Philosophy of nursing states our thoughts on what we believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and provide a basis for nursing activities..

Idealism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Realism

Philosophical theism

Theistic realism

humanism

Existentialism

Naturalism is the oldest known philosophy in the

western world , which can be traced back to Aristotle,

in the fourth century formulated by Thomas

Aquinas(1225 and 1274). NATURALISM is "the

philosophical belief that everything arises from natural

properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual

explanations are excluded or discounted.“ Adherents

of naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws

are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of

the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product of these laws

An action is good if it is accord with

human nature; bad if it is contrary to

the nature

The nature of things can be

discovered by reason.

There are two principles of natural law ethics have special importance for health care. These are principle of double effect and principle of totality.

Principle of double effect: health care professionals may become involved in the situation s that result in evil consequences regardless of what courses of action is taken. Decision of administer a drug to relieve a cancer patient’s pain; for example remove of pregnant woman cancerous uterus will result in the death of the foetus

The natural of totality: according to the roman catholic version of natural law, individual can ethically dispose of their organs or interfere with those organ’s ability to function only to the extent that the well of the whole body requires.

The strength of naturalism is its simplicity. It offers individual freedom from presumption and decreases the influences of the influence of confusion in our society today.

Weaknesses: the primary weakness of naturalism is its simplicity. Life and existence is so simplified that deep insight and adequate explanation cannot be formed.

Thomas Aquinas

Thales

Jonathan Barnes

Jean Buridan

In nursing practice: the nurse practionner should the good

and the evil of the care administered to the patient and

make sure the good is higher than ever.

In nursing education: in nursing school, student learn

professional mortality, ethnics principles in order to show

them what is accepted and unaccepted in their

professional practice.

In nursing research: many researches have been

conducted to asses patient’s conceptions about natural

methods in family planning and the acceptance of organ

ablation.

In nursing management : the nurse manager supervise the

staff in order to see if their practice is according to naturalism

philosophy principle.

In nursing behavior: naturalism brings about signing the form

of consent with the patient before any treatment practice

that modifies the nature of the patient.

Naturalism is science-based. Naturalists believe that science is the most reliable descriptor of the world. Phenomena that cannot be scientifically proven (including fate(death), heaven and hell) are seen as imaginary. In addition, naturalists do not believe in the soul, instead postulating that biology, neurology and psychology fulfill the soul's supposed function.

Philosophical Naturalism is the idea that

nature is all there is. Also known as

metaphysical naturalism, it is an outright

rejection of all supernatural. Even in the

presence of a seemingly supernatural

situation, metaphysical naturalism will claim

that there is a natural explanation

underlying it.

Religious Naturalism is a fast-growing movement within the free-thought community. It is essentially scientific naturalism coming together with religious language. This movement, which boasts Ursula Good enough as one of it’s intellectual heavyweights, includes the diverse community of Pantheists. Religious Naturalism is based on the knowledge that, for the majority of human history, social rules and practices have been reinforced by religion

is the process of reconciling facts about the natural world with social and emotional states that shape human behavior. The facts about the natural world are best revealed to us through science. In essence, cultural naturalism attempts to reconcile scientific facts with human emotions, by placing the naturalistic facts in the context of human social life.

Methodological naturalism posits that the naturalistic method is the only way for us humans to understand the universe. By definition, it concedes that there might exist non-naturalistic entities but the tools that we as humans possess can only identify natural entities. This is an epistemological claim (a claim about the nature and acquisition of knowledge). The scientific method as a refined systematic process is the culmination of a long history of honing the tools that we possess in order to understand reality. It is based on the philosophy of naturalism. Scientific Naturalism requires that hypothesis be formed and tested under the assumption that there are natural causes for all phenomena.

In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing.

Gorge bakeley

David Hume

Emmanuel Kant

R.Fith

For nursing practice: The argument

developed here begins by aligning by

aligning medicine and related

conception of nursing with materialism.

For nursing education: students learn

consider the patient holistically; the

body, mind and the influence of the

environment because one aspect may

affect the other.

For nursing research: the research has been

conducted and revealed that necessity to care

holistically to the patient, considering the body, mind

and the environment.

For nursing management research: Nurse manager

supervises the staff to make sure the care given to the

clients in consideration of holistic principles.

For nursing behavior: the alternative , idealism, brings

with it a new set of problems, particularly the tendency

to react against the perceived dominance of the medical profession instead of positing a philosophy of

nursing that reflects a more considered response.

