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1. Gii thiu

Cng nghip ha l mt qu trnh m thu nhpbnh qun u ngi v c cu kinh t ca mt qucgia hay mt vng thay i lin tc cng vi s phttrin ca cng nghip v s tng trng thu nhpbnh qun u ngi (Chen, Huang, & Zhong,2006). gia tng thu nhp, cc quc gia phi mrng quy m sn xut v do s dng nhiu nnglng, nguyn vt liu v to ra nhiu rc thi hn(Meadows, Meadows, Randers, & Behrens, 1972).Vic gia tng khai thc ti nguyn, tch t rc thi vtp trung nhim s vt qu kh nng hp th casinh quyn, lm suy gim cht lng mi trng vphc li ca con ngi mc d thu nhp c th tngcao. Do vy, bo v mi trng cng nh chnhhot ng kinh t th tng trng kinh t nn ngngli v th gii phi chuyn sang mt nn kinh t nnh v quy m (Herman, 1991). Cc tho lun trnhm rng tin trnh cng nghip ha s c nhngtc ng ngy cng tiu cc vi mi trng. Tuynhin, mt s hc gi nh Beckerman (1992) li chorng cch thc bo v mi trng nhanh nht chnh

l s pht trin kinh t. Khi mt quc gia c mc thunhp cao hn th ngi dn s c nhu cu tiu dngnhiu hn cc hng ha v dch v thn thin vimi trng. T dn ti cc yu cu v nng caocht lng mi trng cng nh vic thc hin ccbin php bo v mi trng. Chnh v vy, s suygim tng trng kinh t c th lm suy gim chtlng mi trng (Barlett, 1994). Cc quan imny cho thy rng vic gia tng cng nghip ha cth em li nhng tc ng tch cc ti mi trng.

Mt s tc gi khc nh Selden & Song (1994) vShafik & S. Bandyopadhyay (1992) a ra githuyt rng mi quan h ng bin hay nghch bingia pht trin kinh t v cht lng mi trng lkhng c nh trong sut qu trnh cng nghip haca mi quc gia v trn thc t th mi quan h nyc th thay i t ng bin sang nghch bin khimt nc t ti mc thu nhp m ti cht lngmi trng c ci thin. chnh l mi quan hgia pht trin kinh t v nhim thng c mt bi ng cong mang hnh dng ch U ngcKuznets v mi trng. Vo cc giai on u tin

Pht trin kinh t, cng nghip ha v cht lng mi trng:

Bng chng thc nghim mi t nghin cu 133 nc

Trn Quang Tuyn*

Tm tt:

Trong khi c rt nhiu bng chng thc nghim v tc ng ca thu nhp bnh qun u ngiti cc ch s o lng cc thnh phn khc nhau ca mi trng, c rt t bng chng v tcng ca thu nhp v mc cng nghip ha ti ch s tng hp o lng cht lng mi trngni chung. S dng b d liu cho t 133 nc nm 2012, bi vit ny kim nh nh hngca thu nhp, mc cng nghip ha v cht lng th ch i vi cht lng mi trng co bng ch s tng hp v thnh tch mi trng (EPI). Nghin cu ny a ra bng chngkinh t lng u tin rng thu nhp, mc cng nghip ha v cht lng ca th ch c tcng tch cc ti cht lng mi trng. iu ny hm rng pht trin kinh t v y nhanhtin trnh cng nghip ha c th l cch thc hiu qu bo v mi trng. Bn cnh , vaitr ca Nh nc l quan trng trong vic duy tr mi trng th ch c cht lng m bomc tiu pht trin bn vng.

T kha: mc cng nghip ha, cht lng mi trng, EPI, thu nhp.

