philosophical views in nursing

Philosophical

Views in Nursing

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the meaning of philosophy

and relay it to nursing profession

• To understand the philosophy behind nursing

practice and nursing education

• To explain the significance of philosophy of

nursing

• To determine the purposes of philosophy

• To elaborate the 2 approaches to philosophy

development

PHILOSOPHY

• Is defined as “love and pursuit of wisdom by

intellectual means and moral-discipline”.

• Is a science that comprises logic, ethics,

aesthetics, metaphysics, and the theory of

knowledge.

• Set of beliefs and values that guide the way

in which we operate in the world.

• Is a statement of beliefs that guide one’s

behavior and, in case, influence the practice

of nursing.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

FOR NURSING

• To achieve intellectual enlightenment

• The individual is afforded an

opportunity to exercise both

understanding and value judgments

• Sciences benefit from philosophy

essentially because philosophy governs

their methods through logic and ethics

APPROACHES TO PHILOSOPHY

DEVELOPMENT

• Top-Down Approach = imposed by the

managerial system and is a reflection of

organizational beliefs, which are not

necessarily applicable to the nursing

care.

• Bottom-Up Approach = people will have

to use the philosophy who are involved

in writing it

PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

EDUCATION

• Period of Intuitive Nursing / Medieval

Period (Primitive Era)

• Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages

(1848)

• Period of Educated Nursing /

Nightingale Era (1900)

• Period of Contemporary Nursing / 20th

Century

Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval

Period (Primitive Era)

Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages

Famous Nursing Philosophers

Florence Nightingale

(1820 –1910)

“keeping the client warm,

maintaining a noise-free

environment, and

attending to the client’s

diet in terms of assessing

intake, timeliness of the

food and its effect on the

person”.


• Mary Seacole(1805 – 1881)

Jamaican healer or

'doctress' with expertise

in tending victims of

cholera and yellow fever

epidemics during

Crimean War


• Hildegard Peplau(1909–1999)

“There must be a nurse-

patient relationship and to

help clients fulfill their

needs, nurses must

assumes many roles;

stranger, teacher, resource

person, surrogate, leader

and counselor”.


Virginia Henderson(1897-1996)

“Nursing in relation

to client and

environment

concerned with

both healthy and

ill individuals”.


Dorothy Johnson (1905–1984)

• the science and

art of nursing

should focus on

the clients, not

on the disease

process itself


Imogene King (1923–2007)

“the nursing domain

involves human beings,

families, and

communities as a

framework within which

nurses make

transactions in multiple

environments with

health as a goal”.


Martha Elizabeth

Rogers (1914-1994)

• “Humans are dynamic

energy fields in

continuous exchange

with environmental

fields, both of which

are infinite”.


Lydia Eloise Hall (1906-1969)

“The patient is

composed of

overlapping parts;

person (core),

pathologic state and

treatment (cure) and

body (care)”.


Dorothea Orem(1914–2007),

“ not only when nursing is

needed but also how people

can be assisted through five

methods of helping: acting or

doing for, guiding, teaching,

supporting, and providing an

environment that promotes

the individual’s abilities to

meet current and future

demands”.


Sister Callista Roy (1914)

“the process and the

outcome whereby the

thinking and feeling

person uses conscious

awareness and choice

to create human and

environmental

integration”


Betty Neuman(1921-2006)

“Client as an open system

consisting of a basic

structure or central core of

energy resources

(physiologic, psychological,

sociocultural,

developmental, and

spiritual) surrounded by

two concentric boundaries

or rings referred to as lines

of resistance


Madeline Leininger

“Care is the essence

of nursing and the

dominant, distinctive

and unifying feature of

nursing”.


Rose Marie Risso

Parse

“Client, not the nurse is

the authority figure and

decision maker, the

nurse’s role involves

helping individuals and

families in choosing the

responsibilities for

changing the health

process”


Margaret Newman“Humans are unitary beings in

whom disease is a manifestation of

the pattern of health. every person

in every situation, no matter how

disordered and hopeless it may

seem, is part of the universal

process of expanding

consciousness – a process of

becoming more of oneself, of

finding greater meaning in life, and

of reaching new dimensions of

connectedness with other people

and the world


Ida Jean Orlando(1926)

She believed that

the nurse helps

patients meet a

perceived need that

the patients cannot

meet for

themselves.


Jean Watson

“Philosophy

and Science of

Caring (1988)”

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF

CARING

• The practice of caring is central to

nursing; it is the unifying focus for

practice

• Watson's idea of person contains the

beliefs that human have potential for

what they may become and are free to

make responsible choices.

10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS

1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic

system of values.

2. The installation of faith-hope.

3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self

and to others.

4. The development of a helping-trust

relationship

5. The promotion and acceptance of the

expression of positive and negative

feelings.

10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS

6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-

solving method for decision making

7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-

learning.

8. The provision for a supportive, protective and

/or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural

and spiritual environment.

9. Assistance with the gratification of human

needs.

10.The allowance for existential-

phenomenological forces.

That’s All Folks....c”,)

philosophical views in nursing

Health & Medicine