CLASSICAL IDEALISM: Monistic idealism holds that consciousness, not matter, is the ground of all being. It is monistbecause it holds that there is only one type of thing in the universe and idealist because it holds that one thing to be consciousness.

Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or

phenomenalism) describes a relationship

between experience and the world in

which objects are no more than

collections or "bundles" of sense data in

the perceiver.

Transcendental idealism, founded by

Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century,

maintains that the mind shapes the world

we perceive into the form of space-and-

time

Objective idealism asserts that the

reality of experiencing combines and

transcends the realities of the object

experienced and of the mind of the

observer. Proponents include Thomas

Hill Green, Josiah Royce, Benedetto

Croce and Charles Sanders Peirce.

Schelling (1775–1854) claimed that the

Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is

no subject without object, and vice versa.

So there is no difference between the

subjective and the objective, that is, the

ideal and the real. This is Schelling's

"absolute identity": the ideas or mental

images in the mind are identical to the

extended objects which are external to the

mind.

Actual Idealism is a form of idealism

developed by Giovanni Gentile that

grew into a "grounded" idealism

contrasting Kant and Hegel.

Pluralistic idealism such as that of

Gottfried Leibniz[44] takes the view that

there are many individual minds that

together underlie the existence of the

observed world and make possible the

existence of the physical universe.Unlike

absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism

does not assume the existence of a

single ultimate mental reality or

"Absolute". Leibniz' form of idealism,

known as Panpsychism, views "monads"

as the true atoms of the universe and as

DEFINITION

It comes from a Greek word “pragmata”

which means, act, affairs, or business it a

method of logic for determining the

meaning of intellectual concept.

It also defined as a way of approaching

situation or solving problems that

emphasisis practical applications and

consequences.

Charles Sander Peirce (1839-1904) was the

founder of American pragmatism( later

called pierce pragmatism)

William James( 1842-1910)

John Dewey( 1859-1952) prominent

philosophers of education referred to his

brand of progmatism as instrumentalism.

INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO EDUCATION

Rather than aphilosophy ,pragmatism is a way of doing philosophy

that has major implictions for solving disputes in involving nursing

science,theory , and practice that may other wise beinterminable.

INFLUENCE OF OF PRAGMATISM TO PRACTICE

The action of an organisation in its environment is the basic

perspective from which the pragmatist proceeds,and our human

capacity of theorizing is seen easy integral to intelligent practic,not on a separate sphere altogether.

INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATISM TO BEHAVIOR OF NURSING

In pragmatism,Man is the measure of things,truth is what

works.

Pragmatism requires its adherent to look at specific

practical consequences of act ,ideas or concept.

CONCLUSION

The philosophy of thepragmatist is helpful in day

living. It promotes the idea that one should live

through one experience at time.

Romanticism is a broad movement of

thought in philosophy, the arts, history,

and political theory, at its height in

Germany, England and France towards

the end of the 18th and in the earlier

part of the 19th centuries.

Individualism

The Romantics focused on the individual.

They viewed the Self as a divine spark

linking all human beings to one another

and to a Greater Truth. Romantic

musicians, poets and visual artists created

art that reflected personal experiences, but

represented universal themes.

Nature

Romantic artists, musicians and poets saw

nature as a dynamic teacher that helped

humans understand their place in the

universe.

EmotionsThe Romantics explored emotional extremes in their work. For example, rather than simply depicting the subject's likeness, Romantic painters created portraits that explored their emotional and psychological states.

TranscendentalismIn the United States, Romanticism gave rise to the transcendentalists, an offshoot of liberal Christianity. Transcendentalists, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, explored the role of individual thought in the perception of the world, the creative power of the consciousness and the unification of the human soul with the Universal Spirit or the One.

Introduction

Realism, the philosophy of science which

asserts that

science can provide us with access to

structures that

exist independently of us (Bhaskar, 1997),

has been

gaining an increasingly significant position

within

both the natural and social sciences over

the last two

Nursing education: nurses are in continuous

pursuit for further studies to fulfill their

pleasure in education since there are

permanent possibilities of happiness.

DEF: is the belief that God exists (or must exist)

independent of the teaching or revelation of any

particular religion. It represents belief in a personal

God entirely without doctrine. Some philosophical

theists are persuaded of God's existence by

philosophical arguments, while others consider

themselves to have a religious faith that need not

be, or could not be, supported by rational

argument.

Philosophical theism has parallels with the 18th

century philosophical view called Deism.

Theism- is belief that one god exists.

Atheism- an absence of belief in

any gods or deities, or belief that

gods or deities do not exist at all.

