photovoltaic systems engineering - um
TRANSCRIPT
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Photovoltaic Systems Engineering
Ali KarimpourAssociate Professor
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Reference for this lecture:Photovoltaic Systems Engineering Third Edition CRCRoger Messenger, Jerry Ventre
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Lecture 4
The Sun
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Lecture 4
We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.
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Some Energy Units
Calorie: Heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 ml of water 1 C
Btu: Heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1 F
N-m: The energy expended in raising one kilogram through a distance of one meter.
Ft-lb: The energy expended in raising one pound through a distance of one foot.
Kwh: Energy expended by a kilowatt operating for one hour.
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Some Energy Units
5
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The Solar Spectrum
Energy radiated from the sun
))(
(221
52
mwavelengthmW
e
hcwkThc
)speedLight(sec103)constantsBoltzmann'(/1038.1
)constantsPlanck'(sec1063.6
28
23
234
mcKJk
Wh
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The Solar Spectrum
Irradiance is the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface.(تابش)
spec
tral i
rrad
ianc
e
27
0/1034.6 mWdwenergyRadiated
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The Solar Energy
27 /1034.6 mWenergyRadiated
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Effect of Atmosphere on Sunlight
14141322 I
20 /1367H Constant Solar mWI
27
0/1034.6 mWdwenergyRadiated
118 105.1,10965.6 DmR
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Amount of Solar Energy
12,756 Km
2/1367 mWI Earth diameter:
Solar energy falling on earth in one hour:
Twh1746094/10127561367 62
MtoeTwh 17000174000
World energy usage in 2008 is around: 12000 Mtoe
10Solar energy falling on earth in one year?
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Effect of Atmosphere on Sunlight
2/1367 mWI m910393.1diameterSun
m11105.1earth sun to from distanceMean
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Effect of Atmosphere on Sunlight
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2/1367 mWI At AM0:(no air mass)
2/)7.0(1367 mWI At AM1:
2678.0)( /)7.0(1367 mWI AMMeinel:
پرتو
انتشار
انعکاس
Global radiation
Solar Irradiance and Irradiation
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Measuring Solar irradiance
Precision Pyranometer
Black and white Pyranometer
Pyrhelimeter
Pyranometer on shadow band stand
Handheld Pyranometer
14
Global
Beamor
direct
Diffuse
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Solar Irradiance and Irradiation
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Solar Irradiation? Peak Sun Hours?
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2/ hourssun peak or n irradiatiosolar daily Average mKwh
The Solar irradiation
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The Solar irradiation
2/ hourssun peak or n irradiatiosolar daily Average mKwh
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The Solar irradiation
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The Solar irradiation
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The Solar irradiation
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The Solar irradiation
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Manitoring system
22
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Distance:
mnd
365
)93(360sin017.01105.1 11
Velocity:The Earth orbits the Sun at a speed of 107870 km/h
Sun and Earth Position
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Declination:(میل)
365
)80(360sin45.23 n
Sun and Earth Position
The angle of deviation of the sun from directly above the equator is called declination, .
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Solar time
5.52LSTMIran
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Solar time
5.52LSTMIran
where
city?your in noon today Calculate
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Sun Position
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Latitude and Longitude
The latitude and longitude of Mashhad, Iran is:
36° 17' 44" N / 59° 36' 42" E
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Different Sun Angles
Zenith Angle: The angle between the sun and zenith.Solar Altitude: The vertical angle between the sun and horizon.Azimuth Angle: Horizontal angle between sun and south.
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Different Sun Angles
Hour Angle: Difference between noon and the desired time of day in terms of 360 rotation in 24 hours.
36024
12
T
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Relation Between Sun Angles
365
)80(360sin45.23 dDeclination:
Zenith Angle:
z latitude is
36024
12
T
Hour Angle:
Two Other Useful Relationship:
z coscoscoscossinsinsin
coscossinsinsincos
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Relation Between Sun Angles
36024
12~
T
Hour Angle and :
z coscoscoscossinsinsin
coscossinsinsincos 1
So we have:
coscossinsinsincos
15112 1
~TT
Number of hours of daylight
5.7
tantancos21
0
TDH
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Relation Between Sun Angles
So we have:
coscossinsinsincos
15112 1
~TT
619.3365
)8071(360sin45.23
Declination at 12th March 2013(d=71):
The longitude of Mashhad, Iran is: 3.36
coscossinsinsincos
1511411 1TT
9450 TAstronomical sunrise = 5 52’
Astronomical sunset = 17 30’
455833.0 TActual sunrise = 5 47’
Actual sunset = 17 35’
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Relation Between Sun Angles
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Relation Between Sun Angles
So we have:
coscossinsinsincos
15112 1
~TT
619.3365
)8071(360sin45.23
Declination at 12th March 2013(d=71):
The longitude of Mashhad, Iran is: 3.36
coscossinsinsincos
1511411 1TT
Maghreb=17 55’
455833.0 TActual sunrise = 5 47’Actual sunset = 17 35’
4165.4 T
Fajr=4 23’8177.17 T
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An Intersting Example: Direction of Kaaba by seeing sun
826.39,4226.21 :is longitude and Latitude Kabba
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1)cos(coscossinsin0Let z
4226.2113.195221 :is Latitude Kabba
4226.21
time?July 15 196time?May 28 147
n
Direction of Kaaba by seeing sun
30826.39439439:is Longitude Kabba LSTM
)26:11(min34)18:11(min42
July 15 196May 28 147
TCn
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Incidence Angle is the angle between the direction of direct radiation and a line exactly perpendicular to the array angle
Capturing Sunlight
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Tilt angle is the vertical angle between the horizontal and the array surface
Capturing Sunlight
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Array Azimuth Angle is the horizontal angle between a reference direction –typically south- and the direction an array surface faces
Capturing Sunlight
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Capturing Sunlight
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Capturing Sunlight
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Capturing Sunlight
a) Horizontal Array.
b) Array tilted at latitude.
c) Array tilted at latitude -15.
d) Array tilted at latitude +15.
e) b, c, and d but Non-South facing Mounting.
f) 1-Axis tracking array.
g) 2-Axis tracking array.