounds
incomprehensible 2• No response 1
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Glasgow Coma ScaleE+M+V=15
• 90% scores less than or equal to 8 are in a coma
• Greater than or equal to 9, not in coma• 8 is the critical score• Less than or equal to 8 at 6 hrs—50% die• 9-11----moderate severity• Greater than or equal to 12----minor
injury
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• COMA IS DEFINED AS• 1 NOT OPENING EYES• 2 NOT OBEYING COMMANDS• 3 NOT UTTERING UNDERSTANDABLE
WORDS
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PATHOLOGIC REFLEXES
• Babinski-stroke lateral aspect and across ball of foot
• Is indicative of stroke, brain tumor, head, neck, back injury.
• Extension of great toe, fanning of toes
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PATHOLOGIC REFLEXES
• Kernig-Raise leg straight or flex thigh on abdomen, then extend knee
• Brudzinski-Flex chin on chest
• Resistance to straightening, pain down posterior thigh, indicates meningeal irritation
• Resistance and pain in neck, indicates meningeal irritation
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• ELECTROLYTES AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
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Sodium135-145 mEq/l
• Hyponatremia <135 Confusion, poor skin tugor, lethargy, muscle excitability, cold, clammy skin, abdominal cramps, N/V/D, Tachycardia, Headache, Seizures
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Sodium135-145 mEq/l
• Hypernatremia >145
• May be secondary to dehydration
• Confusion, hot, flushed skin, dry mucous membranes, furrowed tongue, fever, temperature, hypotension, extreme thirst, decrease urine output, seizures, increase in muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes
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Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
• Hypokalemia <3.5 • Muscle cramps and weakness, nausea, vomiting, hypoactive/absent bowel sounds, weak/irregular pulse, difficulty breathing, hypotension, disorientation
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Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
• Hyperkalemia >5.0 • Muscle weakness, paraesthesia, nausea, slow/irregular pulse, cardiac dysrhythmias, respiratory difficulty, decreased urine output
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Calcium8-10.0 mEq/l
• Hypocalcemia <8.0 mEq/l
Chvostek-twitching of facial muscles when tapped in front of ear
• Numbness, tingling of fingers, hyperactive reflexes, positive Trousseau’s (carpal spasm)
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Calcium8.0-10.0 mEq/L
• Hypercalemia->10.0 mEq/l
• Loss of muscle coordination
• Anorexia• N/V• Decreased LOC• Personality changes• Cardiac Arrest
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Magnesium1.5-2.5 mg/dl
• Hypomagnesium <1.5
• Muscular tremors• Hyperactive DTR• Confusion/
Disorientation• Dysrhythmias
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Magnesium1.5-2.5 mg/dl
• Hypermagnesium >2.5
• Hypoactive DTR• Decreased
respirations• Hypotension
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Acid Base
• R-espiratory• 0-pposite• M-etabolic• E-equal
• pH 7.35-7.45• pCo2 35-45• HCO322-26
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Intravenous Solutions
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ISOTONIC FLUIDS
• Most resemble normal plasma• Do not cause RBC to either swell or
shrink• Used to treat dehydration, and in fluid
resuscitation
– Dehydration caused by running, fever, labor, Burns
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ISOTONIC FLUIDS
• Normal Saline 0.9% NS• Lactated Ringer’s (contains a balance of
electrolytes)• D5W –Dextrose in Water
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HYPOTONIC FLUIDS
• Causes fluid to move from the ECF (circulating volume) to ICF (inside the cells)
• Indicated for cellular dehydration
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HYPOTONIC FLUIDS
• Half strength Normal Saline- 0.45% NS or • ½ Normal Saline (1/2 NS)• Quarter Strength Normal Saline-0.25% NS
or• ¼ Normal Saline (1/4 NS)
• Assists with renal function. Provides free water, Na, and Cl.
