philippine scouts heritage society contacts ... the rizal library, ateneo de manila ... philippine...

Winter/Spring 2004

Preserving the history, heritage,andlegacy of the Philippine Scouts for

present and future generations

Philippine Scouts Heritage Society

What’s Inside?Winter/Spring 2004

Editor’s Comments................................2Website News........................................2National President’s Message................3Advertising Rates...................................4A Love Letter To The Scouts................5Col. Shoss Remembers..........................6Library Fundraiser...................................7In Memoriam.........................................7Scout Information Exchange.................8Member Activities.................................12Letter From General Wainwright........15Sgt. Agapito Gayanilo Medal Citation..16National Reunion Registration Form....17Newsletter Fund & Subscriptions........19Officers/Chapter Contacts........back page

Brigadier General Royal Reynolds, Jr.(1910-2003)

See Reynolds: Page 3

Dad Was In The Scouts

See Saguing: Page 4

A giant of a man and a cornerstoneof our Society was taken from us whenBrigadier General Royal Reynolds, Jr.passed away in his sleep on November24, five weeks after his 93rd birthday.

A graduate of the West Point Classof 1933, Roy Reynolds was the secondgeneration of his family to have adistinguished military career. Hislate father and namesake was aBrigadier General in the U.S. ArmyMedical Corps and his uncles alsowere Medical Corps officers. Allserved in the Philippines. GeneralReynolds lived in the Philippines

twice as a dependent, first beginningin 1911 and second in the early 1920s.Two of his sisters were born there.

During the Japanese invasion of thePhilippines, General Reynolds com-manded the First Battalion of the 57thInfantry Regiment (PS). He led hisunit in the defense of Bataan and then,instead of surrendering, spent theremainder of the war as a guerrilla.General Reynolds was awarded theBronze Star for his combat bravery. Aniece remembers asking him if he everfeared a Filipino would betray him

President Emeritus of the PhilippineScouts Heritage Society General RoyalReynolds, Jr. (Photo: Olive Rosen, 2001)

by First Sgt. Felix Saguing, USMC(Ret.)

Dad has always said that he was nota hero, although I considered him one.I can remember how he would stareinto the distance as he narrated to meand a younger brother his youthfulexperiences and how he came to be inthe Philippine Scouts, and I canremember all too well how his eyeswould moisten and his shoulders sagas he spoke of friends and comradeslost on Bataan and during the infa-mous Death March. But, in the end,his shoulders would always straightenand you could detect the glint in his

eyes as he proudly relates the heroicstand of the Scouts on Bataan andCorregidor. He passed away onOctober 12, 1972, but not before heinstilled in me pride in being the sonof a Scout.

I was just two years old when thebombs fell on Pearl Harbor and ClarkField on December 7, 1941. Anyknowledge that I have of the eventsthat followed were as told by myparents. Dad related that soldiers fromhis unit barely had the time to pack afew essentials for their families beforetaking them to an assembly area forevacuation. With the birth of another

Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Winter/Spring 2004

Editor’s Comments

Mike HoulahanPublic Relations Officer

It’s been about 18 months since ourPhilippine Scouts Heritage Societywebsite was launched and the responsehas been gratifying, with the numberof visitors growing every month andnow totaling nearly 4000, an increaseof over 2000 in six months.

Our message board where visitorscan view and post their opinions onvarious discussions relating to theScouts, is now well launched withmore than 100 entries. You are invited

Website Newsto visit the PSHS website<www.philippine-scouts.org> andshare your own thoughts.

We have expanded our photoholdings considerably. Acquisitionsinclude a collection of pre-WWIIPhilippine Scout images kindlyfurnished by curator Waldette Cueto ofthe American Historical Collection atthe Rizal Library, Ateneo de ManilaUniversity in the Philippines andphotos from the plaque dedication

ceremonies in Fredericksburg and SanAntonio, Texas.

We continue to welcome queriesconcerning former Scouts or answersto questions posted on the “Ex-changes” page. We also will considerappropriate and original short articlesor vignettes for posting on our websiteor including in our newsletter.

Thank you for your support!Christa HoulahanWebmaster

As I was drafting this piece, the sadnews of Brigadier General RoyalReynolds death reached me. GeneralReynolds was one of the pillars uponwhich the Philippince Scouts HeritageSociety was erected. He was amongthe small group of former Scouts whomet together in 1989 to found theSociety and he served as our firstPresident. Upon his leaving office, hewas awarded the title PresidentEmeritus and lived up to the title bycontinuing to offer his full support andsage advice. No words can adequatelyexpress his value to our organizationor the loss we all feel. Our deepestcondolences go out to Mrs. GloriaPlanté and the rest of his family.

There have been several develop-ments in the Philippine Scouts Heri-tage Society since our last newsletter.

The election of Cion Rael asPresident of our Golden Gate-BayArea Chapter signaled a generationalchange in the leadership of our largestchapter. Cion brought with her a newslate of officers, primarily drawn fromthe successor generation of Scoutfamilies. This leadership change hasresulted in an increased emphasis onaccountability, tighter managementand promotion of the educational goalsof our Society. National President

Larry Pangan has been supportive ofthis, and has appointed a SpecialCommittee to undertake “an informalreview of finances and administrativepractices related to the National andall the Chapters.” The Chair of thecommittee is First Vice President,Senator John Patterson and his ViceChair is Second Vice PresidentMenandro Parazo. Other members areTacoma Chapter President JoeCalugas, Jr.; Colonel Mel Rosen,Aniceto Bagley and Cynthia Warren.I will act as Committee Secretary. Thecommittee has begun its work and willsubmit findings and recommendationsto the Board of Officers at the nextannual meeting on April 30, 2004.

With the election of Jose Calugas,Jr. as President dynamic second-generation leadership has taken overour second most active chapter, theJose Calugas, Sr. Chapter in Tacoma.

Further progress towards raisingfunds and finding a home for thePhilippine Scouts Library continues tobe made under Project Chair CionRael’s leadership. The library willcontribute to the important educationalgoals of the Society. (See her reportelsewhere in this newsletter.)

