phosphorus zinc interaction
DESCRIPTION
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013). Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013). The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014). Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.TRANSCRIPT
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Phosphorus-zinc interaction and its management in maize-wheat cropping system
Ramesh Kumar Singh10260
Division of AgronomyIndian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi – 110 012
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Outline
Introduction
Maize-wheat system
P and Zn status
Significance of P and Zn in plant nutrition
P x Zn interaction
Management strategies
Research findings
Conclusion
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Introduction Maize–wheat: Third
dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in national foodgrain production (Jat et al., 2013)
Maize and wheat is third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively
Area (mh) production (mt) Yield (q/ha)0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Maize (2011-12) DMR, 2012-13
Area (mh) production (mt) Yield (q/ha)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Wheat (2012-13) http://www.indiastat.com/dacnet
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Phosphorus in Indian soils Soil sample analysed- 3,650,004
(Motsara, 2002) 80% deficient soil sample (Tewatia,
2012) Category wise deficient sample
(Motsara, 2002)Low- 42%Medium- 38%High- 20%
Low- 98% of districts (Tiwari, 2001) Low-Maharashtra (86%), Haryana
(81%), Punjab (29%) Medium- Punjab (49%), Karnataka
(48%), Tamil Nadu (41%) High- Kerala (53%), West Bengal
(39%),Tamil Nadu (35%)
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Source: http://www.rainfedfarming.org/documents/ETD_2011_7_12_17%20india's%20soil%20crisis.pdf
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High & very high available
P: most part of farm
Low level available P:
Todapur block
Build up of P due to
continuous application
Use P solubilizer/mobilizer
to exploit the reserve
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi
Phosphorus in IARI farm
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Zinc deficiency map of world soil
50% analysed soil sample deficient in Zn (Alloway, 2008)
Wide spread deficiency: cereal production areas
Average total Zn conc. cultivated soils is around 65 mg/kg (Alloway, 2009)
Most deficient: Iraq, Turkey, China, Pakistan, India, Korea, Syria and Italy
Alloway (2008) Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production
7
Soil samples analysed-251660
(Singh, 2001)
49% deficient soil sample
86% Maharashtra
72.8% Karnataka
20% Delhi
8% Puducherry
According to Rattan (1999) in
Indian soil total Zn is 55 mg/kg
and available Zn is 0.54 mg/kg
Gupta et al. (2007)
Zinc in Indian soils
8Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi
Zinc in IARI farm Farm adequate in
available Zn
Marginal deficiency:
WTC , some part of
NBPGR and Todapur
farm
High reserve of Zn
due to continuous
application
Use of Zn solubilizer
to exploit the reserve
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Role of phosphorus in plants
Energy storage and transferPhotosynthesisTransformation of sugars and starchesIncreases water use efficiency- reduces water
stressHelps in seed formationPromotes early root formation and growthEarly crop maturity Transfer of genetic characteristics
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Plants take up P as:
HPO4= (pH > 7.0)H2PO4
- (pH < 7.0)
equal at pH 7.2
P deficiency in maize
P deficiency in wheat
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Causes of low availability of phosphorus
Causes of low availability of P
Nature and amount of soil
minerals
Soil pH
Ionic effects
Extent of P saturation
Organic matter
Temperature
Agricultural management
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Role of zinc in plants
Diverse enzymatic activity
Protein synthesis
Structural and functional integrity of cell membranes
Detoxification of reactive oxygen species(ROS)
Carbohydrate metabolism
Synthesis and protection of IAA
Reduces heavy metal accumulation
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Plants take up Zn as:
Zn2+
Zn deficiency in maize
Zn deficiency in wheat
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Causes of low availability of zinc
Causes of low
availability of Zn
Soil pH
Soil with restricted root zones
Low zinc content in
soil
Low organic matter
Water logging/
flooding of soils
