photosynthesis · photosynthesis summary •the reactions of photosynthesis use solar energy to...
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Photosynthesis
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Plants
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Leaf Structure
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Stomata
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Plant Adaptations for Photosynthesis
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Desert Plant Adaptations
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Solar Energy • Solar energy travels to Earth in different
wavelengths of light
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Pigments
• A pigment is a protein molecule that absorbs light
• The primary pigments in green plants are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
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Chlorophyll Pigments • Chlorophyll pigments absorb blue-violet and
red regions of the visible spectrum best
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Other Plant Pigments • Cooler temperatures cause plants to produce
less chlorophyll, revealing “hidden” pigments
• Carotenes – red and orange
• Xanthophylls – yellow
• Anthocyanins – purple, red, blue (pH dependent)
• Fucoxanthins - brown
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Purpose of Photosynthesis
• To convert solar energy into a form of energy that is useable to all organisms
• Solar energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose (chemical energy)
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Photosynthesis Reaction
“putting together with light”
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Photosynthetic Organisms
• Green plants
• Algae
• Cyanobacteria
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Simple Story of Photosynthesis and Food
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Reactants and Products for Photosynthesis
• Identify the reactants:
• Identify the products:
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Photosynthetic Organelle
• Photosynthetic reactions occur within the chloroplast
• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
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Summary of Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis Summary
• The reactions of photosynthesis use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into high energy sugars (glucose) and oxygen gas
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Photosynthesis Reaction
1. Light absorption by chlorophyll molecules
2. Light dependent reactions
3. Calvin Cycle
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Light Absorption by the Chlorophyll Molecules
• Clusters of chlorophyll pigments called
photosystems absorb light energy
• Light energy “excites” or energizes the electrons of the chlorophyll pigments
• Shorter wavelengths of light have more energy and are therefore more effective at “exciting” electrons
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Photosystems are embedded within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
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Light Dependent Reactions
• Occur within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts
• “energy building” reactions
• Require light in order to occur
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Light Dependent Reactions Summary
• Light energy splits water molecules into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen gas (photolysis)
• Two high energy compounds, ATP and NADPH, are also produced
• ATP and NADPH transfer energy (“excited” electrons) to the Calvin cycle
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Light Dependent Reactions
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Light Dependent Reactions Products
• Oxygen gas – released into the atmosphere (waste product)
• ATP and NADPH – to the Calvin cycle
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Calvin Cycle
• Occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts
• “sugar building” reactions
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Calvin Cycle
• Inorganic carbon (from CO2) is incorporated into organic carbon (carbon fixation)
• CO2 combines with a five-carbon sugar called RuBP (forms an intermediate 6-carbon compound)
• Energy stored in ATP and NADPH is used to convert the temporary 6-C intermediate compound into carbohydrates
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