philosophy lecture 06

Introduction to PhilosophyIntroduction to Philosophy

IS-VNUIS-VNUMr. Mike Mr. Mike Lecture 6Lecture 6

Introduction to Philosophy

• Renaissance Renaissance • Copernicus, Copernicus,

Galileo and Isaac Galileo and Isaac Newton Newton

• Francis BaconFrancis Bacon• Machiavelli Machiavelli

Introduction to PhilosophyIntroduction to Philosophy

Renaissance = RebirthRenaissance = Rebirth

School of Athens, Raphael 1510

Introduction to Introduction to PhilosophyPhilosophy

RebirthRebirth of Ancient Greeks and Romansof Ancient Greeks and Romans

School of Athens, Raphael 1510

Plato

AristotleSocratesAlexander the Great

PythagorasHeraclitus

Raphael

Zeno of Citium

Epicurus

DiogenesBoethius

Paramenides

Introduction to Introduction to PhilosophyPhilosophy

RebirthRebirth– Rediscovery of the Greeks and Rediscovery of the Greeks and

RomansRomans– Art, Literature, Science, Art, Literature, Science,

Philosophy...,Philosophy...,

Introduction to PhilosophyIntroduction to PhilosophyChanges that led to the RenaissanceChanges that led to the Renaissance

Crusaders brought back Crusaders brought back knowledge of the ancient knowledge of the ancient arts, sciences and arts, sciences and philosophy that had been philosophy that had been preserved by the Islamic preserved by the Islamic Golden AgeGolden Age


1100 AD – Paper manufacture began in 1100 AD – Paper manufacture began in Spain Spain


1450 AD – Gutenberg's Printing Press1450 AD – Gutenberg's Printing Press

1455 AD – Gutenberg Bible1st Major Book Printed


1304-1374 AD – 1304-1374 AD – PetrarchPetrarch• Father of HumanismFather of Humanism• Writing focused on this Writing focused on this

world not heavenworld not heaven• Wrote in Italian Wrote in Italian vernacular vernacular

(common language)(common language)


1215 AD1215 AD – The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta• Required King John of England to proclaim certain Required King John of England to proclaim certain

libertiesliberties• Stated that the king's will was not arbitrary (limited the Stated that the king's will was not arbitrary (limited the

power of the king)power of the king)• No "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be No "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be

punished except through the law of the land, a right punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence todaywhich is still in existence today


Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Copernicus and GalileoCopernicus and Galileo

• The Scientific Method The Scientific Method

• Focus Empirical Evidence Focus Empirical Evidence

• Aristotle's LogicAristotle's Logic


Religious Authority Religious Authority QuestionedQuestioned

• Abusive Authority of the Abusive Authority of the ChurchChurch

• Indulgences Indulgences

• Increased Papal Authority and Increased Papal Authority and AbusesAbuses

• Nepotism Nepotism

Pope Alexander VI

Introduction to PhilosophyIntroduction to PhilosophyKey Themes & Ideas of the Renaissance:Key Themes & Ideas of the Renaissance:

Focus on this WorldFocus on this World

Early Medieval Painting of the Death of Christ High Renaissance Painting of the Death of Christ

1507 by Raphael

Scientific Revolution

CopernicusCopernicus• Formulated a Formulated a

comprehensive comprehensive heliocentric cosmology heliocentric cosmology which displaced the which displaced the Earth from the center of Earth from the center of the universethe universe

Discussion: Discussion:

What are the philosophical What are the philosophical implications of this idea?implications of this idea?


CopernicusCopernicus• Observation with Observation with

medieval technology medieval technology seemed to contradict seemed to contradict Copernicus' model Copernicus' model

• Copernicus relied on Copernicus relied on mathematics to prove mathematics to prove his model his model


Medieval CosmologyMedieval Cosmology• Ptolemaic – Earth is at Ptolemaic – Earth is at

the center of the the center of the universe and does not universe and does not move (Geocentric move (Geocentric Cosmology) Cosmology)

• Official Teaching of the Official Teaching of the Catholic Church Catholic Church

• The Bible “seemed” to The Bible “seemed” to Support the Geocentric Support the Geocentric Cosmology Cosmology

Scientific RevolutionPsalm 93Psalm 93The LORD reigns; he is robed in majesty; The LORD reigns; he is robed in majesty; the LORD is robed; he has put on strength as his belt. the LORD is robed; he has put on strength as his belt. Yes, the Yes, the worldworld is established; is established; it shall never be movedit shall never be moved. . Your throne is established from of old; you are from Your throne is established from of old; you are from everlasting. everlasting.

