photon polarization in radiative b decays · gambino & misiak, npb 611 (2001) 338 buras,...
TRANSCRIPT
Photon polarization inradiative B decays
Thomas Schietinger
Laboratory for High-Energy PhysicsEPF Lausanne
NIKHEF colloquium, 6 April 2006
– one of the last battlegrounds in B physics
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 2
Contents
● Introduction: the key role of the b s transition
● The quest for new observables– Photon polarization
– Double-radiative decays
● Experimental (Belle, LHCb) and phenomenological program at Lausanne:– B K(), B K, B at Belle
– b (*) at LHCb
– New method to measure photon polarization using charmonium resonance interference
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 3
The key role of theb s transition
b s
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 4
b s: an ideal place to study the Standard Model and to look
for new physics!
b s
b
W –
s
u,c,t
b
s
squark
SM
SUSY?
The Standard Model amplitude isstrongly suppressed (2nd order)...
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 5
b s
SM
SUSY?
b s exclusion area in mass plot of universal sfermion mass vs. universal s-scalar mass.
mt = (150±30) GeV/c2
J.Ellis et al.,Phys. Lett. B 573, 162 (2003)
b s: an ideal place to study the Standard Model and to look
for new physics!
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 6
If you want to heara rare bird singing,go somewhere quiet!
Penguin amplitude
New physics
SM
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 7
Penguin amplitude
...not where all the other birds make noise!
Tree amplitudes
SM
SM
SM
New physics
SM
If you want to heara rare bird singing,go somewhere quiet!
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 8
b s inclusive branching fraction
New HFAG average of these measurements using a common shape function for the extrapolation to low photon energies and taking into account the correlated error from b d contamination:
BF(b s) = 355 ± 24 +9 ± 3– 10
fully inclusive semi-inclusive
(see http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/hfag/rare for details)
Calculation of extrapolation factors byO. Buchmüller and H. Flächer, hep-ph/0507253
errors are: stat./syst./shape
stat./syst.combined
shape function
b d contamination
BF(b BF(b ss) = 357 ) = 357 ±± 30 30
Standard Model prediction (NLO):
BF(b s) = 336 ± 53 ± 42+50 – 54
PLB 511 (2001) 151
BF(b s) = 355 ± 32 +30 +11– 31 – 7
PRL 93 (2004) 061803 ● E()>1.8 GeV ● E()>2.24 GeV ● 16 modes
BF(b s) = 335 ± 19 +56 +4– 41 – 9 BF(b s) = 367 ± 29 ± 34 ± 29
hep-ex/0507001 PRD 72 (2005) 052004 ● Lepton-tagged● E()>1.9 GeV; BF not extrapolated below!
● E()>1.9 GeV ● 38 modes covering ~55%
BF(b s) = 321 ± 43 ± 27+18 – 10CLEO
PRL 87 (2001) 251807 ● E()>2.0 GeV
● E()>1.6 GeV
● E()>1.6 GeV Gambino & Misiak, NPB 611 (2001) 338Buras, Czarnecki, Misiak, Urban, NPB 631 (2002) 219 Depressing agreement between
theory and experiment!
(BF units: 10 – 6)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 9
b s Blues
Standard Model prediction (NLO):
Experiment:
b s
BF(b s) = 355 ± 26
BF(b BF(b ss) = 357 ) = 357 ±± 30 30Gambino & Misiak, NPB 611 (2001) 338Buras, Czarnecki, Misiak, Urban, NPB 631 (2002) 219
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 10
b s Blues
Standard Model prediction (NLO):
Experiment:
b s
BF(b s) = 355 ± 26
BF(b BF(b ss) = 357 ) = 357 ±± 30 30Gambino & Misiak, NPB 611 (2001) 338Buras, Czarnecki, Misiak, Urban, NPB 631 (2002) 219
We need more observables to uncover
new physics!
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 11
Additional Observables in b s
Photon PolarizationDouble-radiative
Decays⇒
b s
b s
Expected to be left-handed in the Standard Model (chiral structure of W boson coupling in loop), but could have a right-handed component in LR-symmetric models.
Valuable additional observables (at the expense of statistical power):● size of non-resonant contribution● diphoton invariant mass
➔ Any surprising resonances?● forward-backward asymmetry
Two approaches are pursued in Lausanne:
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 12
Photon polarizationin b s
b s
⇒
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 13
Why left-handed?
b
W –
sL
u,c,t
⇒
⇒
The W only couples to a left-handed s-quark.
