phylogeny (7) science concepts. the student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation...

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Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to: (A) analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental;

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Page 1: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny(7)  Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to:(A)  analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental;

Page 2: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny• Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary 

relationships. • Organisms are grouped together based on 

evolutionary classifications. • Evolutionary relationships show a common 

ancestor based on fossil records, biogeography and homologies.  

What animal is related to the modern elephant?

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html

Page 3: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Fossils• Common ancestry through the fossil record-• Look at the example of horse fossil record:

Based on this data the common ancestor of the horse was different in what ways? 

1. Early horses were smaller

2. Early horses had 4 toes and a padded foot

3. Early horses’ teeth were specialized for eating soft vegetation (not grass)

Page 4: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Fossils• By studying the fossil record scientists can:1. Determine homologies (similarities from 

common ancestors)2. Date the fossil / organism3. Determine when extinction of the species 

occurred 

Based on the fossils what was here first?OCEAN         OR      FOREST

Page 5: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Biogeography• Common ancestry through biogeography-• Recall that biogeography is study of: 1.where organisms lived;2.how many organisms lived there; and3.why they lived there. 

http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

Page 6: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Biogeography• Biogeographically, the world can be divided 

into these 6 biomes:1.Nearctic2.Neotropics3.Palaearctic4.Afrotropics5.Oriental6.Australasia

http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

Page 7: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Biogeography• Each biome has 

unique plants and animals. 

• Very few species are seen in different biomes.

• Let’s look at a few examples: 

http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

Page 8: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Biogeography• Nearctic:• Can you name 

these unique animals?

1.____________

2. ____________http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htmhttp://current.com/groups/veganism/92591533_geese-kill-protestors-to-rally-at-mayor-bloombergs-mansion-friends-of-animals-new-york-director-weighs-in-on-gassing-the-geese.htm

CANADA GEESE

PRAIRIE DOGS

Page 9: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Biogeography• Where are these organisms from? 

1.Nearctic2.Neotropics3.Palaearctic4.Afrotropics5.Oriental6.Australasia

http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

Page 10: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Homologies• Homologous traits are derived from a 

common ancestor.• Analogous traits are similar but evolved 

separately (not from a common ancestor). • What are the 3 types of homologies?1.Anatomical 2.Molecular3.Developmental

Page 11: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies

• Anatomical homologies include an organism’s anatomy and physiology.

• Anatomy is the internal and external structure of an organisms

• Physiology is the function and activities of the organism, physically and chemically. 

Page 12: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies

• Sort the words into the correct column:

Anatomy Physiology

ArmCellular RespirationHomeostasisHeart

Page 13: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies• Molecular Homologies1. DNA • DNA is transcribed into  2. RNA• RNA is translated into 3. Amino Acids• Amino acids with 

peptide bonds make4. Proteins

Page 14: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies

Based on this table, which organism would be classified most closely related to humans?

A. LampreyB. DogC. FrogD. Macaque

TURN AND TALK – READ, PICK ANSWER, ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR

http://www.ecoindia.com/animals/mammals/bonnet-macaque.html

Page 15: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Homologies - Developmental

• Developmental Homologies study embryos. • Which of these is an embryo? 

http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/dd2/echino/cleavage/intro.htmlhttp://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus

ZYGOTES

EMBRYO

FETUS

D

E

Page 16: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny – Developmental Homologies• Based on these Embryo pictures, which 

organism is most closely related to humans?

Page 17: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny Review

• Based on the 3 evidences of evolution, scientists can make evolutionary maps called cladograms. 

• What are the 3 evidences of evolution?1.Fossils2.Biogeography3.Homologies (MAD) 

Page 18: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Phylogeny - Cladograms• By studying fossils, biogeography and 

homologies, scientist made this cladogram.• Which organism is least like the others? 

Notice the “derived characters”

Page 19: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Review Questions

22 Fossil records can be studied to determine how organisms change through time. Which of the following methods for studying organisms could least likely be accomplished by studying the fossil record?

F Comparing sleep patterns of organismsG Dating organisms by the relative order of their 

fossilsH Comparing homologous structures of organismsJ Determining when extinction of species occurred

Page 20: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Review Questions

31 Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings suggest that these snakes —

A had a parent with limbsB have functional limbs as adultsC will have offspring with limbsD evolved from an ancestor that had limbs

Page 21: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

Review Questions

• Based on this cladogram, humans are most closely related to?

Page 22: Phylogeny (7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected

PhylogenyANY QUESTIONS

Answer the Analysis part of your notes.