Our website at www.philippine-scouts.org continues to raise the

Philippine Scouts Heritage Societyprofile and further its educationalgoals. In its first year, it attracted over1800 visitors. In just under six monthssince then, approximately 1800 morehave viewed our site. This success isprimarily due to the efforts ofWebmaster Christa Houlahan.

Our most important event since theannual business meeting and reunionwas the plaque presentation weekendin San Antonio and Fredericksburg,Texas in September. Almost thirtymembers, augmented by othersinterested in the events, took part inthe commemoration and celebration ofthe Philippine Scouts and the threeScout Medal of Honor recipients fromWorld War II. (Details of this week-end and photos of the dedications maybe found elsewhere in this issue andon our website.)

I hope to see many of you at thePhilippine Scouts Heritage Society’stwentieth annual meeting and reunionat the Radisson Villa Hotel in SanMateo on April 30-May 1. Theregistration form for this importantannual event is towards the back ofthis newsletter.


Reynolds: from Front Page

National President’s Message

while he was a guerrilla. He emphati-cally replied, “Never!”

He also commanded an infantryregiment in the Korean War, where hewas awarded the Silver Star, TheLegion of Merit and the Bronze Starwith “V” for combat valor. Later hewould command the U.S. Army’sescape and evasion school.

General Reynolds received a secondLegion of Merit in his last assignmentas Assistant Commander of the FortBenning Infantry School. He retiredfrom the U.S. Army in 1963.

General Royal Reynolds played amajor role in organizing the PhilippineScouts Heritage Society and was itsfirst President. He was electedPresident Emeritus by acclamationwhen he relinquished the presidencyand remained a loyal supporterthroughout the rest of his life.

In May 2003 General Reynoldsgave us this final bit of advice: “ThePhilippine Scout Heritage Society wasformed to preserve their distinguishedhistory. Unless the sons, daughters,grandchildren, friends and associatestake a positive and active role asmembers of the Philippine ScoutsHeritage Society, the heroic legacy of

these elite Filipinos will die. As an oldsoldier waiting for final roll call, Iurge you to remember this.”

His commanding presence and wisecounsel will be greatly missed by theentire membership of the PhilippineScouts Heritage Society.

Choosing a memorial forBrigadier General RoyalReynolds, Jr. is being added to theagenda of our spring meeting.Possibilities already suggestedinclude naming the PhilippineScout library collection after him;and soliciting contributions in hismemory either to the library fundor to a fund used to purchaseScout memorabilia for donation tomuseums willing to commemo-rate the Philippine Scouts. Anycomments or additional sugges-tions are welcome.

Memorial toGeneral Reynolds

General Reynolds is survived byGloria Planté, his companion ofseveral decades, and by a daughter,Louise Banscom and a granddaughter.Condolence letters may be sent to Mrs.Gloria Planté at 1521 23rd Road South,Arlington, VA 22202.

Royal Reynolds, Jr. as a Cadet at the U.S.Military Academy at West Point graduatingclass of 1933.

See President’s Message: Page 5

The goodnews duringthe past fewmonth, whichI will reporton below, isovershad-owed by thevery sad newsof the passingaway ofBrigadierGeneral

Royal Reynolds, our first president,and stalwart supporter and advisor

throughout the almost twenty years wehave existed as a Society. His loss isirreplaceable. Both our website andthe In Memoriam page of this newslet-ter contain tributes to this great man.

New Members: Our continuingefforts in recruiting new memberstargeting the sons and daughters of thePhilippine Scouts are producingresults. I commend Cion Rael,President of Golden Gate Bay AreaChapter and her Officers for theiraggressive campaign. I also want tocommend Joe Calugas, Jr. for hisbeing elected President of Capt. Jose

Calugas, Sr. Chapter of Tacoma, andhis effort in recruiting new annual andlife members. Let’s continue the goodwork. I encourage other Chapters tofollow these two Chapters’ example.

Plaque Dedications: On September26 and 27 I represented the Society asone of the speakers in unveiling of thememorial plaques dedicated to thePhilippine Scout Units and the threeScouts medal of honor recipients at theAdmiral Nimitz Museum of thePacific War in Fredricksburg, Texasand at the Fort Sam Houston Museum


Saguing: from Front Page

The photo shows dad holding me withmother on his right. It was taken October,1940 in front of the family quarters onWinter Avenue, 12th Medical BattalionEnlisted Barrio at Fort William McKinley,Philippines. The photo was taken followingmy baptism at the Post Chapel. The whitearrow at the top of the picture points to asign that says “SAGUING”, the family lastname. The article below was written for agranddaughter’s school project.

son on July, 1941, and dad having toreport to his unit, mom has becomesolely responsible for our survival.

From December, 1941 to an unde-termined date in 1943, mom and otherScouts’ families moved about, alwaysahead of the Japanese occupationforces. The three of us finally endedup in Cardona, a small town on theshores of Laguna Bay. It was at thistime that I began to have my ownrecollections of events, which remainvivid to this day.

I can remember when mom left uswith another family and returned aftertwo weeks with a strange looking,emaciated man that I would later learnwas my father. It will be monthsbefore he would regain weight, and itwould be years before I would learn ofthe circumstances that led to hisrelease by the Japanese.

At an age when boys of my age (5years old) would just be learning thealphabet, I became witness to thebrutalities of war. Japanese soldierswould cordon off a village or town fora “sona” and line up all males 12years and older for a head count. Anofficer or NCO, and sometimes acivilian would call off names from aroster and dad would sound off whenhis name was called. Sometimes aman with a bag over his head wouldwalk down the ranks and point to anindividual who then was beaten upand taken away by the Japanese.

It was also in Cardona that I wit-nessed Japanese soldiers brutally beata man with rifle butts. This is after hewas pointed out by the man with a bagover his head. After the beating, hewas taken away and shot.