The (back-to-back) emitted photon must be left-handed too in order to conserve angular momentum!
The exact argument only holds for massless quarks ⇒ small right-handed component of order (m
s/m
b)2≈ 0.1%
expected (up to 1% with QCD corrections).
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 14
Photon Polarization in b s
The (high-energy) photon is usually detected via its energy deposit in the form of an electromagnetic shower inside a crystal.⇒ Any information on the polarization of the photon is lost!⇒ Need indirect methods to determine photon polarization!
b s
shower by Sven Menke
Several such methods have been suggested:● e+e– conversion● Interference of higher K resonances● B-B interference● Polarized b-baryons
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 15
b s polarization measurement: e+e – conversion method
⇒
b s
e –
e+
● The geometry of the conversion electrons allows the inference of the photon polarization.
● Use B K*(K), and measure correlation between the K*K decay plane and the e+e– plane.
● Two variants:
– Virtual photon (the decay B K*e+e – ); get also interference from Z-exchange and W-box diagram.
– Real photon: conversion somewhere inside the detector material (e.g. beam-pipe).
● Either way needs lots of statistics – probably Super-B-factory?
D.Melikov, N.Nikitin, S.Simula, Phys. Lett. B 442, 381 (1998)
Y.Grossman, D.Pirjol, J. High Energy Phys. 06, 029 (2000)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 16
b s polarization measurement: K resonance method
● While the spin information is lost in B K*(K) (strong two-body decay, no phase involved) it can be reconstructed in more complicated B K**(K) decays, if the strong phases governing the intermediate resonances are known.
● Somewhat messy analysis of the K Dalitz amplitude necessary, but very promising where one or two amplitudes dominate.
● For some time this was thought to be the most promising method experimentally, but...
M.Gronau, Y.Grossman, D.Pirjol, A.Ryd, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 051802 (2002)
B
K*⇒ K
⇐
B
K**⇒ K
⇐
M.Gronau, D.Pirjol, Phys. Rev. D 66, 054008 (2002)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 17
BABAR: B K hep-ex/0507031
(232M BB)
Results:
B+ K+ – +
B0 K+ – 0
First obser-vations!
Confirmation of Belle results
PRL 89 (2002) 231801
K invariant mass (background subtracted)
Clear signals!
Less clear resonance structure...
K1(1270)
● Recent BABAR analysis of B K channelsshows clear signals for all charge combinations butmessy resonance structure.
● Detailed study of resonance structure still in progress.● K
1(1270) clearly visible
● Polarization analysis requires “ clean” K1(1400) in
K+0 modes.● We probably have to wait for a Super-B factory for
this measurement!
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 18
b s polarization measurement: B-B interference method
● Photon from b s expected to be left-handed ⇒ photon from b s expected to be right-handed
● Quantum mechanics: amplitudes can only interfere if initial and final states are identical.
● If we can measure the interference between b s and b s, we can learn something about the photon polarization (expect no interference for fully polarized photon).
● How on earth can we measure interference between b and b?⇒ B mixing makes it possible!
D.Atwood, M.Gronau, A.Soni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 185 (1997)
⇒
b s
⇒
interference?
b s
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 19
Reminder: Measurement of the B mixing phase (“ sin2” )
B0
bW –
d
c
c
s
d
Vcb*
Vcs
J/
K0 KS
B0
bW+
d
c
c
s
d
Vcb
Vcs*
J/
K0 KS
● Both B0 and B0 can decayinto the CP eigenstate J/ KS.
● No phases are involved in the decay (only Vcs and Vcb).
Bigi and Sanda, Nucl. Phys. B 193, 85 (1981)Carter and Sanda, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1567 (1981)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 20
B0
bW –
d
c
c
s
d
Vcb*
Vcs
J/
K0 KS
B0
bW+
d
c
c
s
d
Vcb
Vcs*
J/
K0 KS
B0
d
b
t
t
Vtd*
Vtd
⇒ The B0 has two ways to decay into J/ KS:
“ unmixed” decay: no phase
“ mixed” decay: phase of Vtd!
⇒ Time-dependent interference term proportional to:
Vtb* Vtd
Vtb Vtd*= e2i
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 21
Repeat for B K*(K)!Note: need CP eigenstate, henceonly K*0 KS0 useful.
“ unmixed” decay: no phase
“ mixed” decay: phase of Vtd!
