phr 113 / lecture 2€¦ · cinchona bark quinine ephedra stem ephedrine sources of crude drugs...
TRANSCRIPT
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PharmacognosyPHR 113 / Lecture 2
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Crude Drugs
• Crude drugs are unmodified natural preparations of plants, animals,
fungi, bacteria, or minerals that are used for the prevention or
treatment of an ailment or disease.
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Importance of crude drugs
• Plant-derived medicines are useful therapeutic options and often
provide a safe form of therapy.
• Provide lead compounds for the development of new drugs.
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Sources of crude drugs
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Microbes
4. Minerals
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Crude Drug Plant Part Active Constituents
Senna Leaves Sennosides
Belladonna Leaves & Roots Atropine & Hyoscine
Nuxvomica Seeds Strychnine & Brucine
Fennel Fruit Volatile Oils
Cinchona Bark Quinine
Ephedra Stem Ephedrine
Sources of crude drugsPlants
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Oils from Cod liver oil: contains Omega 3 fatty acid and Vitamin A & D.
Fats from Wool fat
Sources of crude drugs
Animals
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Sources of crude drugs
Microbes
Penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
Riboflavin or vitamin B2 from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
Recombinant product such as insulin.
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Sources of crude drugs
Mineral Sources
• Mercury for the treatment of syphilis.
• Iron for the treatment of anaemia.
• Iodine is used for thyroid problems and as antiseptic.
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Types of Crude Drugs
Crude drugs may be listed in the pharmacopoeia and categorized using
different methods:
1. Alphabetical classification
2. Morphological classification
3. Therapeutic / Pharmacological classification
4. (Active) chemical classification
5. Taxonomical classification
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Alphabetical classification
• Crude drugs are arranged in alphabetical order of their:
• Botanical names
• Common names
• Local/ vernacular names
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Garlic = Allium sativum
Alphabetical classification
Onion = Allium cepa
Botanical names 1. Allium cepa2. Allium sativum
Common names1. Garlic2. Onion
Local/ vernacular names1. ?2. ?
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Advantages
• It is easy and quick to use
• There is no repetition of entries and is devoid of confusion.
• In this system location, tracing and addition of drug entries is easy
Alphabetical classification
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Alphabetical classification
Disadvantages
• There is no relationship between previous and successive drug
entries
E.g. Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona, Dill, Ergot, Fennel, Gentian
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Morphological classification
• In this system, the drugs are arranged according to the morphological
or external characters of the plant parts or animal parts.
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Morphological classification
Scientific name Bengali name Used parts
Aloe vera Ghritokumari Leaf
Andrographispanniculata
KalomeghLeaf, Stem,whole plant
Asparagusracemosus
SatomuliTuberous root,Leaf, Flower,Fruit
Plumbagozeylanica
Chita Root
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Classify – alphabetically > scientific name, English name, Bengali name and Mophologically
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Scientific name Bengali name English name Used parts
Winthania somnifera Dunal Ashwagandha Winter CherryRoot, Leaf, Fruit, Seed, whole plant
Aloe vera Tour. ex Linn. Ghritokumari Aloe Leaf
AndrographispanniculataWall.ex Nees.
Kalomegh CreatLeaf, Stem,whole plant
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Satomuli AspargusTuberous root, Leaf, Flower, Fruit
Plumbago zeylanicaLinn. Chita Root
Adhatoda zeylanica Nees. (Syn. name- A. vasica Linn.)
Vasak Vasaka Leaf, Stem, Bark, Root, Flower
Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn.) Benth.
Swarpagandha Snake root Root
Glycyrrhiza glabraLinn. Jastimodhu Liqourice root Root, Stem
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Pharmacological classification
• This involves grouping of drug according to their pharmacological
action.
• This is also referred to as therapeutic classification of drugs.
• Drugs like digitalis, squill and strophanthus having cardiotonic action
are grouped together irrespective of their parts used or their
phytoconstituents.
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Pharmacological Action Drugs
Anticancer Vinca, Podophyllum, Taxus
Anti-inflammatory Colchicum, Turmeric
Antiamoebic Ipecac root, Kurchi bark
Antiasthmatic Ephedra, Lobelia
Anthelminthic Fern, Quassia wood
Antispasmodic Datura, Hyoscyamus
Astringent Catechu
Analgesic Opium, poppy
Pharmacological classification
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Pharmacological classification
Advantages
• This system of classification can be used for suggesting substitutesof drugs if they are not available at a particular place or point oftime.