• Does not assist with electrolyte replacement or provision of calories
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HYPERTONIC FLUIDS
• Draws water out of the cells and into the extracellular compartment to restore equilibrium. The cells will shrink.
• Used to increase circulating volume without requiring large infusions of IV fluids.
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HYPERTONIC FLUIDS
• D5RL
• D10RL
• 3%NS
• D5 and 0.45%NS
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ACCESS DEVICES
• PICC TLC VAD
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VENOUS ACCESSIndications for Use
Chemotherapy Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)Antibiotics (Long Term)Blood transfusions Rehydration Multiple / frequent blood tests
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Central Venous AccessWhy is it useful?
Reduces damage to small peripheral veins from toxic solutions
Long-term placement of these devices allows for reduced number of venous punctures
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CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
Port-a-Cath Usually implanted under skin under the clavicle. A tubing connects the “port” to a central vein.
“Port” refers to the lumens that are available to receive medications or for blood draws. “Ports” are usually either single or double lumens.
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Huber Needle
• A special right angled needle utilized to “access” the lumen of the Port-a-Cath.
• IV tubing is attached to one end of the Huber utilizing sterile technique
• The tubing and the needle are flushed with a normal saline solution. The needle is inserted into the lumen of the port and the infusion started
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HUBER NEEDLE
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Venous Access PortPort-a-Cath
• How is it cared for?• Dressing worn for 1 week • Steri-strips • Sterile transparent non-occlusive dressing • Post-procedure instructions Avoid use
for 48 – 72 hours to minimize the risk of an infected blood clot Keep site clean and dry for 7 – 10 days Remove suture in 7 – 10 days Flush monthly and after each use using saline and heparin
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PICC LINE
Peripherally inserted central catheter It’s a non-tunneled external catheter
• Small flexible catheter inserted into a peripheral vein then threaded so that its tip is positioned in a central location
• Mid-line catheter stops midway up the arm
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PICC LINES
• Best suited for treatments lasting from several weeks to 6 months requiring frequent access to veins
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Care of the PICC LINE
Dressing:• The dressing should be changed
frequently: – every 72 hrs – whenever they lose adhesion – whenever they become wet
• Swimming and rigorous arm work is discouraged – a waterproof barrier such as plastic kitchen
wrap should be applied before showering
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PICC LINE Care (cont)
• How is it cared for?• Flushing: The PICC line should be
flushed (rinsed) with 10 cc’s (1 cc = 1 milliliter) of saline solution and then 5 cc’s heparin (an agent that prevents clotting) daily and after each use
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PICC LINE
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Triple Lumen Catheter
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TLCTriple Lumen Catheters
• Placed in either right or left subclavian vein• Utilized for administration of up to three
infusions• Infusions may be maintenance fluid, drips,
blood• Any of the 3 “Ports” may be utilized for
medication administration or blood draws• “Ports” not being utilized must be flushed
with a heparin or normal saline solution every shift
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LABORATORY TEST
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)– Creatinine Potassium– CO2 Sodium– Chloride BUN– Glucose Calcium
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COMPLETE METABOLIC PANEL(CMP)
• Albumin Chloride• Alkaline Phos Creatinine• ALT Glucose• AST Potassium• Total Bilirubin Sodium• Calcium Total Protein• CO2 BUN
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COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)
• WBC• WBC with Differential-specific patterns
of WBC• RBC• Hct/Hgb
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COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)
• RBC indices-calculated values of size and Hgb content of RBC’s. Important in anemia evaluationsComponents of the RBC indices are:
MCV-Mean Corpuscular volume
MCHC-Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentrationMCH-Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin
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COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)
• Platelet count• RDW-Red Cell Distribution width.
Indicates abnormal variation in size of RBCs.
• MPV-Mean Platelet Volume-indicates uniformity of size of the platelet population
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COAGULATION STUDIES
• PT-Prothrombin time-used to measure warfarin therapy
• INR-International Normalized Ratio• PTT/APTT-test for the same functions
and is used to monitor heparin therapy