Zinc interaction with other nutrients
High P fertilization
Cool soil temperature
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Nutrient interactionG
row
th
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P-Zn Antagonism
Cellular level imbalance
Increased -ve surface charge on
soil
High P induced less mycorrhizal
root infectionSlower
translocation of Zn in plants
P-Zn interaction
in soil
Dilution effect
P-Zn interaction hypotheses This study first started by Barnette et al. (1936) in corn
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Increased negative charge
i. Increased –ve surface charge on soil
Due to high P fertilization (Shivay, 2013)
Negatively charged phosphate ion attract by Al, Fe and Ca
ions (Morris et al., 1977)
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ii. P-Zn interaction in soil (Ghanem
& Mikkelsen, 1988)<5 pH hydrated Fe and Al-oxidesCalcareous soil: formation of Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O, adsorption of Zn to clay or CaCO3, sparingly soluble Zn(OH)2 or ZnCO3 (Trehan and Sekhon, 1977)
Adapted from Kalendova , 1972
Solubility of Zn3(PO4)2 is depend on the pH value of aqueous H2SO4 solution
pH Solubility (ppm)
6.7 66
6.3 89
4.7 398
4.2 797
iii. Simple dilution effect (Loneragan
et al., 1979; Neilsen and Hogue,
1986)
P enhanced growth Bio
mas
s in
crea
sed
du
e to
P
Insolubility and dilution
5 10 15 20 25 30 350
5
10
15
20
25
30
Zn concentrationLinear (Zn concentration)
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iv. Slower rate of Zn translocation
(Terman et al., 1972)
P reduces the Zn absorption by
roots (Safaya, 1976)
The high P increased the amount
of ethanol soluble and pectate
fractions of Zn in the root cell wall
(Youngdahl et al., 1977)
Complexed by low-molecular
weight organic solutes (Kochian,
1991)
Translocation
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v. Cellular level nutrients imbalance
(Webb and Loneragan , 1988)
P toxicity is resembles as Zn
deficiency
vi. High P fertilization inhibit mycorrhizal growth (Singh et al., 1986)
Reduced the Zn absorption
In wheat, reduce root colonization
with AM by 33 to 75% (Ryan et al.,
2008)
Cellular level imbalance & Reduced uptake
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P-Zn interaction management
Soil pH correction
Balance fertilization
Crop rotation
Organics
Bio-fertilizers
Other agronomic management
Physiological management
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1. Soil pH correction
Gypsum Lime Organics
2. Balance fertilization
4R Principles
right source
at right ratio
at right time
at right place
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3. Crop rotation Inclusion of legumes in rotation
More efficient in absorption divalent cationsLegumes roots secretes acid phosphatase
enzyme
(Yadav and Tarafdar, 2001) 4. Organics source of nutrients
Manures: FYMCompost: Vermicompost,
NADEPResidue recyclingGreen manuring
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Pseudomonas, Bacillus and
Enterobacter along with Penicillium
and Aspergillus fungi are the most
powerful P solubilizers (Whitelaw,
2000)
Root colonization with AMF can
enhance the uptake of P & Zn by
plant roots (Shenoy and Kalagudi,
2005)
Dosages:Soil application formulation: 25-30 kg per acreLiquid formulations: Apply 3-4 mL per litre of water as foliar application
5. Bio-fertilizer
Solid formulation
Liquid formulation
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Mechanism of PSB
Source: http://www.springerplus.com/content/download/figures/2193-1801-2-587-2.pdf
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Zn-solubilizer- Bacillus sp. (ZSB-O-1), Pseudomonas sp. (ZSBS-2 and ZSB-S-4) (Saravanan et al., 2003)
Dosages:
Soil application formulation: Approximately 5 kg per acre
Liquid formulation: Apply 3-4 mL per litre of water as foliar application
Solid formulation
Liquid formulation
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Use of efficient varieties
Genotype of Maize
Shoot dry wt. (g/pot)
P conc. In shoot (mg/pot)
Root length (cm)
P uptake in shoot (mg/pot)
Short growth duration
Kuwari 15.23 0.11 156 13.7
Agati-76 19.45 0.12 186 19.5
Vikram 22.50 0.11 192 24.8
Normal growth duration
Pragati 25.48 0.11 234 30.6
HQPM 1 16.87 0.12 182 18.9
MRM3845 16.87 0.11 194 25.1
MRM3842 22.15 0.11 194 24.3
MRM3838 22.46 0.11 194 24.7
Parewa et al. (2010)
The P uptake efficiency of
the varieties of wheat:
PBW 343 (26.25 kg/ha)
WH 711 (24.10 kg/ ha)
HD 2329 (23.06 kg/ha)
Hindi 62 (21.74 kg/ha)
WH 147 (19.31 kg/ha)
(Gill et al. (2004)