One sunny morning in late 1944,

my brother and I were playing in thestreet with the other children when weheard the sound of planes flyingoverhead. They were at very highaltitude and we could not see them.We would have known if they wereJapanese. A few minutes later, a groupof Japanese soldiers came excitedlyrunning down the street and orderedeveryone into their houses. That night,we saw flames lighting the sky in thedistance. Dad whispered to us that theAmericans are back and he may haveto leave soon.

The Japanese, which up to this timehave been “easy” became more edgyand would beat or kick a person forthe most minor of infraction- like notbowing to them. The day before theJapanese abandoned their garrison,Dad joined a group of other men anddisappeared into the night. It was notuntil August, 1945 that we will seehim again. When he came back, hewas with American troops and wearingthe field uniform of a US Armysoldier. The Philippines is finallyliberated and we are again a family.

It wasn’t until 1946 that we returnedto Fort McKinley, but not to the oldquarters. Dad retired at Clark Field in1948 after 30 years of service as aScout and would keep his family near“Fort Mac” where it all started. Hewould later take his family to Califor-nia, but would return to this place dearto his heart to spend his last days.

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Circulation figures available upon request. For advertising placement or additional information, please contact news-letter editor Mike Houlahan through our website or at the address listed on the final page of this newsletter.


President’s Message: from Page 3in San Antonio, Texas. Many mem-bers of the Society attended the twoceremonies, including John A.Patterson, First Vice President andMike Houlahan, Public RelationsOfficer, who was the MC for both ofthe dedication ceremonies.

Representing the Golden Gate BayArea Chapter were Chapter PresidentCion Rael, Treasurer Evangeline S.Stafford, National Assistant TreasurerNita Guiang, and members NildaMalvar, Angie Pangan-Gasq, andLourdes Escala. From Tacoma,Washington was Joe Calugas, Jr.,President of Capt. Jose Calugas, Sr.Chapter, and his lovely niece residingin San Antonio. Other membersattending were San Antonio residents,Col. John E. and Terry Olson, NationalHistorian; Major General RalphHaines (formerly 26th Cavalry, PS);Ben Austria; and Alfredo Quihano.From Modesto, California were Col.Nicoll and Edie Galbraith. OtherScout families included Sue Marti andher husband Ed Portner, Linda Carney,Chris and Colleen Schaefer, as well asSteve and Mary Wood.

I want to express my sincereappreciation to John Manguso, FortSam Houston Museum Director,Martin Callahan, Deputy MuseumDirector and our National AssistantHistorian, and the museum staff, aswell as the Society for the Preserva-tion of Historic Fort Sam Houston, forproviding a complimentary luncheonat the Stillwell House after the cer-emony. Finally, I would like to thankSergeant First Class Gerald Dove andhis NCO Academy color guard, whichperformed at the Fort Sam HoustonMuseum ceremony.

Library Project: The San FranciscoPhilippine Scout Library Committeeheld a very successful fund raisingdinner-dance on October 17 in SouthSan Francisco. The theme of thiscolorful event was “Hawaiian Festi-val” and it attracted over 100 guests.It was an evening of great fun withgood food and dancing. The rafflegrand prize was a round trip airlineticket to Hawaii. I’m truly gratified towitness these Scouts sons and daugh-ters doing amazing things in accom-plishing their respective jobs. To be

commended for their accomplishmentsare all the Officers of Golden GateBay Area Chapter headed by PresidentCion Rael, as chairperson, SecretaryRemy Wilson, Treasurer EvelynGuiang, Chapter Second Vice Presi-dent Nora Warren, Chapter TreasurerEvangeline S. Stafford, PRO Ed Basa,Assistant Treasurer Ofelia Capuyan,committee members Nita Guiang,Nilda Malvar, Cindi Warren, ArnoldGuiang, Bernard Saysin, GeorgeCawley, Carol W. May, Jess Okialda,and David Tejada; and the versatileMC of the evening Ben Capuyan, Jr.

Reunion/Business Meeting: Our20th annual reunion and membershipmeeting is scheduled for April 30 -May 1, 2004 at the Radisson VillaHotel in San Mateo. Again the GoldenGate Bay Area Chapter is hosting thisevent. A registration form may befound elsewhere in this newsletter.Please mark your calendars!

My best to all,

Larry L. PanganNational President

A Love Letter to the Philippine Scoutsby Lillian PattersonOnce upon a time, not very long

ago, I met and fell in love with JohnPatterson. One of the first places wewent as a couple was SanAntonio, Texas in 1989 for a gatheringof what is now known as the Philip-pine Scouts Heritage Society. There Imet heroes for the first time in mylife; heroes of battles in a war aboutwhich I knew nothing.

This group of men never appearedin my high school or college text-books, yet listening to theirconversations, I was awed by theiraccomplishments. How tragic so little

is known about this remarkable group.Since John’s uncle, Alexander R.

Nininger, Jr., was a Philippine Scoutwho was killed on Bataan, he had avery personal interest in the Scoutsand in preserving their history. Hisfirst attempts in this endeavor includedwriting to Colonels Anders, Olson andGeneral Reynolds; each of whomplayed a role in John’s search for moreinformation about his Uncle Sandy.

Through letters and conversationsregarding the importance of thismission to preserve the PhilippineScout history, including a commentmade in 1988 by Colonel Olson that

something should be done quicklysince the Scouts were “rapidly aging,”the groundwork was laid for thePhilippine Scouts Heritage Society.

In 1989 in San Antonio, the Philip-pine Scouts Heritage Society wasofficially created. I was there meetingso many people, some still with us,some not. Names come back to me:Mabunga, Aquino, Pangan, Olson,Rosen, Villarin (especially hissinging), Yeager, Wickham, CharlieMills (who thought I was John’sdaughter!). I recall the richness of theconversations, the pride when each

See Love Letter: Page 6


Love Letter: from Page 5

Scout stood to be recognized as hisunit’s name was called. I rememberthe women sharing their experiencesduring the war as we feasted on pancitand lumpia. Most of all, I wastouched by the reading of the names ofdeceased soldiers and the flags placedon a memorial wreath, a practicewhich continues at each reunion.