Deism- the belief that a god exists,

but does not interact with events at

the scale of human being.

Agnosticism-the opinion that it is not

possible to know whether gods or

deities exist, or the opinion that one

does not know.

Monolatry: the belief that there may be

more than one deity, but not only one

should be worshipped.

Henotheism- the belief that there may

be more than one deity, but one is

supreme.

Kat henotheism-The belief that there is

more that one deity, but only one deity

at a time should be worshipped. Each is

supreme in turn

Philosophical theism conceives of nature

(science), humanity (logic), and rational

thought (reason), although possibly never

completely understandable. Here are

some theistic religion: Hinduism, Christianity,

Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Islam,…

Atheistic religion Are Confucianism and

Buddhism

Thomas jay Oord

David Basinger

Martin Freeman

Winkie Pratney

Martin Garener

Walter Kaufmann

David Hume

Joseph Mecabe

Gordon Olson

Theism in nursing practice: nurse are

always with patients who have

different believes about God and

deities. Nurse should respect the

belief of each patient in providing

health care.

Theism in nursing education: the

curriculum includes the different

beliefs and how to manage

patient/client’s beliefs

Theism in nursing management: A

nurse manager, plan and organize

is a philosophy based on the idea that God is real, acts in the universe, and is knowable through the senses and reason. As such, theistic realism stands as a middle ground between philosophical naturalism and fideism. While philosophical naturalism holds that the universe is self-explanatory, theistic realism holds that the universe can only be comprehensively explained with reference to God.

Paul

St. Thomas Aquinas

Phillip Johnson

Gerard L. Gutek

Professors at Baylor college of Medicine

Influence to nursing practice: in defining

nature, theistic realistic stated that the

purpose of science is to understand

nature and God acts naturally, then, the

purpose of science is to understand God

Florence nightingale said that caring is to

put patient in good condition then the

nature will act on him.

Influence to nursing education: about

theistic realism, true knowledge begin

with acknowledgement of God and fear

Influence to nursing management: to

manage others, nurse manager have to be

wise and knowledgeable.

Influence to nursing behaviors: The true

knowledge begin with the

acknowledgement of God and his power,

since , to be good and knowledgeable

nurse you have to believe in God.

Is abroad category of ethical

philosophies that affirm the dignity and

worth of all people, based on the ability

to determine right and wrong by appeal

to universal human qualities particularly

rationalism.

Socrate(470-399 BCE),

Plato(384-345 BCE),

Aristole(384-322BCE)

Corliss Lamont(1997)

Josephine Peterson and Loretta Zderad

In Nursing practice: many theorists have used the

humanism philosophy as the bases of their theories.

Benner&Wrubel;Green-Hernandez;

Leininger;Paterson&Zderad; Watson; noted that humanism is a philosophy that is strongly held as a value of the

profession. The human-centered theory of life is easily

recognized in the views of the earliest nursing professionals

who described nursing as professionalized , humanistic

care, or a way of caring for the patient as a unique

person.(Henderson ,nightingale).

Florence Nightingale claimed that the essence of nursing

rested on the nurse’s capacity to provide humane,

sensitive care to the sick, which she believed would allow healing.

In Nursing behavior: The practice of nurses must ensure the

great good of client in the natural world according to the six

tenets of humanism philosophy:

As health care givers nurses are cognizant of the client in the

client’s beliefs religious and beliefs and learn to evaluate how

those beliefs influence the response to his environment.

- Ensure that the quality of life for the client is maintained up

to death.

- Using the scientific method to resolve the problem of client

(nursing process)

- Encouraging the patients for making their own choice

concerning their care plan.

- The nurse must be careful in ethical and moral values, and

to make an effort not to impose our values system on the

others.

- Ensuring a “ good life” for the client in providing an internal

and externla environment conducive to health.

In nursing readership: Humanistic leaders

are those with emotional intelligence who

constantly question themselves and seek

awareness of themselves and others.

In nursing education: principle of humanism

are taught in nursing school. A humanism

philosophy allow fluidity in nurse student’s

beliefs and encourages them to consider

the humanness of the along which the

scientific and technological advances of

their care.

Read more :

1.http://www.ehow.com/info_8541879_philosophy-

beliefs-romanticism.html

2.Agnew L. (1958) Florence

Nightingale – statistician.

American Journal of Nursing

3.The Possibility of Naturalism: a Philo-sophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences,2nd edn. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead.Bhaskar R. (1997)

4.Read more :

http://www.ehow.com/info_8762737_beliefs-naturalists.html