B0
b
d s
d
K*0KS0
W –
t
Vts
Vtb*
B0
b
d
d
B0
d
b
t
t
Vtd*
Vtd K*0KS0
s
W+
t
Vts*Vtb
⇒ No interference if photon is polarized!⇒ A measurement of the B mixing phase (“ sin2” ) in this channel will show if (to what degree) the photon is polarized!
⇒
⇒
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 22
A technical problem...● At the B factories the measurement of time-dependent
asymmetries relies on the separation of the decays of the two simultaneously produced B mesons (signal and tag vertex).
● K*0 KS0 does not give a good signal vertex!✗ All neutrals, KS has long lifetime!
B0
B0 Boost gives better timeresolution and a reference “ t0 ” !
~200 μ m
e+e – (4S) B0B0 or B±B∓
(4S)
Two solutions to the problem:1. Intersect KS momentum vector with beam envelope.
● Method developed by BABAR, successfully applied by BABARand Belle (see results).
2. Use a different CP eigenstate that leaves a measurable vertex.● Prime candidates are B KS and B KS.
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 23
Indirect CP violation in B0 KS0
Beam intersection method
B0 K*0(KS0)
e –
e+
0
KS +
–
interaction region
● Both BABAR and Belle have performed measurements of S = “ sin2” in radiative B decays.
● First in B0 K*0(KS0) , but S parameter should be the same for all B0 KS0 events.[Atwood et al., PRD 71 (2005) 076003]
⇒ combine events from the full KS0 spectrum.
● Experiments indeed seem to favor small S, buterrors are still large!
● Currently our best handle on photon polarization, butthis measurement may need a Super-B-factory as well!
S(B0 K*0[KS0] ) = – 0.21 ± 0.40 ± 0.05
PRD 72 (2005) 051103
S(B0 K*0[KS0] ) = 0.01 ± 0.52 ± 0.11
S(B0 KS0) = 0.08 ± 0.41 ± 0.10
hep-ex/0507059(386M BB)
(232M BB)
(S = “ sin2” )
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 24
B K and B K
● Alternative and complementary approach pursued in Lausanne: instead of B0 KS0, measure B KS and B KS (replace 0 by and , which give a well-measurable decay vertex!)
● Main drawbacks:– Need much more statistics.– Need angular analysis (VVP decay)
● Definitely requires a Super-B-Factory! Current study with Belle is of exploratory character, nevertheless a lot of nice bread-and-butter physics:
– b s hadronization
– K resonances
– Non-resonant B KKK decays, etc.
B0 KS()
e –
e+
KS +
–
interaction region
K –
K+ (Thesis Christian Jacoby)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 25
Experimental status of B K()
BF(B+ K+) = 3.4 ± 0.9 ± 0.4 (5.5)
BF(B0 K0) = 4.6 ± 2.4 ± 0.6 (3.3)
BF(B0 K0) < 8.3 @ 90% C.L.(95.8M BB)
PRL 92 (2003) 051801
Previous measurement by Belle based on 90 fb– 1:
Plan for Lausanne group (thesis C. Jacoby):● Updated measurement on 450 fb– 1 planned for the
summer conferences.● First measurement (or limit) for B K.● Depending on signal size, first angular analysis.
No measurements/limits for B K yet...
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 26
b s polarization measurement: b-baryon method
● Idea: if we can polarize the initial b, we can infer the photon polarization from angular correlations with the strange final state.
● Unfortunately, B mesons carry no spin. The method only works with b-baryons, such as b (e.g. b ).
● Specific asymmetries suggested for b at a Z factory, but may also be possible at the LHC, if the b's are sufficiently polarized.
● At LHCb, b * (strongly decaying *) may be more promising than . ('s leave the vertex detector before decaying!)
T.Mannel, S.Recksiegel, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 24, 979 (1998)
G.Hiller, A.Kagan, Phys. Rev. D 65, 074038 (2002)
⇒
⇒
b s
⇒
⇒
b s
versus
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 27
b (*) at LHCb(Thesis Federica Legger)
b ( p) :
b *( pK) :
● Advantage: can use photon and protonasymmetries to probe photon polarization (weakly decaying “ remembers” its polarization!)
● Drawback: ’ s fly on average 3 m: most of them leave the the vertex detector before decaying! ⇒ difficult to trigger
⇒ difficult to reconstruct
● Advantage: use pK vertex for triggerand reconstruction.
● Drawbacks: – need to disentangle various pK resonances.
– less statistics to start with (w.r.t. b )
– some of the lowest resonances have spin 3/2,complicated extraction of photon polarization.