Ngy nhn: 21/5/2014Ngy nhn bn sa: 20/6/2014Ngy duyt ng: 30/6/2014

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ca qu trnh cng nghip ha, mt s ch s v nhim mi trng c xu hng gia tng. Tuy nhin,s pht trin kinh t t ti mc tng thu nhp bnhqun u ngi mt mc no th xu th giatng nhim mi trng li gim i v kt qu lkhi mt nn kinh t t c mc thu nhp cao thtng trng kinh t s dn ti nhng ci thin trongcht lng mi trng (Guo & Ma, 2008).

Kt qu nghin cu tng quan ca Panayotou(2003) v Stern (2004) v cc bng chng thcnghim nhiu quc gia cho thy mi quan h giapht trin kinh t v cht lng mi trng ch cth l hnh dng ch U ngc mt vi ch s nhpht thi CO2, SO2, v mc ph rng. Mi quanh li l ng bin gia thu nhp vi mt s ch snh mc xy ha tan trong nc v trc khunrut c ngun gc t phn mt s quc gia. Bncnh , s gia tng cng nghip ha cng i cngvi s gia tng pht thi kh sunfua nhiu quc giatrong thi k 1970-2000 (Cherniwchan, 2012). Tuynhin, mi quan h li l nghch bin gia thu nhpvi cc ch s nh cht c hi trong khng kh, cckh nh knh, bi h hp v cc ht nng (Panayo-tou, 2003; Stern, 2004). Cc pht hin trn cho thypht trin kinh t c tc ng tch cc ti mt vi chs ca mi trng nhng li c tc ng tiu cc timt s ch s khc. Hn na, tc ng ca pht trinkinh t ti cc ch s v cht lng mi trngkhng hon ton ging nhau cc quc gia cnghin cu (Panayotou, 2003; Stern, 2004). S khcbit ny c th bt ngun t vic s dng ccphng php c lng khc nhau, s dng d liukhc nhau hoc do s khc nhau v m hnh phttrin tng quc gia hay khu vc theo tng giaion pht trin khc nhau.

Vic nghin cu mi quan h gia pht trin kinht v cng nghip ha vi cc ch s thnh phn vcht lng mi trng c u im l n ch r tcng c th ca pht trin kinh t ti tng kha cnhkhc nhau ca mi trng. Tuy nhin, cch tip cnny c nhng hn ch nht nh bi n khng ch rac xu hng cho cc quc gia rng pht trinkinh t c tc ng ra sao cht lng mi trng nichung. Vic tng quan ti liu ni trn cho thy mcd c rt nhiu bng chng thc nghim v miquan h gia pht trin kinh t v cc ch s khcnhau v mi trng, hin cn thiu bng chng vmi quan h gia thu nhp v mc cng nghipha vi cht lng mi trng ni chung. ychnh l l do tc gi thc hin nghin cu ny.Trong bi vit ny, ch s thnh tch mi trng(EPI) c s dng nh l ch s tng hp phn nhcht lng mi trng ca cc quc gia. Trn c s

, tc gi o lng tc ng ca mc cngnghip ha, thu nhp v cht lng th ch i vicht lng mi trng. S dng d liu cho t 133quc gia, bi vit a ra nhng bng chng kinht lng u tin rng thu nhp, mc cngnghip ha v cht lng th ch c tc ng tchcc ti cht lng mi trng ni chung. Do vy,nghin cu ny c nhng ng gp quan trng vmt hc thut v thc tin chnh sch. Bi vit c bcc nh sau. Trong phn tip theo, tc gi s m tc th c s l thuyt, m hnh phn tch v ngund liu cho nghin cu. Phn th ba s trnh by ktqu phn tch d liu v tho lun kt qu. Phncui cng l kt lun v mt vi hm chnh sch.