Years have passed and manybeloved Scouts and their wives are no

longer with us, but the PhilippineScouts Heritage Society continues.Artifacts of its history are collectedand preserved at Fort Sam Houstonand soon also in the Golden Gate BayChapter Library. More importantly,the families and friends of theseheroes have taken up the gauntletof respecting, preserving and main-taining the history of the PhilippineScouts into the future so the bravery of

these heroes will not be forgotten.Lillian Patterson is the wife of

PSHS First Vice President JohnPatterson. The Pattersons lived in thePhilippines from 1989 to 1993 whereJohn serve with USAID and Lillianpursued a PhD at De La Salle Univer-sity in Manila. While in the Philip-pines, their travels included Bataan,Cabanatuan, Camp O’Donnell andCorregidor.

Col. Shoss RemembersThe following are excerpts from a

letter by Col. Morris L. Shoss, a PSHSmember and former Scout, now retiredin San Antonio:

“My first military assignment ongraduating from West Point in 1940was to the harbor defenses of Manilaand Subic Bays on Corregidor...I tookmy bride, who with all the otherdependents was fortunately evacuatedto the US during May and June 1941.

“I was the Executive Officer ofBattery C (Cebu) of the 91st CoastArtillery, (PS). There were threeAmerican officers (Captain Gulick, Iand Lt. Howard Irish, range officer forour T83 AAA firing director).

“After the dependents were evacu-ated, all the personnel of the 91st and93rd CA (PS) worked around the clockplanting the largest controlled minefield in history in Manila Bay. ThenBattery C, augmented by two moreAmerican officers, was surreptitiouslysent in covered barges to Fort Wint inSubic Bay with our anti-aircraftartillery weapons. This secrecy paidoff in our shooting down the firstJapanese bombers shortly after[the] Pearl Harbor attack. When theJapanese landed on Luzon, we wereordered to move from Subic Bay toBataan Peninsula, changing positionsfrequently and suffering losses of

American officersand Scouts due to airattacks, which got memy first PurpleHeart. When Bataanfell, our unit man-aged to move bybarge to Corregidor,after destroying ouranti-aircraft weapons. Iwas assigned BatteryMorrison, twin 6-inch rifles, whichwere destroyed inone day of counterbatter firing. Imoved to BatteryGrubbs, twin 8-inchrifles, which lasted on day. We wereassigned two 155 mm. guns, GPG,WWI vintage. We fired directly intoJapanese landing on Corregidor fromour position along the outside ofMalinta Hill. One gun was put out ofaction by fragment damage to themuzzle. My unit destroyed theremaining gun, placing the traininground in the chamber, loading exces-sive bags of propellant and using avery long firing cord. The gun wasblown up. I had my Scouts dispersefrom the weapons and that was the lastI saw of them. I joined an American

engineering unit in its undergroundshelter and was captured by theJapanese as they overran the position.

“As a POW, I was moved to Manilaby ship, by train to Cabanatuan, thenback to Manila and [by] ship to Davaopenal colony for about two years, thenby prison ship, Eri Maru (?) and thenat Zamboanga, Shinyo Maru, whichwas sunk by the U.S. Submarine“Paddle” on September 7, 1944. Ofthe 750 allied POW’s, 82 survived.

“About 8 of the survivors [held]our last annual reunion September 5-7,2003, joined by 30 family members.”

POW survivors of the "Hell Ship" Shinyo Maru sinking at their1998 reunion. Front row, l to r: John Playter, Ted Pflueger, Col.Morris Shoss, Bert Swartz; Back row, l to r: Rev. John Morrett,Ralph Johnson. Playter and Morrett were officers in the 88thField Artillery (PS) and Shoss in the 91st Coastal Artillery (PS).


Library FundraiserWe, the GGBAC officers and

committee members for the PhilippineScout Library Project fundraisingbenefit held October 17, would like toexpress our sincere thanks and grati-tude to all who supported our event. Itwas a huge success!

Ninety-six attended our benefit, 71of whom were friends, relatives andguests. Regardless of the sparseattendance of members, we the sonsand daughters turned the event into asurprisingly successful evening, withover $1900 being raised. Most impor-tance of all, we gained new friends forthe Philippine Scouts Heritage Society.Comments from our guests were verypositive about both the project and theparty. Several indicated they wouldsupport such events in the future.

In addition to our fundraisingbenefit, we dedicated the evening’scelebration to President Emeritus,Brigadier General, U.S. Army (Ret.)Royal Reynolds, Jr. who celebrated his93rd Birthday on October 17th. Abirthday card was signed by all theguests and members of GGBAC, andmailed to the General. (We were allsaddened by his death 5 weeks later.)

The outstanding performance of

singer/entertainer, Christine Adiaz wasone of the highlights of the event. Toour surprise, Christine’s great grandfa-ther was a Philippine Scout! Picturesand photos of October 17th can beseen at: http://christine.rocks.it.

Our V.I.P. guest was EduardoDatangel, T’Boli Publishing andDistribution who is very interested inlearning more about our society andPhilippine Scout Library project.He has distribution offices in SanFrancisco and Manila.

An extra special warm expression ofgratitude goes to our PS LibraryTreasurer and Chapter HistorianEvelyn Guiang, who worked latenights with me finalizing the event.Also thank you to her father, ZosimoGuiang, Philippine Scout and formerPOW, for his encouragement. Thanksto the outstanding accomplishments ofNora Warren, National Treasurer, forselling $700 worth of raffle tickets,Cindy Warren, GGBAC Auditor, fororganizing the raffle, includingarranging for the donated prizes. Aspecial thanks to Ofelia Capuyan,Larry Pangan’s daughter and GGBACAssistant Treasurer, for inviting 15guests; Remy Wilson GGBAC Secre-

tary for inviting 12; ConchitaGuerrero, GGBAC member, forproviding hotel accommodations at theHoliday Inn and attending to our out-of-town guests. Most importantly,extra thanks to my Aunt, NildaMalvar, GGBAC member, for hersupport throughout the planning and toALL the GGBAC officers whobelieved in and supported our PSLibrary Project: Bernard Sayson,George Cawley, Ed Basa, NoraWarren, Evangeline Stafford, OfeliaCapuyan, Evelyn Guiang, AquilinaReyes, David Tejada, Arnold Guiang,Remy Wilson, Jess Okialda, CarrollMay, and Cindy Warren.