VELO RICH 1 TT
p
(1520)(J = 3/2)
(1670)(J = 1/2)
(1690)(J = 3/2)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 28
b (*) at LHCb(Thesis Federica Legger)
Right-handed polarization fraction
One of the few windows of opportunity left open by the B factories for LHCb!!
Phenomenological study:● Spin 3/2 resonances are experimentally useful!
Ratio of m = 1/2 to m = 3/2 amplitudes can be determined by experiment.[F. Legger and T.S., to be submitted to Phys. Lett. B]
Complete gen-sim-rec-sel-fit studyfor b and b (1670):
● We can expect ~750 b and ~2500 b (1670) events (fully reconstructed)
● Sensitivity to photon polarization:– assume 20% for b polarization– despite smaller statistics, p still offers better prospects (can measure down to 20%)– if p reconstruction impossible for some reason, * pK channels can still probe photon polarization down to 25%!
“ Naive” SM predictionLHCb reach
(1 year)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 29
Double-radiative decays
b s
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 30
Initial idea: exploration of the“ K landscape”
m [GeV]
rate
1 32 4
Non-resonant contribution+ resonances + interferences
0 '
c
'cAlso:K*(K) contribution(smeared over the whole spectrum)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 31
Sort of like B K(*)ℓ+ℓ–...
mℓℓ [GeV]
rate
1 32 4
J/
No equivalent toK*(K) contribution!
'
Contributions from,, negligible
ℓ+ℓ– pole
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 32
A brief history of B K ● First calculations of the b s amplitude in the 1990s, mainly in the context of Bs .
● 1997: Reina, Ricciardi and Soni have a closer look at inclusive B Xs (including QCD corrections). Suggest to measure diphoton mass spectrum and forward-backward asymmetry.
● 1997: Singer and Zhang calculate BF(B+ K+) ≈ 5 x 10 – 8.
L.Reina, G.Ricciardi,A. Soni, Phys. Lett. B 396, 231 (1997)Phys. Rev. D 56, 5805 (1997)P.Singer, D.X.Zhang,
Phys. Rev. D 56, 4274 (1997)
● 2003: Choudhury et al. find 1.477 x 10– 6 ≤ BF(B+ K+) ≤ 1.748 x 10– 6 !! – Wow! Could this be measurable at Belle? Let's have a look!
● 2004: EPFL master student Mathias Knecht plugs Choudhury formulae into EvtGen event generator and normalizes to measured branching fractions: Choudhury non-resonant result is at least too orders of magnitude too large!
● 2005: Hiller and Safir publish a SCET calculation that gives BF(B+ K+) = O(10– 9)!
– Choudhury et al. acknowledge a typo in their mathematica script and publish an erratum.
● Further studies by us reveal that the resonant decay B+ K*+( K+) K+ eclipses the non-resonant B+ K+ everywhere in phase space.
b s
S.R.Choudhury et al.,Phys. Rev. D 67, 074016 (2003)
G.Hiller, A.S.Safir, J. High Energy Phys. 0502, 011 (2005)
S.R.Choudhury et al.,Phys. Rev. D 72, 119906(E) (2005)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 33
B K*(K1)
2 B K*(K2)
1
interference term
What does this mean?
1) Non-resonant B K is inaccessible to experiment!
● Even at the centre of the Dalitz plot, the decayB K*( K) K still dominates the non-resonant contribution!
● But wait! A small non-resonant contribution has its advantages too! It allows us to observe interference between B K*(K) and charmonium channels such as B Kc() and Kc(), with known final state polarization!
● A new method to measure photon polarization in B K*?
2) Our only hope to access short-distance b s (or b d) is Bs (Bd ).
● Belle has new world-best limits on both decays!
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 34
B K: a new method to measure b s photon polarization
Mathias Knecht and T.S.,Phys. Lett. B 634, 403 (2006)
Non-resonant B K is tiny ⇒ rate is dominated by B K* (K* K) even at the centre of the Dalitz plot!● two amplitude contributions:
B K*(K1)2 and B K*(K2)1!
B K*(K1)
2 B K*(K2)
1
interference term
⇒ Clean interference with charmonium
decays B Kc() and Kc(), where the photon polarization is well known
(think positronium!)
by measuring the
m spectrum, can derive photon
polarization in B K*! (constraints on Wilson coefficients C7, C'7)
Main issues:● statistics! (needs Super-B factory, better Hyper-B) ● strong phase between B K* and B Kc...
