phonology questions? comments? last minute phonetics questions?
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PhonologyPhonology
Questions? Comments?
Last minute Phonetics questions?
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Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
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English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)
Phonetics
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vowel words
Phonetics
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Chapter 3 – Difficult!Chapter 3 – PhonologyChapter 3 Exercises: 4, 5, 7 (Due 4/24)
Click here or link below for better directions for Ex 4 and 5 – do not follow the directions in the book or you will be confused!
http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Directions%20for%20LING%20390%20Ch%203%20Exx%204%20and%205.pdf
Problem Set 2 (Due 4/29) – very tricky – look it over to make sure you don’t have any questions!
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Phonology The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.
Segments (phones, sounds) - what we learned from phonetics Features - parts of phones Syllables - putting phones together in a larger structure
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Phonology Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds(distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition)
Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59) Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants)
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]
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Phonology Environment - the phonetic context in which a sound occurs Near minimal pairs - like minimal pairs but environments aren’t entirely identical Near minimal pairs used if minimal pairs can’t be found
Minimal Pair sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
Near Minimal Pairauthor and either show a meaningful difference between the segments
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Phonology Minimal Pairs Practice
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For each of the following pairs of English consonant phonemes, find a minimal pair
/p/ /b/
/t/ /d/
/k/ /g/
/p/ /f/
/m/ /n/
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Phonology Minimal pairs used to find phonemes Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60) Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environmentsonly occur in certain environments in English
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Phonology English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61 Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why?
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Phonology English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61 Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why? What is considered a phoneme is language specific If we say in English “do Len” we can change length of vowels and consonants and it’s doesn’t change the meanings of the words - Finnish noLength in Finnish contrastive for both cons and vowels
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Phonology Systematic variation - predictable changes in segments in certain environments Not all ls are the same - who was surprised?
Only voiceless [l] occurs after voiceless stop, so it is predictable.
No voiced [l] occurs in this environment.
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Phonology When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution
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When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution
voiceless stop aspirated voiceless stop unreleased voiceless stop
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Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same (predictable variation).
at the Daily Planet saving the world at Darcelle’s
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Phonology Phonetic representation - shows all allophones and all information about segments that is phonetically produced (manila folders) Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme (green hanging file folder)
Phonemic representation
Phonetic representation
/p/
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Phonology English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph]
Phonemic representation
Phonetic representation
/p/
[p] [ph]
Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/
Phonemic representation
Phonetic representation [p] [ph]
/p/ /ph/
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Searching for generalizations about systematic variation of sounds
In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.
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Environments
Complementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones:
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Phonetic Environments Examples# ___ word initial___ # word finals ___ after [s]___ C before a consonantsC ___ V between a consonant and a vowelV ___ V between two vowelsV ___ # word-final after a vowelC ___ # word-final after a consonant
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Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so:
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Phonetic Environments___ C before a consonantC ___ V between a consonant and a vowelV ___ V between two vowelsV ___ # word-final after a vowelC ___ # word-final after a consonant
Phonetic Environments# ___ word initial___ # word finals ___ after [s]o ___ e between [o] and [e]
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organizeyour data
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Phonetic Environments# ___ word initial___ # word finals ___ after [s]o ___ e between [o] and [e]
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[t] [tS] [ts]
#_a o_o #_i #_u
a_a #_e i_i u_u
u_a #_o u_i a_u
i_o: o_e
all before [i]all before [u]
before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc
elsewhere
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Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!)
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Phonology• Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information
represented in a phonemic representation (green folders)
• Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders)
• We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR
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Phonology Review The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.
Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its allophones - in yo’ head Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out yo’ mouth
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Phonology Review
Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59)Minimal pairs used to find phonemes Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60)When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution
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Data from Zinacantec Tzotzil: Consider [p] and [p´] ; [k] and [k´]
Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?
[p´] and [k´] represent a glottalized sound, made with simultaneous closure of the glottis and constriction of the throat. (Consider them glottalized voiceless stops)
They are separate phonemes! Proof = minimal pairs: 5-12 & 3-6 & 9-11AND near minimal pairs: 1-7; 4-10; for extra support
‘pot’
‘small’
‘my leg’
‘to multiply’
‘fire’
‘jail’
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Answer They are different phonemes.
Why? Minimal pairs a/e, b/f and near minimal pair c/d
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Are they separate phonemes? No – then organize your data!
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This is complementary distribution – allophones of the same phoneme!
Which is the phoneme?
What is the distribution?
