photovoltaic modelling introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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PhotovoltaicModelling Introduction
University College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz
Josean Ramos Hernanz ([email protected] )
J.A. Ramos-Hernanz
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Index
The photovoltaic effect1
Photovoltaic Panel2
Photovoltaic System3
2Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Photovoltaic effectSunlight striking a semiconductor andcausing electrons to be excited due toenergy in the sunlight (photons).
3Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Photovoltaic effect
Irradiance
Temperature
Current
Voltage
4Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Several important magnitudes must be used:
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Photovoltaic effect
5
Ideal CellTotal current in the diode
The Current I0: appears withreverse polarity and relatively highnegative tensions.
10
CaKTqV
D eII (2)
+
-
Ideal Cell
V
IL ID
IG
T
I = IL – ID (1)
10
CaKTVq
L eIII (3)
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Photovoltaic effect
6Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Other characteristics or dataID: Diode current (A)I0: Saturation current of the diode (A)q: Electron charge, 1.6 10-19 (C)a: Diode ideality factor.K: Boltzmann’s Constant, 1.38 10-23 J/KTC: Cell Temperature (ºK)V: Voltage on the photovoltaic module (V)I: Current photovoltaic module (A)
10
CaKTVq
L eIII
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Equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cellPhotovoltaic effect
ShaKT
IRVq
dLShDL IeIIIIIIs
1)(
P
N
IL
IShID
Eo
V
RS
RSh
I
sh
sTR I V
0L RR I V - 1 - e . I - I I
s
aK
q
7
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Photovoltaic effect
8Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Short circuit current (Isc) is the current through the solar cell when
the voltage across the solar cell is zero
Open circuit voltage (Voc) is the difference of electrical potential
between two terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit. There
is no external load
Maximum current (Imax) current at the maximum power point
Maximum voltage (Vmax) current at the maximum power point
Maximum power (Pmax)
The fundamental electrical parameters:
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Characteristic curves (IV) and (PV)
Photovoltaic effect
9Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
IV Curve
PV Curve
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Photovoltaic effect
Types of IV characteristic curves:
IV curve for constant G (Irradiance)1000 W/m2
IV curve for constant Tª 25ºC
10Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Photovoltaic effect
11Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
1000 w/m2
700 w/m2
Types of PV characteristic curves:
PV curve for constant G (Irradiance)1000 W/m2
PV curve for constant Tª 25ºC
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Photovoltaic effectSeries and shunt resitances:
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Rs: A function of the impurities and contact resistance.
Rsh: Inversely proportional to the leakage current to earth.
Ideal photovoltaic cell: RS = 0 and Rsh = ∞.
Silicon cells: Rs = 0,05–0,1Ω and Rsh = 200–300 Ω ⇒ Ish ≈ 0.
The PV conversion efficiency is very sensitive to small
variations in Rs, but insensitive to variations in Rsh
PN
IL
IShID
EoV
RSRSH
I
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Photovoltaic effect
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Influence of the RS and RSH on the curve caracteristics
Series and shunt resitances:
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Measurement conditions of a photovoltaic cell Standard Test Conditions, STC
• Solar irradiance : 1 kW/m2.
• Air mass : PM 1,5.
• Cell temperature : 25 ºC.
Condiciones de operación estándar, SOC • Solar irradiance : 0,8 kW/m2.
• Wind speed : 1 m/s.
• Environment temperature : 20º C.
Nominal operating temperature of cells, NOCT. (Open circuit).
14Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
Photovoltaic effect
The air mass coefficient defines the direct optical path lengththrough the Earth's atmosphere, expressed as a ratio relativeto the path length vertically upwards, i.e. at the zenith.
