phonetics presentation part ii
DESCRIPTION
Phonetics of EnglishTRANSCRIPT
Chapter – 5
Classification of Consonants according to Manner of articulation & Place of
articulation
DESCRIPTION OF A CONSONANT
i. the state of the glottisii.the nature of the air-stream mechanismiii. the position of the velum or soft palateiv. the articulators involvedv.the nature of the stricture.
• For the production of English sounds we use an egressive pulmonic air-stream, that is, the air is pushed out of the lungs.
• Consonants can be voiceless or voiced, depending upon whether the vocal cords are held wide apart or in vibration.
• There are the oral and nasal sounds.
• Dental - The tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the upper front teeth are the passive articulators.[θ] as in think, [ð]as in then
• Alveolar - The tip or the blade of the tongue is the active articulator and the teeth-ridge is the passive articulator.
/t/ as in stick ,/d/as in day /l/as in lid /n/ as in nose, /s /as in sun /z/ as in zip
Post-alveolar. The tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the back of the teeth-ridge is the passive articulator. / r / as in red
Palato-alveolar. The tip, blade, and front of the
tongue are the active articulators and the teeth-ridge and hard palate are the passive articulators. /ʃ/ as in shame /3/ as in pleasure /tʃ ] as in chin /dʒ/ as in jam
• Palatal. The front of the tongue is the active articulator and the hard palate is the passive articulator. / j / as in yellow
• Velar. The back of the tongue is the active articulator and the soft palate is the passive articulator. /k / as in skull /g/ as in girl /ŋ / as in sing
• Glottal. Produced at the glottis. / h / as in hat.
Affricate
• If the stop is not held for any appreciable time and released slowly, we get an affricate instead of a plosive.
e.g /tʃ / as in chin /dʒ/ as in jam
Trill• A trill is a consonant in the production of
which the active articulator taps several times against the passive articulator. The stricture involved can be called a stricture of intermittent closure.
e.g Scottish / r / in which the tip of the longue strikes against the teeth-ridge a number of times. An example is the Telugu word [ gurramu ] for 'horse'.
Flap
• For a flap the active articulator strikes against the passive articulator once only.
e.g for / r / in the word very the tip of the tongue strikes, against the teeth-ridge once.
Lateral
• A lateral consonant is produced by a stricture of closure in the centre of the vocal tract, but the air has a free passage on the sides.
e.g. / l / as in life.
Fricative• In the production of a fricative consonant the stricture is
one of close approximation. The active articulator is brought so close to the passive articulator that the passage between them is very narrow and the air passes through it with audible friction.
• /f / as in fill• / v/ as in van• /θ / as in three • /ð /as in these• / s /as in sit• / z / as in zoo• /ʃ/ as in shoe • / 3 / as in leisure• /h/as in has
Frictionless continuant
• A frictionless continuant is produced with an open approximation of the articulators, so that there is no audible friction.
e.g /r/ as in red
Semi-vowel• A semi-vowel is a vowel glide functioning as a
consonant. Semivowels are vowel-like consonants like the w of wet or the y of yard.The airflow doesn't stop like with a 'p' or 'b'.
e.g / j / as in yet/w/ as in water
Place Manner Bilabial Labio-Dental Dental Alveolar Post Alveolar Palato Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive /P, b/
pin bin
/t , d/
tin dig
/k ,g/kin give
Affricate / tʃ , d3/
Chin, jam
Fricative /f,v/
Fan, van/Ө , ð/thin this
/s , z/
sick zip
/ ʃ , 3/ship pleasure
/h/
hour
Nasal /m/
man
/n/
nib
/ŋ/
hang
Lateral /l/
live
Frictionless
Continuant
/r/
rat
Semi-vowel (w) /j/
yellow
/w/
wine