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Distinctive Features Features - smaller than the segment (subsegment) Characteristics of segments - voicing, place, manner, etc. Natural classes - group of sounds that share feature(s) in common Sound is characterized by a feature matrix Purpose of features is to represent sounds as a set of phonetic properties, to capture natural classes, and to show nature of allophonic variation (not just random)
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Obstruents - some sort of obstruction (fricatives, stops and affricates) Sonorants - “singable” - liquids, glides, nasals and vowel
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Major class features
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Major class features [ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h and ʔ) (not glides) [ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides) [ sonorant] - singable sounds vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if voiceless)
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Manner features [ continuant] – sounds with free or nearly free airflow through oral cavity
fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not stops, affricates (nasals included)) [ delayed release] [ DR] – the release of a stop is slowed to create a fricative
affricates only [ nasal] – sounds produced with a lowered velum (through nasal passage)
nasal stops and nasalized vowels[ lateral] – sounds produced air flowing over sides of tongue
only varieties of l are [+ lateral]
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Laryngeal features [ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not
[ spread glottis] [ SG] – aspirated sounds are [+ SG]
[ constricted glottis] [ CG] – sounds made with a closed glottis are [+ CG]
In English, only glottal stop is [+ CG]
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Place o’ articulation features Different from other features – only certain features apply to the 3 places LABIAL – sounds made with at least one lip CORONAL – sounds made with tongue tip or blade raised (front of tongue) DORSAL – sounds made involving body of tongue
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Place o’ articulation featuresLABIAL
[ round] – sounds produced by protruding the lips
[+ round] is [w]; [– round] is [p, b, f, v]
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Place o’ articulation featuresDORSAL (for vowels and some consonants)
[ high] – tongue body raised higher than a central position
DORSAL consonants (velars and palatals) and high vowels [ low] – tongue body lowered lower than a central position
low vowels are [+ low]; others are [– low]; not for consonants in English [ back] – produced with tongue body behind palatal region [+ back]
velar consonants and back vowels are [+ back]; palatals and front vowels not [ tense] – tense vowels are [+ tense]; lax vowels are [– tense] [ reduced] – if the vowel is reduced, it is [+ reduced] (always for schwa)
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Consonants (C)LABIAL CORONAL DORSAL
[+ round]
[– round]
[+ anterior]
[– anterior]
[– strident]
[+ strident] [+ back]
[– back]
[+ high]
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Vowels (V)
[+ round]
LABIAL
DORSAL
[+ high][– low]
[– high][– low]
[– high][+ low]
[– back]
[+ back]
[+ tense] =
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Consonants (C)
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Vowels (V)
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Phonology Practice - Features
In the following sets, all the sounds except one belong to the same natural class. One of these things is not like the others – which one is it? State the feature that the remaining sounds share.
[-delayed release]
[-nasal]
[+sonorant] or [-nasal]
[+voice] or [-continuant]
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Rule annotation:
A B / X __ Y
A becomes B in the environment between X and Y
Rule annotation for deletion:
A ø / X __ Y
A is deleted in the environment between X and Y
Rule annotation for epenthesis:
ø A / X __ Y
A is epenthesized (added) in the environment between X and Y
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[b] [p] / # __
Convert this statement into a rule:
Voiced oral stops become voiceless at the beginning of words.
–sonorant
–continuant
+voice
-DR
[–voice] / # ___
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–sonorant
+continuant
–voice
[+voice] /
Convert this rule into a statement:
– consonantal
+syllabic ___
–consonantal
+syllabic
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C
+continuant
–del rel
+voice
-sonorant
[–voice]
Voiced fricatives become voiceless between vowels (intervocalically)
Convert this rule into a statement:
/ V __ V
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Syllables
•The grouping of one or more segments
•A syllable consists of a sonorous element and its associated nonsyllabic (less sonorous) segments. {sonorous = “singable” - vowels, glides, liquids and nasals}
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Consisted of a Nucleus, Onset and Coda
Nucleus + Coda = Rhyme (it’s what rhymes when we say 2 things rhyme!)
Onset (O) Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N) Coda (C)
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Phonotactics - the set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern (language specific) {Gaps are shown with dashes}
Labial + sonorant Coronal + sonorant Velar + sonorant
[pl] please [tl] — [kl] clean
[pr] proud [tr] trade [kr] cream
[pw] — [tw] twin [kw] queen
[pj] pure [tj] tune (Brit) [kj] cute
[spl] splat [stl] — [skl] sclerosis
[spr] spring [str] strip [skr] scrap
[spw] — [stw] — [skw] squeak
[spj] spew [stj] stew (Brit) [skj] skew
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Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
1) Identify the vowels (the nucleus of the syllable) and draw an association line from the vowel to the N to the R to the syllable (Greek sigma)
Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N)
Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N)
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Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
2) Form onset using the phonotactics of the language (you need to know the rules) and form the largest possible onset the language will allow
R
N
R
N
O
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Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’
3) Form coda - connect what is left over as coda of preceding nucleus
R
N
R
N
OC C
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Why are syllables important?Aspiration - voiceless stops aspirated syllable initially (when they are the only thing in the onset) and when they are not in the coda
Why isn’t spit aspirated?
Why isn’t p in upset aspirated?
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