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Photovoltaic effect
Data gathering for IV or PV curve building
15Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
The current is similar to measure flow of a river
The voltage is similar to measure slope of a river
L
O
A
D
A
V
Variable
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Photovoltaic effect
16Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Sineax CAM
TV809
Irradiance sensor (Si-420TC-T-K)
Current clamps: Chauvin Arnoux PAC12: The PAC12
The elements used for measurements are:
Data gathering for IV or PV curve building
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Photovoltaic effect
17Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Variable Load
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Photovoltaic effect
Mathematical Models of the photovoltaic cell:
18Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
PV Curve
IV Curve
0 1C
VqaKT
PV LI I I e
+
-
Ideal Cell
V
IL ID
IG
T
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Photovoltaic Panel
Basic Models
Complex Models
19Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Cell
Module Array
Photovoltaic Panel
20Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Key specifications of the PV Panel
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Isc : Short Circuit CurrentVoc : Open Circuit VoltageNS: Number of cells in seriesPmax: Maximum powerImp: Maximum power currentVmp: Maximum power voltageNormal operating cell temperature (NOCT) Isc: Temperature coefficient of Isc
Voc: Temperature coefficient of Voc
Photovoltaic Panel
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Photovoltaic Panel
22Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Basic Models
Matlab ToolsBasic Model in SimulinkSimulink model with TagsPhysical component modelModel advanced component libraryModel with real data
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Photovoltaic Panel
23Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Matlab ToolsCurve Fitting Toolbox
>>cftool
>>cftool(V,I)
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Photovoltaic Panel
24Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Matlab Tools: Curve Fitting Toolbox
Data Tab
Fitting Tab
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Photovoltaic Panel
25Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Matlab Tools: Curve Fitting Toolbox
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Photovoltaic Panel
26Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Basic Model in Simulink
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Photovoltaic Panel
27Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Basic Model in Simulink
Iph-Id- Ish = I
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Photovoltaic Panel
28Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Basic Model in Simulink
200W/m2
400W/m2
600W/m2
800W/m2
1000W/m2Repeating sequence stair block
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Photovoltaic Panel
29Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Simulink model with TagsInitial conditions
Initialization
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Photovoltaic Panel
30Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Simulink model with Tags
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Photovoltaic Panel
31Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
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Photovoltaic Panel
32Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
PV characteristic curvesIV characteristic curves
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Photovoltaic Panel
sh
sTR I V
0L RR I V - 1 - e . I - I I cK
s
ak
q
General equation :
We always know three points : 1. Short Circuit Current: I = Isc, V = 0
2. Open Circuit Voltage: I = 0, V = Voc
3. The maximum power point: I = Imp, V = Vmp
1 2
3
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Photovoltaic Panel
34Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Model of three parametersRs, (Rsh ), a, (IL = Isc ) e I0.
Model of four parametersRs, (Rsh ), a, IL e I0.
Model of three parametersRs, Rsh, a, IL e I0.
IL : Photocurrent,.I0 : Reverse saturation current of the diode, RS: Series resistance, RP : Shunt resistance, a: A parameter curve fit
Complex Mathematical Models
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Model of three parametersUnknowns : Rs, (Rsh ), a, (IL = Isc ) e I0.
General Equation:
T
oc
VVsc
e
II 0
mp
sc
mpscTmpoc
s II
IIVVV
R)ln(.
Panel Fotovoltaico
35Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
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Model of four parameters
I = Isc y V= 0
I = 0 y V= Voc
I = Impp y V= Vmpp
According to Townsend
Incógnitas: Rs, (Rsh ), a, IL e I0
Panel Fotovoltaico
36Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
General Equation:
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Model of five parameters
sh
sTR I V
0L RR I V - 1 - e . I - I I cK
s
ak
q
• Short circuit current : I = Isc, V = 0
• Open circuit voltage : I = 0, V = Voc
• At the point of maximum power : I = Imp, V = Vmp
• At the point of maximum power : dP/dVmp = 0
• In short circuit: dIsc / dV = -1/Rsh
Panel Fotovoltaico
37Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
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Panel Fotovoltaico
38Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
Model of five parameters
sh
sTR I V
0L RR I V - 1 - e . I - I I cK
s
ak
q
(1)
(2)
(3)
P(0 ,Isc)
P(Voc ,0)
P(Vmp ,Imp)
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Panel Fotovoltaico
39Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
Model of five parameters
(4)
(5)
dP/dVmp = 0dIsc / dV = -1/Rsh
dIsc / dV = -1/Rsh
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Panel Fotovoltaico
40Escuela Universitaria de Ingenieria de Vitoria-Gasteiz
Full model
sh
sTR I V
0L RR I V - 1 - e . I - I I cK
s
ak
q
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Panel Fotovoltaico
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Full model
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Photovoltaic System
42Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Inverter
ConverterPhotovoltaicGenerator
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Photovoltaic System
43Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Types of DC / DC converters basic
Boost converter: VLoad > VModule
Buck converter: VLoad < VModule
Buck-Boost converter: VLoad > VModule or VLoad < VModule
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Photovoltaic System
44Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Why do we need to put a converter, forexample between the photovoltaic moduleand battery? For example.
CONVERTER
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Photovoltaic System
45Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Why do we need to put a converter, for examplebetween the photovoltaic module and battery?
12 V
Our efficiency is poor. We need to work near the MPP
For G = 1000 W/m2
T = 25 ºc
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Photovoltaic System
46Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
Types of DC / DC converters basic
Boost converter
In the case of a Boost converter in continuous driving operating mode, the relations between the input (VSand output (VO) variables are given by Equations
VLoad > VModule
-1V=V S
O
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Photovoltaic System
47Photovoltaic Modelling Introduction
How do we do it:
O
S
VV-1=
-1V=V S
O
With de MPPT look for