2. Phng php nghin cu

2.1. Ngun d liu

Trong nghin cu ny, cht lng mi trng nichung c o lng bng ch s thnh tch mitrng (EPI-Environmental Performance Index).EPI l mt ch s tng hp c dng nh githnh tch bo v mi trng ca mt nc c tnhton bi i hc Yale v i hc Columbia1. Ch sEPI xp hng mc cc nc thc hin cc vn mi trng u tin cao nh th no trong hai nhmchnh sch ln: bo v sc khe con ngi khi btn hi do nhim mi trng v bo v cc h sinhthi (Hsu & cng s., 2014). Vi hai mc tiu chnhsch ny, EPI nh gi v cho im cc nc theochn nhm ngnh/lnh vc vi 20 ch s quan trng,bao qut y cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mitrng, t khai thc thy hi sn n kh thi carbon,rng n cht lng nc, t v khng kh, cy civ ng vt. Do vy, ch s tng hp ny phn nhy cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cht lng mitrng. EPI c gi tr cao nht l 100 (bo v mitrng tt nht) v thp nht l 0 (bo v mi trngthp nht) (Hsu & cng s., 2014).

Bin s quan tm trong bi vit ny chnh l mc cng nghip ha ca cc quc gia theo cchphn loi ca T chc Pht trin Cng nghip caLin Hp Quc (UNIDO, 2013). T chc ny phn loi cc quc gia trn th gii nm 2012 thnhbn nhm theo cc giai on ca cng nghip hanh sau: (1) cc nc hon thnh cng nghipha; (2) cc nc cng nghip mi ni; (3) cc ncang pht trin khc; (4) cc nc km pht trinnht. Cc tiu ch c a phn loi c trnhby trong Bng 1. D liu cho cc bin s khc baogm tng sn phm quc dn (GDP) trn u ngitnh bng la M (USD) theo ngang gi sc muav mt dn s trn km2 c ly t c s d liuca Ngn hng Th gii (WB)2.

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D liu v cht lng th ch c ly t Boco Nng lc Cnh tranh Ton cu 2012-2013 caDin n Kinh t Th gii (WEF). y l mt ch stng hp o lng cht lng ca th ch cng vt c tnh ton t cc ch s thnh phn nhquyn s hu ti sn, o c v tham nhng, mc hiu qu ca hot ng chnh ph, s an ton,o c kinh doanh v trch nhim gii trnh(Schwab, 2013). Ngun d liu phn loi nhmnc theo mc cng nghip ha ch c duy nhtnm 2012, v ngun d liu v thu nhp v mt dn s ch c tnh ti nm 2012 trong khi d liuv EPI v cht lng th ch c cp nht ti nm2013. Do vy, tc gi thng nht s dng ngund liu cho cho cc quc gia nm 2012 cho mibin s tnh ton thng k m t v phn tch hiquy trong bi vit ny.

2.2. M hnh kinh t lng

M hnh l thuyt v mi quan h gia pht trinkinh t v cht lng mi trng cho rng mc thunhp bnh qun u ngi l yu t quan trng tcng ti cc ch s o lng mc nhim mitrng (Stern, 2004). iu ny cng c khngnh trong cc nghin cu thc nghim v tc ngca thu nhp ti cht lng mi trng nhiuquc gia (Stern, 2004; Panayotou, 2003). Bn cnh cc bng chng nghin cu thc nghim khccng xc nhn rng mt dn s trn km2 v chtlng th ch cng c tc ng ng k ti chtlng mi trng (Panayotou, 2003). Da vo c sm hnh l thuyt cng nh bng chng thcnghim nu trn, tc gi a ra gi thuyt nghincu rng cht lng mi trng ni chung (EPI) btc ng bi mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi;mt dn s v cht lng th ch. Do bin phthuc (EPI) c gi tr dng v lin tc nn phn

tch hi quy a bin vi phng php bnh phngnh nht (OLS) c s dng trong nghin cu. kim nh mi quan h hnh sin hay hnh dng chU v thu nhp v cht lng mi trng, tc gi a cc bin gi tr bnh phng v lp phng cathu nhp bnh qun u ngi vo m hnh v ktqu cho thy cc bin s ny khng c nghathng k (xem ph lc 1). iu ny xc nhn rngkhng tn ti mi quan h hnh sin hay hnh ch Ugia thu nhp v cht lng mi trng ni chung.Do vy, m hnh 1 di y c s dng olng tc ng ca pht trin kinh t ti cht lngmi trng:

M hnh 1: EPI = 1 + 2ln(mt dn s) +3cht lng th ch + 3ln(GDP/ngi) +

Cherniwchan (2012) ch ra c ch v tc ngca cng nghip ha ti nhim mi trng ccnc nh sau. Cng nghip ha c th lm gia tng nhim qua vic m rng quy m sn xut v sdch chuyn sang sn xut cc mt hng cngnghip gy nhim cc nc mi tin hnh cngnghip ha. Tuy nhin cng vi qu trnh pht trinth nhng tin b v cng ngh do cng nghip haem li s gip lm gim thiu nhim v do vycng nghip ha s ngy cng c tc ng tch ccti mi trng trong tin trnh pht trin ca ccquc gia. Da trn c s l thuyt nu trn, githuyt nghin cu th hai c tc gi a ra trongnghin cu ny cc nc c trnh cng nghipha cao hn s c c cht lng mi trng tthn. lng ha s khc bit v cht lng mitrng gia cc nhm nc theo mc cngnghip ha, tc gi s dng ba bin gi v nhmnc theo mc cng nghip ha vo trong mhnh phn tch hi quy (m hnh 2). Cc bin gi nybao gm: (D1) nhm nc hon thnh cng

Bng 1: Phn nhm cc nc theo giai on cng nghip ha ca UNIDO

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nghip ha; (D2) nhm nc cng nghip mi ni;(D3) nhm nc ang pht trin v nhm cc nckm pht trin nht c s dng lm nhm sosnh. M hnh 2 c cc bin kim sot tng t mhnh 1 nhng loi b bin thu nhp. L do loi bbin thu nhp v bin ny c mi tng quan rt caovi bin nhm nc hon thnh cng nghip hav gy ra hin tng a cng tuyn cao trong mhnh 23. M hnh 1 v 2 cng c kim nh v acng tuyn, phng sai ca sai s khng i v tnhchun. Kt qu kim nh cho thy cc m hnh nykhng b vi phm cc gi nh nu trn (xem ph lc2, 3 v 4).

M hnh 2: EPI = 1+2Ln(mt dn s) + 3cht lng th ch + 4 nc cng nghip ha +5 nc cng nghip mi ni + 6 nc ang phttrin +

3. Kt qu v tho lun

3.1. Mt s gi tr thng k m t v cc qucgia c nghin cu

Trn c s la chn v loi b cc d liu thiust, 133 quc gia c la chn vi y d liucho nghin cu. Thng k m t v mt s c imca cc nc v cc nhm nc theo thu nhp, mt dn s, cht lng mi trng v cht lng thch c trnh by trong Bng 2. Bng 2 cho thycc nc c mc cng nghip ha cao hn tc mc thu nhp v thnh tch mi trng caohn so vi cc nc c mc cng nghip hathp hn. Nhm cc nc cng nghip mi ni cthnh tch mi trng cao hn khong 3 im so vimc trung bnh ca 133 nc, trong khi nhm

cc nc ang pht trin c gi tr thnh tch mitrng thp hn mc trung bnh khong 5 im.Nhm cc nc hon thnh cng nghip ha cthnh tch mi trng vt tri so vi mc trungbnh v cc nhm cn li. Nhm cc nc km phttrin nht c thnh tch mi trng thp hn nhiuso vi mc trung bnh. Nhm cc nc cng nghipmi c mc thu nhp gn tng ng vi mctrung bnh. Tuy nhin, khong cch thu nhp gianhm ny vi nhm nc hon thnh cngnghip ha l rt ln. Cc nc hon thnh cngnghip ha c mt dn s cao nht, tip n lnhm nc km pht trin nht, nhm nc angpht trin v sau cng l nhm nc cng nghipmi ni. Cht lng th ch c s khc bit ng kgia nhm nc hon thnh cng nghip ha vnhm cn li. Tuy nhin cht lng th ch khcnhau khng nhiu gia hai nhm c mc phttrin thp nht.