SPECIAL thanks to our NationalPresident Larry Pangan, for supportingthe PS Library Project fundraising.

We will continue to keep our heartsand mind focused “to preserve thehistory and legacy of the PhilippineScouts” and strive to recruit andeducate sons, daughters and friends!

Again, many thanks to ALL,

Cion RaelPresident, GGBACemail: [email protected]

In MemoriamIt is with a great deal of sadness that

we report the passing of the followingmembers:

Alex C. Andres, Sr.: A long timePSHS stalwart and President of theLTC Lloyd E. Mills Chapter, Mr.Andres passed away recently inRancho Palos Verdes, California at theage of 83.

Alex was transferred from the 57thInfantry (PS) to the HeadquartersCompany of the Philippine Divisionjust before the Japanese invaded the

Philippines. He survived combat, theBataan Death March and CampO’Donnell and continued in the U.S.Army following WWII, retiring as aCaptain.

He is survived by his wife, Marga-ret, three sons, Alex Jr., Danilo andConstantino; and three daughters,Annie, Marlene and Nenita; as well asseven grandchildren.

His family may be contacted at:1205 Bloomwood Rd., Rancho PalosVerdes, CA 90732 Tel: (310) 833-0779Fax: (310) 831-9698.

Major Eriberto Caranto: FormerPhilippine Scout and survivor of theBataan Death March Eriberto Caranto,86, of Huntsville, Alabama died onDecember 7. Major Caranto served 32years in the U.S. Army and worked forthe civil service until 1989. Survivorsinclude his wife, Socorro NiverbaCaranto; daughters, Milagros Rey ofSouthbend, Ind., Gertrudes Euler ofKnoxville, Tenn.,Frances Gumienny ofSmyrna, Ga., Digna Caranto-Werberof Huntsville;sons, Romy Caranto of

See In Memoriam: Page 10


The Scout Information Exchange isintended to improve communicationwithin the Society and between ourmembers and others interested in thehistorical heritage of the PhilippineScouts. It functions as an informationexchange, reporting on new articles,books and films on the Scouts, aidinghistorical researchers and solicitingadditional information on individualScouts and Scout units. Please contactus at [email protected] ifyou can supply information about anyof the questions posted or if you havequeries of your own.

We also are interested in photos andinformation on the military experi-ences of former Philippine Scouts,which will be added to our libraryarchives. Short articles on the exploitsof individual Scouts or Scout unitsmay be printed in our newsletter or onour website. Material may be submit-ted by e-mail or through the postalservice to Mike Houlahan, our PublicRelations Officer and NewsletterEditor whose address appears on thefinal page of this newsletter.

Bienvenido A. Acilla: Can anyoneconfirm that Bienvenido A. Arcilla(SSN 551-23-9177) was a PhilippineScout from December 11, 1941 toFebruary 10, 1945? He may haveserved with the 26th Cavalry, SignalBN, U.S. Army under Col. JoshaStansell.

Ruperto Balbarin: Eric Gutierrezrequests information about his grand-father, who apparently joined theScouts before WWII, around the late1930’s. He fought on Bataan, prob-ably with a Scout artillery unit. WhenBataan fell, he was captured by theJapanese and survived the death marchand imprisonment, prior to escaping ayear or so later. He later served withthe US Army in Korea.

Scout Information Exchange

While the PSHS is pleased to assist where possible in obtaininginformation on former and deceased Philippine Scouts, our archives are notextensive. More complete information often can be acquired through the

Department of Veterans Affairs.

To obtain a request form, please call your County Veterans Service Officeor the national VA at (800) 827-1000 and ask for VA Form 180 (RequestPertaining to Military Records). This form is also available on the VA

website www.va.gov.

You also may be able to get a copy of your relative’s military records bywriting to:

National Personnel Records Center9700 Page Road

St. Louis, MO 63132-5100

Other information of possible interest includes:Fact sheet for VA Benefits for Filipino Soldiers

http://www.va.gov/pressrel/filipvet.htmVeterans Benefits and Services for New Philippine Scouts

http://www.vba.va.gov/bln/21/foreign/scouts.htm

James Rowan “Doc” Billings: Mygrandfather served 13 years as aprivate. He could not read or write.I’m sure his records are all under DocBillings. When he married mygrandmother around 1915, he did notknow what his real name was. He hadjoined the Army at 14 around 1892 to1895, and had been called Doc formany years. My grandmother locatedhis family in North Wilkesboro, NCabout 1926 and they wrote to tell herhis full name was James RowanBillings. I have a faint recollection ofmy father saying something about thePhilippine Scouts. Doc was certainlyin the 43rd U.S. Infantry, Company D,when he was discharged around 1908 -10. He was discharged from the ArmyTB sanatorium in Fort Bayard, NM.

Capt. Joseph Rhett Barker: Theson of a former Scout is looking foranyone who knew the late Capt.Joseph Rhett Barker, class of 1938 atWest Point, and an officer in the 26thCavalry, PS. Capt. Barker, one of the

initial leaders of guerrilla movementson Luzon vs. the Japanese. He wascaptured in 1943 and was incarceratedand tortured at the infamous FortSantiago before being executed by theJapanese. The late Capt. Barker was anative of Birmingham, Alabama.

Capt. Edgar Hayden Dale, Jr.:Information has been requested onCaptain Edgar Hayden Dale, Jr., whowas born in Kansas, graduated fromthe United States Military Academy(Class of 1938), then joined the 57thInfantry (PS). He was captured onBataan and died in a POW camp inOsaka, Japan in February 1943.