The floods have lifted up, O LORD, The floods have lifted up, O LORD, the floods have lifted up their voice; the floods have lifted up their voice; the floods lift up their roaring. the floods lift up their roaring. Mightier than the thunders of many waters, Mightier than the thunders of many waters, mightier than the waves of the sea, mightier than the waves of the sea, the LORD on high is mighty! the LORD on high is mighty! Your decrees are very trustworthy; Your decrees are very trustworthy; holiness befits your house, holiness befits your house, O LORD, forevermore. O LORD, forevermore.

Scientific RevolutionNo Real Contradiction with the Bible No Real Contradiction with the Bible

• The word used for “world” or “earth” in Psalm The word used for “world” or “earth” in Psalm 93 can also be translated “cosmos” or 93 can also be translated “cosmos” or “universe”. “universe”.

• Psalm 93 is a poem/song – The intention is Psalm 93 is a poem/song – The intention is not to teach cosmology not to teach cosmology

• As a poem it employ metaphor which should As a poem it employ metaphor which should not be take literally - “the floods have lifted up not be take literally - “the floods have lifted up their voice”their voice”


Copernicus Copernicus

• Copernicus dedicated Copernicus dedicated his book on the his book on the heliocentric model to heliocentric model to the Pope the Pope

• The Catholic Church The Catholic Church declared Copernicus' declared Copernicus' model “heresy” and model “heresy” and banned its teaching banned its teaching

Scientific RevolutionGalileo Galileo

• Studied Copernicus' Studied Copernicus' Heliocentric Model Heliocentric Model

• Developed more Developed more accurate telescopes to accurate telescopes to test Copernicus' test Copernicus' calculationscalculations

• Galileo proved Galileo proved Copernicus by Copernicus by Empirical Observation Empirical Observation

Scientific RevolutionGalileo Galileo • Galileo was brought to an Galileo was brought to an

inquisitioninquisition (religious court (religious court

trial)trial) after he published his after he published his work confirming the work confirming the Copernican Cosmology Copernican Cosmology

• Galileo attempted to Galileo attempted to convince the Church convince the Church leadership by leadership by Copernicus' calculations Copernicus' calculations and his own Empirical and his own Empirical Observations Observations

Scientific RevolutionGalileo Galileo • Galileo's conclusions Galileo's conclusions

were rejected by the were rejected by the Catholic Church and Catholic Church and condemned as condemned as HeresyHeresy

• Galileo was forced to Galileo was forced to recantrecant his publication his publication

HeresyHeresy – a belief that is contrary – a belief that is contrary to official religious teachingsto official religious teachings

RecantRecant – to say you no longer – to say you no longer hold a belief you once heldhold a belief you once held


Galileo's Significance Galileo's Significance for Philosophy for Philosophy • Galileo validates Galileo validates

Copernicus' rational Copernicus' rational approach by submitting it approach by submitting it to Empirical Observation to Empirical Observation

• Employed both Deductive Employed both Deductive and Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning

• Foundations of the Foundations of the Scientific Method Scientific Method


Francis Bacon Francis Bacon • Recognized value of Recognized value of

scientific work like that of scientific work like that of GalileoGalileo

• Wanted to construct Wanted to construct method of inquiry for the method of inquiry for the sciencessciences

• Rationalism and Rationalism and Empiricism both had Empiricism both had strengths and strengths and weaknesses weaknesses


Francis Bacon Francis Bacon • Realized the power of Realized the power of

combining the strengths combining the strengths of Rationalism and of Rationalism and Empiricism Empiricism

• This combination became This combination became know as Bacon's know as Bacon's Scientific MethodScientific Method


Bacon's Scientific Bacon's Scientific Method Method

Step 1Step 1 - Empirical - Empirical Observation of FactsObservation of Facts

• Large quantity of Large quantity of observations – the more the observations – the more the better better