Hnh 1 cho thy ti mi mc thnh tch mitrng th nhm cc nc hon thnh cngnghip ha u c mt tch ly thp hn nhiu sovi cc nhm khc v do vy nhm ny vt tri sovi tt c cc nhm khc v thnh tch mi trng.Th t ln lt tip theo l nhm nc cng nghipmi ni, nhm nc ang pht trin v sau cng lnhm nc km pht trin nht. Kt qu ny cnghon ton thng nht gi tr bo co trong Bng 2.Kt hp vi nhau, c hai kt qu hm rng chtlng mi trng ngy cng tt hn trong s tintrin ca qu trnh cng nghip ha.

3.2. Nhng nhn t tc ng ti cht lng mi

Ghi ch: lch chun trong ngoc. EPI c gi tr thp nht l 0 v cao nht l 100. Cht lng th ch c gi trthp nht t 0 v cao nht l 7.

Ngun: atnh ton ca tc gi t d liu ca UNIDO (2013); bhttp://epi.yale.edu/file-type/xls;cdata.worldbank.org/indicator; v d Schwab (2013).

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trng

Bng 3 bo co kt qu phn tch hi quy ca haim hnh 1 v 2. Gi tr h s R bnh phng iuchnh hai m hnh cho thy c hai m hnh giithch khong 80 s bin ng ca cht lng mitrng. C hai m hnh cho thy mt dn skhng c tc ng ti cht lng mi trng. Mcd gi tr ca h s bin th ch l khc nhau khnhiu do s dng cc bin kim sot khc nhau haim hnh, cht lng th ch u c tc ng tch ccti cht lng mi trng trong c hai m hnh. C1 im s gia tng trong cht lng th ch s lmgia tng ch s thnh tch mi trng ln 1,75 im m hnh 1 v 3,15 im m hnh 2. iu ny cth c l gii rng cc nc c th ch tt c thci thin cht lng mi trng qua vic nng caonhn thc cng chng v khuyn khch cng nhthc thi c hiu qu hn h thng lut php linquan ti bo v mi trng. Gallagher & Thacker(2008) cho rng cc chnh ph c trch nhim giitrnh cao hn c xu hng tham gia tch cc v camkt thc hin y cc cng c v lut php quct v bo v mi trng.

Hnh 2 cho thy mi quan h ng bin v chtch gia thu nhp/ngi theo ngang gi sc mua vch s thnh tch mi trng4. o lng tc ngc th ca thu nhp ti cht lng mi trng trongkhi gi nguyn cc nhn t khc khng i, chngta xem kt qu M hnh 1. M hnh 1 cho bitrng, tnh trung bnh th 1% tng thm ca thu nhpbnh qun u ngi s dn ti s gia tng 0,11 nv trong ch s thnh tch mi trng. Trong mhnh 2, h s hi quy ca ba bin gi v nhm nc