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Disadvantages
• Drugs having different action on the body gets classified
separately in more than one group that causes ambiguity and
confusion.
• Example: Cinchona is an antimalarial drug because of presence
of quinine but can be put under the group of drug affecting heart
because of anti-arrhythmic action of quinidine.
Pharmacological classification
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Chemical Classification
• The crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the
chemical nature of their constituent.
• In chemical classification drugs having identical constituents are
placed in one group.
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Chemical Classification
• Carbohydrates• Glycosides• Tannins• Volatile oils• Lipids • Alkaloids
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Carbohydrates: A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom
ratio of 2:1.
• Gums – Acacia, Tragacanth
• Starch, Honey, Agar
Chemical Classification
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Glycosides: a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional
group via a glycosidic bond.
• Anthraquinone Glycosides - Senna
• Saponins Glycosides - Glycyrrhiza
• Cyanogenetic Glycosides - Cassava
• Isothiocyanate Glycosides - Mustard
Chemical Classification
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Tannins:
• Polyphenolic biomolecules
• Tannins are astringent, bitter and precipitate proteins.
• Tannins causes a dry and puckering feeling in the mouth.
E.g.- Guava, Tea
Chemical Classification
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Chemical Classification
Volatile oils / ethereal oils are volatile constituents obtained from
aromatic plant material, including leaves, rhizomes, flowers, roots,
bark, seeds, peel, fruits, wood and whole plants.
Examples- Cinnamon, Coriander, Cardamom, Orange peel, Mint, Clove
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Chemical Classification
Lipids: a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their
derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Fixed oils – Castor, Olive, Almond, Shark liver oil
Fats – Theobroma, Lanolin
Waxes – Beeswax
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Alkaloids
• Nitrogenous organic substances of plant origin
• Pyridine and Piperidine – Lobelia, Tobacco
• Tropane - Coca, Belladonna, Datura
• Quinoline – Cinchona
Chemical Classification
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Taxonomic classification
Based on an accepted system of botanical classification
Grouped into:Kingdom
Phylum Order
FamilyGenus
Species
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Advantages
• Allows for precise and ordered arrangement of drugs.
• Accommodates any drug without ambiguity.
Taxonomic classification
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1. Organized drugs
2. Unorganized drugs
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Organized drugs
• These are drugs which have a specific cell structure.
• Rhizomes, roots, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibres,
stems, flowers, etc.
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• Leaves – Digitalis, Tea, etc.
• Barks –Cinchona, Cinnamon, etc.
• Flowering parts – Clove, rose
Organized drugs
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Unorganized drugs
• These are drugs which have no cellular or tissue structure and are
obtained from plants as their exudates.
Gums, resins, aloe, honey
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Thank you
Mohammad Ahad A Khan, PhDAssistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth South University, Bangladesh Room: SAC 1013email: [email protected]: +880 17 0386 4707
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Medical terminologies
Arthritis -Inflammation of a joint
Ascites -Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Asphyxia -Inability to breath
Atrophy -Wasting of a tissue or organ
Carcinogenic- Causing cancer
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Medical terminologies
Carcinoma- A malignant epithelial tumour eventually becoming fatal
Cardiotonic- An agent that has a stimulating effect on the heart;
increasing the strength and tone of the heart.
Cardiac depressant- Slowing the action of the heart
Carminative Drug- causing the release of stomach or intestinal gas
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Medical terminologies
Cathartic -Having the power of cleaning the bowels (laxative, purgative,
drastic)
Decongestant - Relieving congestion, as of the mucous membrane
Demulcent – Soothing action on inflammed mucous membranes
Dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin
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Medical terminologies
Diuretic - Increasing the flow of urine
Dysmenorrhoea - Difficult or painful menstruation
Dyspepsia – Difficulty in digestion
Dysuria - Difficulty or pain while passing urine
Emetic -Causing vomiting
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Medical terminologies
Expectorant - Aiding the secretion of the mucous membrane of the air
passages and the removal of fluid
Febrifuge - Anything which reduces fever
Haematemesis - Vomiting of blood
Haematuria - The presence of blood in the urine
Heamatinic: Therapeutic agent that causes increase in the
heamoglobin content of the blood.
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Medical terminologies
Insomnia: Difficulty in sleeping or staying asleep.
Mydriatic: Drug that causes dilatation of the pupil.
Miotic: Contraction of pupil of eye.
Sternutatory: a substance that causes sneezing
Vermifuge: a remedy that causes expulsion of worms or parasites.
Xerostomia: Anbormal dryness of the mouth