Sgt. William Kilgore: Mitchell R.Sharp is looking for informationconcerning his Great Grandfather whomay have been a member of thePhilippine Scouts after the SpanishAmerican War. His Name: WilliamKilgore of Co G, 33 Regular U.S.Volunteer Infantry later to muster out

See Exchange: Page 9


Exchange: from Page 8

and become a member of the Philip-pine Scouts of 2nd Co Lepunte Scouts.Timeframe: 1899 through 1901.Location: A lot of correspondence isfrom the Santa Maria area. (Editorsnote: probably served with a group ofFilipinos contracted with by the U.S.Army as civilian scouts.)

Jack Labog: Jeff Consolacion islooking for information about the menwho served with the 26th Cavalry (i.e.list of officers, enlisted personnel,known survivors, etc.):

“I knew my grandfather was aPhilippine Scout but I was unaware ofwhat unit he belonged to until recently.He managed to escape to his province,Nueva Vizcaya after the unit waswiped out while traveling over theCordillera or Sierra Madre mountains.He was eventually caught by theJapanese when a distant family mem-ber turned him in. I believe he trav-eled with two or three other membersof the 26th whose provinces were alsoon that part of Luzon. (I would also beinterested in finding out who thesemen were.) My grandfather’s name isJack Labog if anyone knows anyinformation about him or would likeany questions asked from him pleaselet me know, as he will be returning tothe Philippines from California some-time in the next couple of months.”

Major Oliver Mayhew Ladd: Thegranddaughter of Major Ladd, 1885-1964, is searching for information onhis military service. According tofamily oral history, he served mostly inthe Philippines, from about 1910 untilhis retirement in 1931. He joined theUS Army after attending the ColoradoSchool of Mines in Golden Colorado.

He went to the Philippines as aCaptain in the US Army after theSpanish American War and wasProvost Marshal when Dewey came toPhilippines. He was the first com-

mander of the Philippine Scout Battal-ion, part of the US Army. He retired asa Major in 1931 after serving as aide toGeneral McArthur in the Philippines.

The granddaughter would appreci-ate information from anyone whoknew his sons (her father and hisbrothers), who were children whenthey lived in the Philippines. They areChester Reed Ladd, Oliver Ladd, Jr.and Dick Ladd.

Brig. Gen. Jose B. Lingad: Hisgranddaughter, Joselito Lingad DeGuzman, wishes to learn more abouthis wartime service, including his rankand position during the guerrilla war,and with who’s outfit he served. Shebelieves that he was a Major in artil-lery and later fought as a guerrillaleader in central Luzon. She believeshe was captured and tortured by theJapanese, but escaped and was aBrigadier General at the wars end.(Judging from this biodata, he prob-ably was not a Philippine Scout.)

Gabino M. Sopena: I am interestedin finding out any info on the serviceof my late father-in-law Gabino M.Sopena, who served as a Sgt. in thePhilippine Scouts. His home of recordwas Iloilo City, and he had previouslyserved in the Regular US Army in1918 with a Coastal Artillery unit. Hereturned to active duty with a unit ofthe Scouts in 1941 and was posted toGuimaras Island near Iloilo. Accordingto my wife, his unit was later sentnorth to participate in the defense ofBataan but we have no accurate infoon that. Any info on Gabino or thePhilippine Scouts units from the Iloilo/Visayans area would be greatlyappreciated! Jerry Nolan

Capt. Robert S. Walker: Agrandchild of Capt. Robert S. Walker,USA, would appreciate any informa-tion from Philippine Scouts who might

have fought with or knew his grandfa-ther, Capt. Robert S. Walker, USA,who was assigned to a PS field artil-lery unit shortly after arriving in thePhilippines in November 1941. Capt.Walker was in the Bataan death marchand died at Camp O’Donnell on 20May 1942.

Arthur W. Wermuth: I am inter-ested in obtaining any informationrelating to Arthur W. Wermuth, 57thInfantry (PS), the legendary “One ManArmy of Bataan.” Informed partiesmay contact me directly [email protected] or write me atJohn C. Fredriksen, Ph. D., 154Carpenter St., South Kingston, RI02879, 401-788-9016.

Lt. Wills: Information is sought ona “Lt. Wills”, who served with the 26thCavalry (PS). The last record thewriter has is from his late uncle’s diary,kept during captivity, which notes onJune 15, 1944, 7:30 p.m. that a “Lt.Wills” went overboard near Misamis,Mindanao, in an escape attempt whilebeing transported aboard the Benjo (?!)Maru to Cebu. “It was thought thatLt.Wills made good his escape. Doesanyone know what happened to him.Did he survive his escape and the war?Did anyone know him? What is hisfull name? Jack Brundrett

Lt. Col. Eddie Wright : In January,1945, Lt. Col. Eddie Wright, 45thInfantry (PS) came out of hiding in theBataan jungle and put out a notice forPhilippine Scouts in Bataan andZambales to come join him at his campnear Bamban, Bataan. He was organiz-ing a “Provisional Regiment of Philip-pine Scouts,” (PRPS) to attack theJapanese from the rear as soon asMacArthur landed. As I understand it,about 150 Scouts responded.

Does anyone know anything aboutSee Exchange: Page 10


In Memoriam: from Page 7Amarillo, Texas, Rusty Caranto ofBirmingham, and Daniel Caranto ofSan Antonio, Texas; 11 grandchildrenand five great grandchildren.

Major Richard M. Gordon:Veterans’ affairs activist Major Gordonpassed away on 7/26/03. At theoutbreak of WWII, Dick Gordon wasan enlisted man in the 12th MPs.Gordon survived combat, the BataanDeath March, incarceration atO’Donnell and Cabanatuan, a Japa-nese “Hell Ship” and slave labor inJapan. He wrote a book “Horyo” onhis experiences and founded theBattling Bastards of Bataan, a veter-

ans’ organization which erected aseries of monuments to the veterans ofcombat in the Philippines and lobbiedfor various veterans’ causes. He issurvived by his wife, Lyn, ofSchenectady, New York. (A moredetailed obituary is available on ourwebsite www.philippine-scouts.org.)

Brigadier General RoyalReynolds, Jr.: An article devoted toGeneral Reynolds life begins on thefirst page of this newsletter and on theHome Page of our website.