cng nghip ha l dng v c ngha thng kcao. Kt qu ny cho thy cc nc c mc cngnghip ha cao hn c xu hng duy tr c chtlng mi trng tt hn. Pht hin ny cng cthm nhng kt lun c a ra trong phn tchthng k m t phn trc. Hn na, pht hinny cng h tr gi thuyt ca Beckerman (1992)cho rng pht trin kinh t l cch thc hiu qu bo v mi trng. iu ny c th c l gii nhsau. Th nht, cc nc hon thnh cng nghipha hay nc cng nghip mi ni l cc nc giuhn v do h c nhiu ngun lc c th gip bov mi trng (Hsu & cng s., 2014). Hn na, sthay i c cu trong cc nc ny din ra vi xuhng s dng cc cng ngh cao trong sn sut vh cng tiu dng nhiu hn cc hng ha thnthin vi mi trng (Barlett, 1994). Do vy, ccquc gia ny s dng hiu qu ngun lc ti nguynhn v t gy ra nhim hn. Th hai, cc nc cmc cng nghip ha thp, bao gm cc nckm v ang pht trin thng trong giai on mrng sn xut, khai thc v s dng nhiu ti nguynvi cng ngh lc hu, hiu qu thp (Schwab,2013) v do vy c th gy tn hi nhiu hn chomi trng. Mc d mt s nc km pht trin cth cn duy tr c mt h sinh thi s khai nhngdo ngho nn v kinh t v thiu cc ngun lc cnthit bo v v ci thin mi trng nn chtlng mi trng thp hn cc nc giu (Hsu &cng s., 2014). V d thc t Vit Nam cho thych s thnh tch mi trng (EPI) lun mc rtthp v khng c ci thin trong thp k qua (Sn& Tuyn, 2014a). iu cho thy qu trnh cngnghip ha Vit Nam trong thi gian qua khng c

Hnh 1: Thnh tch mi trng ca cc nhm nc theo mc cng nghip ha

Ghi ch: A: nc hon thnh cng nghip ha; B: nc cng nghip mi ni; C: nc ang phttrin; D: nc km pht trin.

Ngun: tnh ton ca tc gi t d liu ti: http://epi.yale.edu/file-type/xls

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Bng 3: Kt qu phn tch hi quy cc nhn t nh hng ti cht lng mi trng

Ngun: tc gi tnh ton t d liu http://epi.yale.edu/file-type/xls v http://data.worldbank.org/indicator.

tc ng tch cc i vi vic bo v mi trng mthm ch cn gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc mts kha cnh nh s dng lng ph ti nguyn t vnc, rng t nhin b khai thc ly g, tr lng ccho hot ng nh bt b cn kit, v ti nguynkhong sn ngy cng b khai thc nhiu hn (Sn& Tuyn, 2014b).

4. Kt lun v hm chnh sch

Pht trin kinh t, cng nghip ha v bo v mitrng lun l vn c quan tm hng u cacc quc gia trong mi giai on ca qu trnh phttrin. Nghin cu ny ng gp nhng bngchng thc nghim mi v mi quan h gia thunhp, mc cng nghip ha v cht lng th

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ch vi cht lng mi trng. Khc vi cc nghincu thc nghim trc y thng ch xem xt tcng ca thu nhp ti cc thnh phn ring r cacht lng mi trng, nghin cu ca tc gi kimtra tc ng ca thu nhp, cng nghip ha v chtlng th ch ti cht lng mi trng ni chungc o lng bng ch s tng hp v thnh tchmi trng. Nhn chung, cc nc c thu nhp bnhqun u ngi cao hn t c thnh tch mitrng tt hn. Cc nc c mc cng nghipha cao hn cng c c cht lng mi trng tthn cc nc trnh km pht trin hn. Nhngpht hin ny hm rng qu trnh pht trin kinht v gia tng mc cng nghip ha c th emli nhng tc ng tch cc ti vic bo v mitrng ca cc quc gia. Nh phn tch trn, sthnh vng v kinh t cho php cc quc gia cthm nhiu ngun lc bo v mi trng vngi tiu dng nhng nc giu hn cng c xuhng tiu dng nhiu hng ha thn thin vi mi