6. Other agronomic management
Sowing/planting method
Bed planting and FIRBS Zero till sowing Ridge sowing Dibbling
Application methodBand placementStarter or seed treatment-leads early
stimulation of crop growth is often termed “pop-up effect”
Foliar applicationFertigation
Better Crops 83 (1), 199928
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Integrated nutrient management (INM):
Applying 0, 4, 8 and 16 t FYM /ha in conjunction of 100, 50, 25 and 0 % of zinc requirements were found optimum for soybean–wheat, rice-wheat, maize- wheat and other cropping systems (Singh, 2004)
Water managementUnder reduced condition Zn precipitate as franklinite
(ZnFe2O4) and ZnS (Sajwan and Lindsay, 1986)
7. Physiological management Spray of hormone: auxin, cytokinin (kinetin) Zn deficiency caused by the oxidative degradation of the auxin
growth hormone (Cakmak, 2000) Cytokinin-induced nutrient mobilization (Taiz and Zeiger, 2003)
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Research findings
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Effect of different planting methods on yield and P contents of maize
Planting methods
Grain yield (t/ha)
Biological yield (t/ha)
P content (%) in roots
P content (%) in leaves
P content (%) in grains
Flat sowing
5.77 28.92 0.09 0.71 0.12
Ridge sowing 7.01 36.05 0.13 0.91 0.23
Bed planting
5.86 31.76 0.10 0.78 0.22
LSD (P=0.05)
0.18 2.85 0.02 0.03 0.03
Khan et al. (2012) The J. of An. & Pl. Scs., 22(2): 309-317
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Effect of balanced fertilization on yields of maize
100% NPK 100% NPKS 100% NPKSZn0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Grain yield (t/ha) Stover yield (t/ha)
Sharma and Jain (2014) Indian Journal of Agronomy 59 (1): 26-33
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Effect of methods of Zn application on yield and Zn concentration in grains of wheat varieties
Source: www.zinccrops2011.org/presentations/2011_zinccrops2011_dhar.pdf
Shiva Dhar et al. (2011)
TreatmentsGrain yield
(t/ha)Straw yield
(t/ha)
Zn conc. in grain
(mg/kg)
Varieties
PBW 175 4.16 7.11 43.74
HD 2687 4.31 7.50 48.32HD 2733 3.85 6.95 43.95LSD (P=0.05) 0.096 0.23 -
Zn application
Control 3.94 6.66 41.09
Soil applied 25 kg ZnSO4 /ha 3.99 6.85 43.78
Soil applied 50 kg ZnSO4 /ha 4.09 7.13 44.50
Foliar 2.0 kg ZnSO4/ha at boot and after anthesis4.08 7.20 47.27
Soil applied 25 kg ZnSO4 /ha + 2 foliar spray at boot and other after anthesis @ 2.0 kg ZnSO4/ha each 4.21 7.55 47.54
2 foliar spray at boot and after anthesis @ 0.2 % ZnSO4 each until all leaves are totally wet 4.32 7.74 47.83
LSD (P=0.05) 0.06 0.19 -
Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
Wheat grain yield (t/ha)
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.044; Zn = 0.066; P = 0.066; Lime x Zn = 0.132; Lime x P = 0.132; Zn x P = 0.198
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86
Zn (kg/ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 4.06 4.24 4.51 4.27 4.50 5.52 5.75 5.26
20 4.33 4.56 4.75 4.55 4.80 5.70 5.94 5.48
40 4.37 4.58 4.51 4.49 5.21 5.96 5.93 5.70
Mean 4.25 4.46 4.59 4.84 5.73 5.87
Maize grain yield (t/ha)
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.066; Zn = 0.110; P = 0.110; Lime × Zn = 0.220; Lime × P = 0.220; Zn x P = 0.328
Zn (kg/ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 1.02 1.95 2.23 1.73 1.19 2.05 2.65 1.96
20 1.03 1.98 2.31 1.78 1.35 2.23 2.80 2.13
40 0.85 1.86 2.21 1.64 1.36 2.29 2.99 2.22
Mean 0.97 1.93 2.25 1.30 2.19 2.82
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LSD (0.05) Lime = 1.40; Zn = 2.10; P = 2.10; Lime x Zn = 4.20; Lime x P = 4.20; Zn x P = 6.40
Zn (kg /ha)
No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 41.2 32.0 26.5 33.2 36.1 30.7 22.4 29.7
20 52.5 46.1 38.4 45.6 47.5 39.8 31.3 39.5
40 62.2 56.3 49.6 56.0 55.2 48.2 41.0 48.1
Mean 52.0 44.8 38.2 46.2 39.5 31.5LSD (0.05) Lime = 1.66; Zn = 2.50; P = 2.50; Lime x Zn = 5.00; Lime x P = 5.00; Zn x P=7.10
Zn conc. in maize grain (ppm)
Zn conc. in wheat grain (ppm)
Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
Zn (kg /ha)
No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 30.4 24.5 19.2 24.7 25.0 19.12 14.3 19.5
20 42.2 35.4 28.4 35.3 35.4 28.2 21.5 28.4
40 58.0 50.3 43.1 50.5 51.1 44.0 35.4 43.5
Mean 43.5 36.7 30.2 37.2 30.4 23.7
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86
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Zn (kg /ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /haP (kg/ha) P levels (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.44
