Phono-Logical TheoriesBBK

Spring 2013

Linear representations

and

autosegmentalism 1.

Are speech sounds atomic?the "atomic hypothesis" but:- processes affecting part of sound segments only: e.g.:nasal place assimilation: place of articulation affected only

obstruent devoicing: voicing affected only

Are speech sounds atomic?the "atomic hypothesis" but:- processes affecting part of sound segments only: e.g.:nasal place assimilation: place of articulation affected only

obstruent devoicing: voicing affected only- parts of sound segments revealing themselves: e.g.:

(a) plosive insertion: prince -> prin(t)s/n/ >> /s/voiced voicelessnasal oralstop fricativealveolar alveolar(b) vowel nasalisation: nasality spreading from consonant onto vowel

Are speech sounds atomic?the "atomic hypothesis" but:- processes affecting part of sound segments only: e.g.:nasal place assimilation: place of articulation affected only

obstruent devoicing: voicing affected only- parts of sound segments revealing themselves: e.g.:

(a) plosive insertion: prince -> prin(t)s/n/ >> /s/voiced voicelessnasal oralstop fricativealveolar alveolar(b) vowel nasalisation: nasality spreading from consonant onto vowel

- sound segments decomposing: lenition, e.g.:/t/ > /s/ > /h/ > zerovoiceless voiceless voicelessalveolar alveolarstop

/t/ > /D/voiceless alveolarstopalveolar

/t/ > /?/voiceless stopalveolarstop

/t/ > /D/voiceless alveolarstopalveolar

/t/ > /?/voiceless stopalveolarstop

- natural classes: natural class: a group of sounds that share at least one phonological feature, e.g. ‘nasals’, ‘voiceless plosives’ vs. /p l n/phonological processes never affect random groups of sounds

=> the answer is NO

=> the answer is NO

Phonological features

=> the answer is NO

Phonological features:- universal- phonetically grounded

one possible model: binary features, e.g.: [±voiced], [±nasal], [±aspirated] (or: [±spread glottis]), [±continuant], [±sonorant], [±high], [±low], etc.([+high, -low], [-high, +low], [-high, -low], *[+high, +low])

redundant (predictable, non-distinctive) featuresvs.nonredundant, distinctive features: nasalisation of vowels, English vs. French

[voiced]: distinctive for English obstruents but redundant for sonorants

predictable = redundant = nondistinctive = nonphonemic

redundancy rules e.g.

The classical model: binary features

Segment = (unordered/unstructured) feature matrix of distinctive features

2 values: [+X] and [-X]

The feature as a classificational dimension: [+/-X]

Alpha-convention: [αX]

The classical model: binary features

Segment = (unordered/unstructured) feature matrix of distinctive features

2 values: [+X] and [-X]

The feature as a classificational dimension: [+/-X]

Alpha-convention: [αX] assimilation

The classical model: binary features

Segment = (unordered/unstructured) feature matrix of distinctive features

2 values: [+X] and [-X]

The feature as a classificational dimension: [+/-X]

Alpha-convention: [αX] assimilation

The classical model: binary features

Segment = (unordered/unstructured) feature matrix of distinctive features

2 values: [+X] and [-X]

The feature as a classificational dimension: [+/-X]

Alpha-convention: [αX] assimilation

Not necessarily binary phonetically

Phonological representation: linear string / sequence of feature matrices

The classical model: binary features

Segment = (unordered/unstructured) feature matrix of distinctive features

2 values: [+X] and [-X]

The feature as a classificational dimension: [+/-X]

Alpha-convention: [αX] assimilation

Not necessarily binary phonetically

Phonological representation: linear string / sequence of feature matrices – no (subsegmental or suprasegmental) hierarchical structure

The classical model: binary features

Distinctive features

Distinctive features

- major class features

- laryngeal features

- manner features

- place features

Major class featuresMajor class features: The features that represent the major classes of sounds.

[+/− syllabic] Syllabic segments may function as the nucleus of a syllable, while their counterparts, the [−syll] segments, may not. Except in the case of syllabic consonants, [+syllabic] designates all vowels while [-syllabic] designates all consonants (including glides).

[+/− consonantal] Consonantal segments are produced with an audible constriction in the vocal tract, such as obstruents, nasals, liquids, and trills. Vowels, glides and laryngeal segments are not consonantal.

[+/− approximant] Approximant segments include vowels, glides, and liquids while excluding nasals and obstruents.

[+/− sonorant] This feature describes the type of oral constriction that can occur in the vocal tract. [+son] designates the vowels and sonorant consonants (namely glides, liquids, and nasals), which are produced without the imbalance of air pressure in the vocal tract that might cause turbulence. [−son] alternatively describes the obstruents, articulated with a noticeable turbulence caused by an imbalance of air pressure in the vocal tract.

