phrase structure
TRANSCRIPT
Presentation of call Presented to: Miss Amna Shahid
Presented by: Ayesha Amjad(06) Nadia Majid (18)
Amara Ahsan(04)Rashda Meraj(17)
PGD – ELT : Semester 2University Of the Punjab( Dep't OF ENGLISH)…
Phrase structure• General Approach:• -universal grammar(UG)/Language Instinct
• Data:• -Native Speakers 'intuitions (acceptability judgment)• Resulting theory of Grammar:• -words,phrases,catagories for words and
phrases(eg.noun,verbs,noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)
Phrase structure (review)
• 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category• 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases• 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules
(= ‘phrase structure rules’)
Phrase structure rules
• Rules that determine…• …what goes into a phrase (‘constituents’)• …how the constituents are ordered• Constituent: a word or group of words that
function as a unit and can make up larger grammatical units
Phrase structure rules
• General schema:X Y Z
“X consists of Y followed by Z”
Phrase structure rules
Noun phrase (NP)• John N• the boy Det N• a little boy Det Adj N• a boy in a bubble Det N PP
Phrase structure rule for NPs: NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
• (where ( ) indicates optionality)
Phrase structure trees NP NP NP NP
N Det N Det Adj N Det N PP
John the boy a little boy a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble
Prepositional phrase (PP)
• In P• from a boy in a bubble NP
Phrase structure rule for PPs: PP P (NP)
Phrase structure trees PP PP
P P NP
in from Det N PP
a boy P NP
in Det N
a bubble
Verb phrase (VP)• Sang V• ate the cake V NP • ate the cake hungrily V NP Adv• sang a song in the shower V NP PP• fell into the pond slowly V PP Adv
Phrase structure rule for VPs: VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
VP VP VP
V V NP V NP PP Adv
sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly
the cake a song in Det N
the shower
•
THANK YOU…………….!