phylogeny and systematics what is meant by phylogeny? evolutionary history of a species… –based...
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Phylogeny and Systematics
• What is meant by phylogeny?
• Evolutionary history of a species…– Based on common ancestry
– Supported by shared characteristics and genetics
– Documented by fossils and genetics
Systematics?
= study of the organismal diversity of life
How do we make sense of all this diversity?
Organize it….
Taxonomy & classification
Diversity of Life
Hierarchy = organizational levels
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Each level is nested within the one above
Broad or less specific
More specific
Closely related species belong to the same genus, similar genera are included in a family, etc…Species that share the same structures, behaviors, etc, can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
• Grouped by shared characters (Evolutionary relationships)– Embryology– Reproduction strategies– Symmetry (body plan)– Morphology– Feeding mode– Etc…
Prokaryotes
• Single cell• Very small• Cell wall• Lacks nucleus• Lacks membrane
bound organelles• Binary fission• Domains: Bacteria and
ArchaeaMore structural & functional characteristics in (Ch.27)
How can we organize/compare Prokaryotes?
• Morphology• Biochemistry• Modes of nutrition
– Heterotrophic (hetero = other, trophic = food or feeding)• Must consume organic molecules
– Autotrophic (self feeding)• Photoautrophic can photosynthesize; get energy from sun• Chemoautotrophic obtain energy from inorganic molecules
• Toxicity of Oxygen– obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
• Genetic Analysis
Cocci
• Spherical– Clumps or clusters (like
grapes)• E.g. Staphylococcus aureus
– Streptococci – chains of spheres
– Diplococci – pairs of spheres
• E.g. Neisseria gonnorheae
Spiral prokaryotes
• Spirilla – spiral shaped– With external flagella
– Variable lengths
• Spirochaetes– Internal flagella
– Corkscrew-like• Boring action
• E.g. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Biochemistry & cell surface structures
• Gram stain– Counter stains to
differentiate between cell wall characteristics
– Gram-positive
– Gram-negative
• Adaptations to environmental variations
• salinity, temperature, pH, O2 levels
Gram positive bact
• Thick layer of peptidoglycans
• Retains crystal violet– Doesn’t wash out
– Masks red safranin
• Stains dark purple or blue-black
Gram negative bact
• Thin sandwiched layer of peptidoglycans
• Rinses away crystal violet
• Stains pink or red
Clades of bacteria
• Fig 27.18 (27.13 in 7th ed.)
• Proteobacteria
• Cyanobacteria
• Spirochaetes
• Gram positive bacteria
Proteobacteria
• Includes Gram negative bacteria– E. coli
• common intestinal flora
– Enterobacter aerogenes• Pathogenic; causes UTI
– Serratia• Facultative anaerobe
• Characteristically red cultures
Proteobacteria: Myxobacteria
• Subgroup of Proteobacteria– Slime-secreting
decomposers
– Elaborate colonies• Thrive collectively, yet
have the capacity to live individually at some point in their life cycle
Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) 1
• Vegetative cell– Primary metabolic function
(photosynthesis)
• Heterocyst– Nitrogen fixation
• Akinete– Dormant spore forming cell
Gram positive bacteria• Gram stains – purple
– Thick cell wall
• Includes:– Micrococcus
• Common soil bacterium
• M. luteus cultures have a yellow
– Bacillus• B. subtilis are relatively
large rods; common “lab organism”
• Obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes
Archaea -- “Extremophiles”Tolerant to extreme environments
– Extreme thermophiles • High and low temperature• Commonly acidophilic• E.g. hot sulfer springs, deep
sea vents
– Extreme halophiles• High salt concentration• Often contains carotenoids• E.g. Salton Sea
– Methanogens• Anaerobic environments
– Release methane– E.g. animal guts