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 35
Experimental study of B K at Belle
● Search for non-resonant B K makes no sense.
● Focus now on search for radiative charmonium decays in B K():
– Study of c , c ’ , c , etc. (charmonium spectroscopy in clean radiative channels)
– Search also for recently found new states such as X(3782) to help determine C-parity of these new states.
● Use peaks from B K() and B K ’ () for calibration and systematics.
● Analysis well advanced, results being will be released at summer conferences. Stay tuned!
(Thesis Jean Wicht)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 36
Bd and Bs : new limits by Belle● B : the only way to probe short-distance b s(d)!● Lausanne group has performed a search for Bd based on 100 fb –
1 (Stefano Villa).– Cannot use full dataset because of missing timing information for calorimeter clusters
in early data ⇒ huge background from Bhabha’ s!
● Limit on Bs based on this analysis from the (5S) engineering run (1.86 fb – 1, Alexey Drutskoy).
BF(Bd ) < 0.62
PRD 73 (2006) 051107(111M BB)
BF(Bs ) < 56preliminary
BF(BF(BBdd ) = 0.03) = 0.03SM:
BF(BF(BBss ) = 1.2) = 1.2
Bs physics at Belle isalready competitive!
SM:
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 37
Conclusion● Photon polarization remains one of the last glaring Standard
Model predictions to be tested in the realm of B physics.– Various methods have been proposed for B factories, but probably all of them
will require Super-B statistics.– A window of opportunity for LHCb using b (*) decays!!
● Vibrant research program in Lausanne to search for new physics in b s() decays:– B K() at Belle: angular analysis in view of time-dependent CP
measurement.– B K at Belle: look for charmonium (and other?) resonances
– B at Belle: world’ s best limit recently published.
– Phenomenological study on possible measurement of b s photon polarization with charmonium resonance interference.
– Very promising feasibility study for polarization measurement with b (*) decays at LHCb.
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 38
Appendix:What I have done for LHCb
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 39
LHCbA forward spectrometer to exploit the forward-peaked production of B hadrons at
the LHC!
100 µb
230 µb
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 40
Level-1:● software ● 1 MHz 40 kHz● Uses:
vertices (Si) some tracking L0 objects
LHCb Trigger
High-Level:● software ● 40 kHz 2 kHz● Uses:
full event data
Level-0:● hardware ● 10 MHz 1 MHz● Uses:
calorimeters muon chambers pile-up veto (Si)
trigg
er ra
te [H
z]
102
104
103
106
105
108
107 totalcharmbottom
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 41
B hadrons are the elephantsof the particle zoo: they are
heavy and long-lived
Level-1 Strategy⇒ Approximation at trigger level:look for tracks with both
1) large impact parameter(relative to primary vertex)
Reconstruction of rz tracks in VELO: σIP ≅ 50 µm
and2) high transverse momentum (pT)
Need to extrapolate tracks to some measurement that is influenced by the magnetic field!Two possibilities:● Extrapolation to first tracking station before the magnet (TT)● Extrapolation to objects found by Level-0
(accessible to Level-1)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 42
µ
e,γ
π,K
We must extrapolate tracks to some measurement that is influenced by the magnetic field!
Two complementary approaches:
1) Fringe field before the magnet:extrapolation to first tracking station, TT (= Trigger Tracker), situated between VELO and magnet⇒ coarse momentum resolution but high
efficiency
2) Full pT kick after the magnet:recycle calorimeter clusters and muon tracksegments found by Level-0, try to matchthem to VELO tracks!⇒ better momentum resolution but low over-all
efficiency and low purity
pT Measurement (Trigger)
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 43
pT Measurement (TT)
VELO RICH 1 TT
Re-optimized LHCb design: some magnetic field between VELO and TT
integrated Bdℓ ≃ 115 kG cm⇒10-GeV track is deflected by 3.4 mm at TT
Momentum resolution:
20– 40%
Thomas Schietinger 6 April 2006Photon polarization in radiative B decays 44
Level-1 Trigger Performance
Performance and timing within specifications!
Level-1 trigger line rate [kHz]
Generic (hadron) 29.2Single-muon 3.2Di-muon 1.4Di-muon (J/psi) 0.6Electron 2.3Photon 2.3
L1 processing time
Physics channel L1 efficiency
Bd +− 83%Bs Ds
+K− 81%Bd D0K* 85%Bd K* 67%Bs J/(+−) 87%