20 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.42
40 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.39
Mean 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44
Zn (kg /ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P levels (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 0.44 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.49
20 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.49 0.46
40 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.41
Mean 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.48
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.012; Zn = 0,018; P = 0,018; Limex Zn = 0,036; Lime x P = 0.036; Zn x P = 0,054
P conc. in wheat grain (ppm)
P conc. in maize grain (ppm)
Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.010; Zn = 0.015; P = 0,015; Lime × Zn = 0.030; Lime × P = 0.030; Zn x P = 0.045
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86
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Effect of application methods P on P uptake, PUE, AEP and grain yield of wheat
Fertilizer application
P rate (kg/ha)
TimeGrain yield
(kg/ha)
P uptake (kg/ha)
PUE (%)
AEP
(kg/ha)
Source
Control - - 3966d 13.88c - -
DAP 441st
irrigation4882ab 19.78a 13.41 20.82
DAP 44 Basal 4516bc 17.05b 7.20 12.50
DAP 331st
irrigation4443c 17.38b 10.60 14.45
SSP 441st
irrigation5249a 19.70a 13.23 29.15
SSP 44 Basal 4665bc 19.00ab 11.64 15.88
SSP 331st
irrigation4854abc 18.99ab 15.48 26.91
Iqbal et al. (2003) Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 25(6) : 697-702
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Plant part Yield (t/ha)P extraction
(kg/ha)
Zn extraction
(g/ha)
Traditional cultivars
Grain yield 1.0 25 23
Stover 1.5 15 40
Total 2.5 40 63
Improved cultivars
Grain yield 4.0 63 93
Stover 4.0 37 108
Total 8.0 100 201
Hybrids
Grain yield 7.0 128 163
Stover 7.0 72 189
Total 14.0 200 352
Comparison of different type of cultivars of maize
Jat et al. (2013) Indian J. Fert. 9(4): 80-94
Shift in cultivars
development took
place
The nutrient removal
increased 5 times with
hybrid compared to
local varieties
Residue recycling may
infuse 72 kg P and 189
g Zn/ha
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Effects of different long-term fertilizer treatments on available P and DTPA extractable Zn in soil under maize-wheat system (1972-2008)
Initi
al
50%
NPK
100%
NPK
150%
NPK
100%
NPK+H
W
100%
NPK+Z
n
100%
NP
100%
N
100%
NPK+F
YM
100%
NPK-S
100%
NPK+L
ime
Control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Available P (kg/ha) DTPA extractable Zn (mg/kg)
Av
ail
ab
le P
(k
g/h
a)
DT
PA
ex
trac
tab
le Z
n (m
g/k
g)
Verma et al. (2012) Plant Soil Environ. 58(12): 529–533
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T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T120
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Maize yield (t/ha) Wheat yield (t/ha)
T0: Control T7: N @ 120 kg/ha + PSB
T1: N @120 kg/ha T8: N @ 120 kg/ha + VAMT2: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 60 kg/ha T9: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + PSB
T3: SSP @ 60 kg P2O5/ha T10: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + VAM
T4: RP @ 60 kg P2O5/ha T11: N @ 120 kg/ha, RP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + PSB
T5: PSB T12: N @ 120 kg/ha,RP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + VAM
T6:VAM
Grain yield of maize and wheat as influenced by inorganic and bio-fertilizers in sequence
Singhal et al. (2012) Indian J. Agric. Res. 46(2) :167-172
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Growth response of wheat (panicle initiation stage) on inoculation with Bacillus aryabhattai strains
StrainsShoot dry
weight (g/plant)
Shoot Zn content
(µg/g)
Root dry weight
(g/plant)
Root Zn content (µg/g)
Un-inoculated
control6.4 ± 0.1d 14.0± 8d 1.0 ± 0.2d 19.5±0.7d
MDSR7 8.7 ± 0.2b 19.7 ± 0.9b 1.8 ± 0.1b 25.1 ± 1.3b
MDSR11 7.0 ± 0.1c 17.7 ± 0.5c 1.2 ± 0.1c 23.5 ± 0.9c
MDSR14 9.1 ± 0.1a 23.5± .6a 1.9 ± 0.1a 29.0±0.7a
Ramesh et al. (2014) Applied Soil Ecol. 73:87– 96
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Conclusion
Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize
Modification of soil reaction, crop rotation and use of efficient varieties will increase the concentration and uptake of nutrients
Right source of nutrients, at right ratio, at right time and at right place is expected to increase nutrient use efficiency and productivity of crops
The application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input
43
Thank you