Constante R. Villalobos: FormerPhilippine Scout and long-time PSHSmember, Constante R. Villalobos, who

was born January 6, 1918 passed awayon October 4, 2003.

Constante was a member of thePhilippine Scouts Heritage Society,Tacoma chapter and served with the14th Engineers (PS). An ex-POW whosurvived the Bataan Death March, heproudly served 24 years in the USArmy.

He is survived by his two children,Clemente Villalobos, and Sheree Clarkand four grandchildren. He waspreceded by the death wife of 54 yearsRosa B. Villalobos.

Contact Ms. Sheree Clark at 3616N. 25th St. Tacoma, WA. 98406.

Exchange: from Page 9this organization? Did you, or anyoneyou know of, answer the call? I amlooking for any information aboutwhat happened to Col. Wright and thisgroup in January and February, 1944.Chris Schaefer

To view additional information onLt. Col. Wright contributed by Col.

John Olson, Major Fred Foz andMalcolm Decker, go to our websitemessage board at www.philippine-scouts.org/wwwboard.

Further information on the Philip-pine Scouts is available at the FortSam Houston Museum website

www.cs.amedd.army.mil/rlbc. Theportion of this site devoted to theScouts is available by clicking on “DidYou Know?” The Museum, located ona U.S. Army base in San Antonio, TX,is the official government repositoryfor Philippine Scout memorabilia.


Member ActivitiesAn important objective of

this newsletter is the encour-agement of our members toraise public awareness of theproud patriotic legacy of thePhilippine Scouts. Recentexamples of member’s effortsto accomplish this follow:

National President LarryPangan led a PSHS contin-gent of nearly 30 to the plaquepresentation ceremonies at theFort Sam Houston Museumin San Antonio and theNational Museum of thePacific War (AdmiralNimitz Museum) inFredericksburg. One plaquehonors the three PhilippineScout Medal of Honorrecipients and the secondhonors the more than 12,000 Philip-pine Scouts, who distinguishedthemselves defending the Philippinesduring the early months of World WarII, were presented to both museums(see above right: photos courtesy ofAniceto Bagley).

The Admiral Nimitz Museummounted the two plaques side by sideon their Wall of Remembrance. Theceremony included a bugler blowingtaps and several short speeches. TheFort Sam Houston Museum presen-tation included a color guard providedby the NCO academy and a luncheonat the historic General StillwellHouse following the ceremony. Ourgenerous host for the luncheon was theSociety for the Preservation ofHistoric Fort Sam Houston. Tours ofboth museums also were part of theweekend activities.

Speakers included President LarryPangan for the PSHS, Sue Marti andTacoma Chapter President JoeCalugas as Medal of Honor recipientfamily representatives, Admiral

Nimitz Museum Executive DirectorAdmiral C. D. Grojean, Fort SamHouston Museum Director JohnManguso, and National 1st VicePresident Sen. John Patterson gavethe benediction.

Other participants included MarArradaza, Ben Austria, MartinCallahan, Linda Carney, Col. Nicholand Edie Galbraith, Nita Guiang,Lourdes Escala, Nilda Malvar,National Historian Col. John Olsonand Mrs. Terry Olson, AngiePangan-Gasq, Ed Portner, AlfredoQuijano, GGBA Chapter PresidentCion Rael, Chris and ColleenSchaefer, Evangeline Stafford, andSteve and Mary Wood. Also attend-ing the Fort Sam Houston ceremonywas Major General Ralph Haines,the most senior surviving PhilippineScout. Public Relations Officer MikeHoulahan was master of ceremonies.

National First Vice President JohnPatterson continues to be active,representing the Society at service

clubs and as liaison with the WestPoint Museum housing a book andmemorabilia collection honoring hisuncle, Philippine Scout Medal ofHonor recipient Lt. AlexanderRamsey Nininger, Jr.

Patterson, a former Rhode IslandState Senator, succeeded in having abill reintroduced in the Rhode IslandSenate and House modeled aftersuccessful California legislationallowing legal action seeking compen-sation for unpaid wages and injuriescaused by Japanese firms using POWsas slave labor. This bill is scheduledfor consideration when the Senatecomes back into session next year.

National Second Vice PresidentMenandro Parazo appeared atseveral military events and awardsceremonies as detailed in the El Pasochapter report.

Besides organizing the Fort SamHouston Museum plaque ceremony,

See Activities: Page 13


Activities: from Page 12

John Manguso is making available toour chapters additional copies of theexcellent Philippine Scout exhibit hismuseum developed. Five of these arealready in circulation.

Lt. Col. Ed Ramsey was MilitaryMarshall for La Jolla’s annual paradeand was graduation speaker for WakeForest University ROTC class. ThePhilippine-American Exposition, heldin the Los Angeles Convention Center,honored him with the “HeroismAward” for his World War II guerrillaactivities. His book, LieutenantRamsey’s War: From Horse Soldier toGuerrilla Commander, co-written withStephen J. Rivele, is to be republishedin pocketbook size as part of Brassey’snew Memories of War series.

One of our more active membershas been Col. Mel Rosen, whocontinues to speak on his BataanDeath March, POW camp and HellShip experiences at a wide variety ofvenues, including universities, serviceclubs and civic associations. He alsowas the featured speaker at the FortLee, Virginia POW/MIA ceremoniesthis fall, which included a PhilippineScout exhibit provided by the FortSam Houston Museum.

National Historian Col. John Olsoncontinues his speaking activities onbehalf of the PSHS and participated inthe San Antonio plaque presentations.His most recent talk on the PhilippineScouts was in November to the TexasInstitute of Arts and Culture. Inaddition, he devotes much time toorganizing the Fort Sam HoustonMuseum archives on the PhilippineScouts and answering Scout-relatedquestions coming to our website.

Malcolm Decker’s book On aMountainside: The 155th ProvisionalGuerrilla Battalion Against the

Japanese on Luzon is at Barbed WirePublishing and should be releasedsoon. The book recounts the exploitsof Doyle Decker, Malcolm’s father,who fought in the guerrilla campaignagainst the Japanese following thesurrender of Fil-Am forces in thePhilippines. The book will be re-

viewed in a future edition of thenewsletter.