Laryngeal features

Laryngeal / source features: The features that specify the glottal states of sounds.

[+/− voice] This feature indicates whether vibration of the vocal folds occurs with the articulation of the segment.

[+/− spread glottis] Used to indicate the aspiration of a segment, this feature denotes the openness of the glottis. For [+sg] the vocal folds are spread apart wide enough for frication to occur; for [−sg] there is not the same friction-inducing spreading.

[+/− constricted glottis] The constricted glottis features denotes the degree of closure of the glottis. [+cg] implies that the vocal folds are held closely together, enough so that air cannot pass through momentarily. [−cg] implies the opposite.

Manner featuresManner features: The features that specify the manner of articulation.

[+/− continuant] Continuant features describe the passage of air through the vocal tract. [+cont] segments are produced without any significant obstruction in the tract, and so air passes through in a continuous stream. [−cont] segments on the other hand have such an obstruction, and so occlude the air flow at some point of articulation.

[+/− nasal] This feature describes the position of the velum. [+nas] segments are produced by lowering the velum so that air can pass through the nasal tract. [−nas] segments conversely are produced with a raised velum, blocking the passages of air to the nasal tract and shunting it to the oral tract.

[+/− strident] The strident feature applies to obstruents only and refers to a type of friction that is noisier than usual. This is caused by high energy white noise.

[+/− lateral] This feature designates the shape and positioning of the tongue with respect to the oral tract. [+lat] segments are produced as the center of the tongue rises to contact the roof of the mouth, thereby blocking air from flowing centrally through the oral tract and instead forcing more lateral flow along the lowered side(s) of the tongue.

[+/− delayed release] This feature distinguishes stops from affricates. Affricates are designated [+del rel].

Place featuresPlace features: The features that specify the place of articulation.

[+/− round] [+round] are produced with lip rounding. [−round] are not.

[ +/− coronal ] Coronal sounds are articulated with the tip and/or blade of the tongue. These include a large number of consonants, which can be made with the tip, blade or underside of the tongue (apical, laminal, or subapical consonant, respectively), making contact with the upper lip (linguolabial), between the teeth (interdental), with the back of the teeth (dental), with the alveolar ridge (alveolar), behind the alveolar ridge (postalveolar), or on or in front of the hard palate ((pre)palatal).

[+/− anterior] Anterior segments are articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue at or in front of the alveolar ridge.

[+/− distributed] For [+dist] segments the tongue is extended for some distance in the mouth

[+/− high] [+high] segments raise the dorsum close to the palate. [−high] segments do not.

[+/− low] [+low] segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.

[+/− back] [+back] segments are produced with the tongue dorsum bunched and retracted slightly to the back of the mouth. [−back] segments are bunched and extended slightly forward.

[+/− tense] This feature (mainly) applies to the position of the root of the tongue when articulating vowels. [+tense] vowels have an advanced tongue root. In fact, this feature is often referred to as Advanced tongue root, though there is a debate on whether tense and ATR are same or different features.

Place featuresPlace features: The features that specify the place of articulation.

[+/− round] [+round] are produced with lip rounding. [−round] are not.

[ +/− coronal ] Coronal sounds are articulated with the tip and/or blade of the tongue. These include a large number of consonants, which can be made with the tip, blade or underside of the tongue (apical, laminal, or subapical consonant, respectively), making contact with the upper lip (linguolabial), between the teeth (interdental), with the back of the teeth (dental), with the alveolar ridge (alveolar), behind the alveolar ridge (postalveolar), or on or in front of the hard palate ((pre)palatal).

[+/− anterior] Anterior segments are articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue at or in front of the alveolar ridge.

[+/− distributed] For [+dist] segments the tongue is extended for some distance in the mouth

[+/− high] [+high] segments raise the dorsum close to the palate. [−high] segments do not.

[+/− low] [+low] segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.

[+/− back] [+back] segments are produced with the tongue dorsum bunched and retracted slightly to the back of the mouth. [−back] segments are bunched and extended slightly forward.

[+/− tense] This feature (mainly) applies to the position of the root of the tongue when articulating vowels. [+tense] vowels have an advanced tongue root. In fact, this feature is often referred to as Advanced tongue root, though there is a debate on whether tense and ATR are same or different features.

Place featuresPlace features: The features that specify the place of articulation.

[+/− round] [+round] are produced with lip rounding. [−round] are not.

[ +/− coronal ] Coronal sounds are articulated with the tip and/or blade of the tongue. These include a large number of consonants, which can be made with the tip, blade or underside of the tongue (apical, laminal, or subapical consonant, respectively), making contact with the upper lip (linguolabial), between the teeth (interdental), with the back of the teeth (dental), with the alveolar ridge (alveolar), behind the alveolar ridge (postalveolar), or on or in front of the hard palate ((pre)palatal).