• Observations should be made Observations should be made by more than one person to by more than one person to increase objectivity increase objectivity



Step 2Step 2 – Note Patterns and – Note Patterns and Regularity from the DataRegularity from the Data

• Be careful not to impose Be careful not to impose patterns or regularity on the patterns or regularity on the data – Let the “facts” speak data – Let the “facts” speak for themselves for themselves

• The goal is to identify The goal is to identify potential “Laws of Nature” potential “Laws of Nature”



Step 3Step 3 – Formulate a – Formulate a Hypothesis Hypothesis

• Attempt to make sure that Attempt to make sure that your hypothesis has not your hypothesis has not already been proven invalid already been proven invalid by your pervious observationsby your pervious observations

• Formulate a Hypothesis Formulate a Hypothesis which can be submitted to which can be submitted to experimentation experimentation



Step 4Step 4 – Experimentation – Experimentation

• Multiple and Varied Multiple and Varied experiments are crucial experiments are crucial

• Experiments attempt to Experiments attempt to DISPROVE your hypothesisDISPROVE your hypothesis

• However, if your hypothesis is However, if your hypothesis is disproved by experimentation disproved by experimentation you still have gained vital you still have gained vital knowledge knowledge



Step 4Step 4 – Law of Nature – Law of Nature

• If experimentation support the If experimentation support the hypothesis, you have hypothesis, you have discovered a Law of Naturediscovered a Law of Nature

• Laws of Nature are useful in Laws of Nature are useful in accurately predicting all accurately predicting all similar circumstances in similar circumstances in nature nature


Isaac Newton Isaac Newton (1642–1727)(1642–1727)

Conducted experiments in Conducted experiments in physics and math that physics and math that revealed a number of revealed a number of natural natural lawslaws that had previously been that had previously been credited to divine forcescredited to divine forces

Principia MathematicaPrincipia Mathematica (1687) (1687)

Uniform Force of GravityUniform Force of Gravity

Established 3 Laws of MotionEstablished 3 Laws of Motion


Isaac Newton Isaac Newton (1642–1727)(1642–1727)• Newton's Laws of motion Newton's Laws of motion

were foundational to the were foundational to the development of technology development of technology and the industrial revolutionand the industrial revolution

• Helped to establish Helped to establish Scientific Knowledge as the Scientific Knowledge as the “Supreme” Knowledge“Supreme” Knowledge

• All of Reality was Subject All of Reality was Subject to Natural Laws to Natural Laws


Newton's ImpactNewton's Impact• DeismDeism – God set the – God set the

world in motion and world in motion and establish Natural Laws, establish Natural Laws, but is no longer involved but is no longer involved in the worldin the world

• DeterminismDeterminism – If all – If all reality is determined by reality is determined by Natural Laws Freewill Natural Laws Freewill cannot existcannot exist

Nicolo Machiavelli

The Prince The Prince Political TreatisePolitical Treatise Written in the Vernacular Written in the Vernacular

(Italian) rather than Latin(Italian) rather than Latin Focus on Describing Human Focus on Describing Human

means of Power not Divine means of Power not Divine Major Theme: Appearances Major Theme: Appearances

vs. Realityvs. Reality

Nicolo Machiavelli

The Prince The Prince

Qualities of a PrinceQualities of a Prince A Perceived “Good” A Perceived “Good”

ReputationReputation Not Overly GenerousNot Overly Generous Better to be Feared than Better to be Feared than

LovedLoved It's not important to keep your It's not important to keep your

word, only to appear to keep word, only to appear to keep your wordyour word

Nicolo Machiavelli

The Prince The Prince

EthicsEthics The Ends Justify the MeansThe Ends Justify the Means Virtues are Characteristics Virtues are Characteristics

Praised by other People – A Praised by other People – A prince only need to appear prince only need to appear Virtuous Virtuous

Criminal Virtue – Act swiftly Criminal Virtue – Act swiftly with necessary evil at the with necessary evil at the beginning of power as people beginning of power as people will forget after timewill forget after time

philosophy lecture 06

Education

philosophy galileo

philosophy changes

copernicus model copernicus

scientific revolution

scientific method

copernicus heliocentric

copernicus model heresy

philosophy rebirth rediscovery