trng. Bn cnh , nhng tin b cng ngh docng nghip ha em li c th gip cc nc sdng hiu qu ngun lc ti nguyn v t gy nhim mi trng hn. Tuy nhin, iu ny c thkhng ng vi mt s quc gia khi h theo uimt m hnh pht trin vi chnh sch tng trngbng mi gi v thiu quan tm ti bo v mitrng. Nghin cu ny cng cho thy th ch ctc ng tch cc ti thnh tch mi trng. Kt hpvi nhau, cc tho lun trn hm rng pht trinkinh t v cng nghip ha khng hon ton t nem li nhng tin b trong ci thin mi trng mn i hi cc quc gia phi duy tr mt mi trngth ch tt vi vic thc hin y cc quy nhv bo v mi trng trong tin trnh cng nghipha. Do vy, vic to dng mt th ch tt khngch c li cho pht trin kinh t (Aron, 2000) m cngip cho vic bo v mi trng tt hn cho mctiu pht trin bn vng ca mi quc gia.r

Ph lc 1: Kt qu hi quy kim nh mi quan h phi tuyn gia thu nhp v cht lng mi trng

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Ph lc 3: Kim nh phng sai ca sai s khng i

Li cm n:

Tc gi xin by t s bit n su sc i vi gp cho bi vit ny ca TS Nguyn Vit Cng (Vin Chnh schCng v Qun l, i hc Kinh t Quc dn); TS on Thanh Tnh (B Kinh doanh, i mi v Vic lm, Wel-lington, New Zealand ) v TS Nguyn Vit Thnh (Trng i hc Kinh t, HQG H Ni).

Ch thch:1. D liu c sn ti: http://epi.yale.edu/file-type/xls

2. Xem http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

3. Nu chy m hnh bao gm c thu nhp v mc cng nghip ha, kt qu cho thy gi tr nhn t phng iphng sai (VIF) ca bin s D1 (nhm nc hon thnh cng nghip ha) l 9,52, cao hn nhiu so vi gitr l 5 vn c coi l ngng ca hin tng a cng tuyn cao (Studenmund, 2011).

4. H s tng quan R =0,7775 cho bit thnh tch mi trng v thu nhp c mi tng quan dng v mnh.

Ti liu tham khoAron, J. (2000), Growth and institutions: a review of the evidence, The World Bank Research Observer, 15(1), 99-135.

Barlett, B. (1994), The high cost of turning green, Wall Street Journal, 14 September.

Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment?, World devel-opment, 20(4), 481-496.

Chen, J., Huang, Q., & Zhong, H. (2006), A comprehensive evaluation of regional industrialization levels in China,China Economist, 1(11), 12-19.

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Economic development, industrialization and the quality of environment: new empirical evidencefrom an analysis of 133 countries

Abstract:

While there has been much of empirical evidence about the impact of income per capita on some indica-tors measuring various components of environment, very little has been known about the impact of incomeper capita and levels of industrialization on a composite indicator measuring the overall quality of envi-ronment. Using a set of cross-sectional data from 133 countries in 2012, this study examined the effect ofincome per capita, levels of industrialization and the quality of institutional factor on the overall qualityof environment as measured by environmental performance index (EPI). The study provided the first eco-nometric evidence that the quality of insitutional factor, income and levels of industrialization have a pos-sitive effect on the quality of environment. This implies that economic development and speeding the pro-cess of industrialization can be effective ways of protecting environment. In addition, the role of the stateis very important to ensuring institutional quality for sustainable development.

Thng tin tc gi:

*Trn Quang Tuyn, Tin s, chuyn ngnh kinh t hc

- T chc tc gi cng tc: Khoa Kinh t Chnh tr, Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Quc gia H Ni

- Hng nghin cu chnh: Cng nghip ha, pht trin nng thn, sinh k h gia nh v mc sng dn c.

- Mt s tp ch ng ti cng trnh nghin cu: Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy (ISI); AppliedEconomics Letters (ISI); International Development Planning Review (ISI); Hitotsubashi Journal of Eco-nomics (ISI); Tp ch Kinh t v Pht trin; Tp ch Nghin cu Kinh t; Tp ch nhng Vn Kinh t vChnh tr Th gii.

- a ch lin h: a ch email: tuyentq@vnu.edu.vn

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