[+/− anterior] Anterior segments are articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue at or in front of the alveolar ridge.

[+/− distributed] For [+dist] segments the tongue is extended for some distance in the mouth

[+/− high] [+high] segments raise the dorsum close to the palate. [−high] segments do not.

[+/− low] [+low] segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.

[+/− back] [+back] segments are produced with the tongue dorsum bunched and retracted slightly to the back of the mouth. [−back] segments are bunched and extended slightly forward.

[+/− tense] This feature (mainly) applies to the position of the root of the tongue when articulating vowels. [+tense] vowels have an advanced tongue root. In fact, this feature is often referred to as Advanced tongue root, though there is a debate on whether tense and ATR are same or different features.

Place featuresPlace features: The features that specify the place of articulation.

[+/− round] [+round] are produced with lip rounding. [−round] are not.

[ +/− coronal ] Coronal sounds are articulated with the tip and/or blade of the tongue. These include a large number of consonants, which can be made with the tip, blade or underside of the tongue (apical, laminal, or subapical consonant, respectively), making contact with the upper lip (linguolabial), between the teeth (interdental), with the back of the teeth (dental), with the alveolar ridge (alveolar), behind the alveolar ridge (postalveolar), or on or in front of the hard palate ((pre)palatal).

[+/− anterior] Anterior segments are articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue at or in front of the alveolar ridge.

[+/− distributed] For [+dist] segments the tongue is extended for some distance in the mouth

[+/− high] [+high] segments raise the dorsum close to the palate. [−high] segments do not.

[+/− low] [+low] segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.

[+/− back] [+back] segments are produced with the tongue dorsum bunched and retracted slightly to the back of the mouth. [−back] segments are bunched and extended slightly forward.

[+/− tense] This feature (mainly) applies to the position of the root of the tongue when articulating vowels. [+tense] vowels have an advanced tongue root. In fact, this feature is often referred to as Advanced tongue root, though there is a debate on whether tense and ATR are same or different features.

Hungarian vowel harmony?

Other features

[+/- long]

[+/- stress]

Tones: [+/- high], [+/- low], etc.

Problems

Problems

With the representation

"long distance relations"e.g. vowel harmony: felejthetetlenségeiteknek (cf. óhajt)

vowels reside on a separate dimension

Problems

With the representation

"long distance relations"e.g. vowel harmony: felejthetetlenségeiteknek (cf. óhajt)

vowels reside on a separate dimension

solution: autosegmental phonology

Problems

With the representation

"long distance relations"e.g. vowel harmony: felejthetetlenségeiteknek (cf. óhajt)

vowels reside on a separate dimension

solution: autosegmental phonology

e.g. stress: relative!

stress shift: thirteen - thirteen men, Chinese - Chinese restaurant

vowels/syllables reside on a separate dimension

Problems

With the representation

"long distance relations"e.g. vowel harmony: felejthetetlenségeiteknek (cf. óhajt)

vowels reside on a separate dimension

solution: autosegmental phonology

e.g. stress: relative!

stress shift: thirteen - thirteen men, Chinese - Chinese restaurant

vowels/syllables reside on a separate dimension

solution: metrical phonology: metrical trees/grids

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

e.g. in being phonologically active: certain features exhibit cross-linguistically widespread assimilation, others don't (ever): e.g., [+/-long], [+/-syll]

internal structure/hierarchy, e.g., "place assimilation"

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

e.g. in being phonologically active: certain features exhibit cross-linguistically widespread assimilation, others don't (ever): e.g., [+/-long], [+/-syll]

internal structure/hierarchy, e.g., "place assimilation"

solution: autosegmental phonology

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

standard colloquial

standard colloquial

Compensatory lengthening

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

solution: Autosegmental phonology

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With the derivation

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

e.g. assimilation; h-deletion, r-dropping, glottalling and other forms of lenition (the notorious disjunction)

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

=> overgenerates

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

=> overgenerates

abstract UR's, extrinsic rule ordering

Problems

With the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

=> overgenerates

abstract UR's, extrinsic rule ordering, intermediate repr's

solution: non-derivational theories

ProblemsWith the representation

"long-distance relations"

Asymmetry of phonological features

Autonomy of quality and quantity

With (the) derivation

No logical connection / causal relation between structural description and structural change

=> overgenerates●abstract UR's, extrinsic rule ordering, intermediate repr's

solution: non-derivational theories

With the model of grammar

The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation

The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation

morphology??

The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation

morphology?? in the lexicon

The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation

morphology?? in the lexiconphonology–morphology interaction: phonology in the lexicon

The inverted T-model of grammatical organisation

morphology?? in the lexiconphonology–morphology interaction: phonology in the lexiconsolution: lexical phonology