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Photovoltaic



� Photovoltaic are arrays of cells containing

a Solar photovoltaic's material that

converts solar radiation into direct currentelectricity.

What is a photovoltaic???



How does it look???



How is it made???



� Materials presently used for photovoltaicsinclude monocrystalline silicon,

polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline

silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide.

� IT is also called as solar cells.



� Solar cells are made of the same

kinds of semiconductor materials,

such as silicon, used in themicroelectronics industry.

� For solar cells, a thin

semiconductor wafer is specially

treated to form an electric field,

positive on one side and negative

on the other.

� When light energy strikes the

solar cell, electrons are knocked

loose from the atoms in the

semiconductor material.

� If electrical conductors are

attached to the positive and

negative sides, forming an

electrical circuit, the electrons can

be captured in the form of an

electric current -- that is,

electricity.



Need for photovoltaic cell???

� Due to the growing demand for renewable

energy sources, the manufacture of solar

cells and photovoltaic arrays hasadvanced dramatically in recent years.



Application

� Solar Farms :

� Large scale solar electric power plants are being

developed, planned & installed worldwide as an

alternative to fossil fuel, or nuclear power generation.� These large scale power plants (solar farms) are

typically greater than 100 kW in power output and grow

in capacity to well over 1 MW & above. Many of the

government bodies worldwide are understanding the

importance of solar energy as a renewable & reliable

source of energy.



� Commercial Installations : Many companies are investing in generating their own

solar power on site, including retail stores, factories,office buildings, residential buildings, and industrial

facilities.

Solar power helps lower operating costs & evade against

rising electricity prices, while reducing overallenvironmental impact.



� Remote Habitation :

� In many parts of the world, especially in developing

nations, people live without access to a utility grid. A

large opportunity exists to create small scale PV power

systems (200 W - 2 kW), without needing to install

traditional power infrastructure. Local, isolated solar

systems can generate sufficient power to satisfy basicneeds such as domestic lighting, solar lanterns and

water pumping. As PV modules continue to decrease in

cost the ability to better the lives of large numbers

people in remote areas can become a reality.



Advantages

� Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-

wastes and emissions are manageable using existing

pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are

under development.

� Solar electric generation is economically superior where

grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or

impossible. Long-standing examples include satellites,

island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.



Disadvantages

� Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often warranted for

upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-mounted system

may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the

system than the seller.

� Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy

weather conditions from conventional silicon based-technologies. Therefore,

a storage or complementary power system is required.

� Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie

inverter ) when used in current existing distribution grids. This incurs an

energy loss of 4-12%.[86]



A Presentation by:

VeletaC

oncessao. 4007Peter Shaon Fernandes. 4018

Jyotsna Shetty . 4036

Francis Swamy. 4039

Sheldon Sequeira. 4054Rhea Jacob. 4065

Rema D¶cunha. 4071

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