Chris Schaefer also is well alongon a book about guerrilla groups in thePhilippines during World War II. It,too, will be reviewed upon its release.

Photo courtesy of American Historical Collection archives, Rizal Library,Ateneo de Manila University, supplied by Waldette Cueto, curator.

See Activities: Page 14


Activities: from Page 13Major Fred Foz and fellow Scout

Gil Gutierrez participated in theVeterans Day parade in Wahiawa,Hawaii. Riding in 1942 vintage jeeps,the Philippine Scouts were acknowl-edged over the loudspeaker system asthey approached the grandstand. Asthe two Scouts ascended the grand-stand, they were met by Lt. Gen.James Campbell, CG of PacificForces. Fred presented him with acopy of The Philippine Scouts, ahistory edited by Col. John Olson. Inhis speech, Gen. Campbell introducedthe two Bataan Death March survi-vors, who then were given a standingovation. Footage of this was shown onHawaiian television and photos werecarried in at least one newspaper.Major Foz considers this recognition,

60 long years after they were captured,as a highlight of his military career.

The Fort DeRussy Army Museumin Waikiki has proposed honoringMajor Foz and two other survivors,Gil Gutierrez , 12th Medical Regiment(PS), and John Moyer, PhilippineDivision Headquarters, by purchasinga marker along the 65 mile route of theBataan Death March. This project is aresult of a speech Fred Foz delivered.

Newsletter Editor Mike Houlahanorganized and moderated a panelpresentation on the U.S.-PhilippineMilitary Partnership hosted by aMidwest regional meeting of thePilipino Student Association held atOhio State University. Other speakerswere Professor Paul Rodell, Depart-

ment of History, Georgia SouthernUniversity; Dr. Frank Jenista,Professor of International Studies,Cedarville University; Jose VictorChan-Gonzaga, a Philippine ForeignService officer. Houlahan also spokeon the American colonial experiencein the Philippines as part of the GreatIssues lecture series he coordinates inColumbus, Ohio and interviewed Col.Morris Shoss for an article. Col.Shoss, whose letter appears elsewherein this issue, was Executive Officer ofBattery C, 91st Coast Artillery (PS) atthe outbreak of World War II. Hesurvived POW camps and the sinkingof the “hell ship” Shinyo Maru,which claimed 687 Americanservicemen’s lives.


Major General Wainwright’s Letter to theOfficers and Men of the 57th Infantry (P.S.)

The following letter was supplied by Waldette Cueto, curator of the American Historical Collection, Rizal Library,Ateneo de Manila University in Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Philippines:


Sgt. Agapito Gayanilo and Company E,45th Infantry (PS)

This photo of Sgt. Agapito Gayanilo and the other bachelors of Company E, 45th Infantry (PS) wastaken sometime prior to the outbreak of WWII. (The Sgt. is marked with an X.) Also included areexcerpts from his posthumous citation. (Provided by his grandson, Rey Archide, who would welcomefurther information on his grandfather and Company E.)

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYOFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERALRecords Administration CenterSt. Louis 20, Missouri

By direction of the President, under the provisions of Act of Congress, 9 July 1918 and Executive Order 9419, 4February 1944, the Silver Star and the posthumous award of the Bronze Star Medal are awarded to Agapito Gayanilo,service number 6 865 825. The Citations are as follows:

SILVER STAR”For gallantry in action in Bataan, P.I, on February 2, 1942, lead a machine gun squad in displacing to a positionwhere it could deliver effective fire for the friendly attack. Before reaching its new position the squad was subjected toheavy enemy machine gun fire at close range from a gun to the front, and another to the left. This intrepid Sergeantplaced the squad under cover, crept forward and destroyed the gun to the front with hand grenades, returned andemplaced his gun, crawled to the left and accurately designated the enemy machine gun nest by throwing a handgrenade in it to draw fire, thereby causing its immediate destruction by the fire from its machine gun.” (Auth: GO 20,Hq. I Phil Corps, dtd 20 Mar 42)

BRONZE STAR MEDAL”For exemplary conduct in ground combat against the armed enemy during the Philippine Islands Campaign, in thePacific Theater of Operations.” (Auth: DA LO, dtd 7 Nov 52)


National Reunion – April 30-May 1/ 2004Registration Form

Name:_______________________________________________________________

Address:_________________________________________________________________________________

Phone:___________________ Number of people in party:______

Dinner menu choices: (indicate number of each):

Brochettes of beef_____ Chicken Wellington_____ Filet of Sole_____

Date of arrival:_______________

Registration fee: $40.00 per person (covers gala dinner and all events)

Mail check payable to: Golden Gate Bay Area Chapter (GGBAC) and mail as follows: GGBAC/PSHS, P.O.Box 179, Daly City, CA 94016-0179. Phone: (650) 756-9057.

Upon receipt of your check, your reunion reservation will be confirmed.

Lodging: Radisson Villa Hotel4000 South El Camino RealSan Mateo, CA 94403

Rates: One to four persons per room for $79.00. This is the same reduced rate given since 2002 for the PhilippineScouts.

Cut-off date: April 1, 2003. Arrange for your own hotel reservations. Call (800) 341-2345 or (650) 341-0966.FAX (650) 573-0164. e-mail: [email protected].

Four (4) persons in one room for $79 is a fantastic bargain!Call for reservations as soon as possible.


Our Philippine Scouts HeritageSociety Executive Committee greatlyappreciates donations to help under-write our newsletter. The newsletteralready has received generous dona-tions of $100 apiece from Sen. JohnPatterson and Col. Mel Rosen.

An annual subscription may beobtained by non-members for $4.00.Donation and subscription checksshould be made out to the “PhilippineScouts Heritage Society” and mailedto the address listed below:

J. M. HoulahanEditor, PSHS Newsletter6774 Lakeside Circle WestWorthington, OH 43085

Newsletter Fund

Meet Our National Officers and Chapter PresidentsBG (Ret.) Royal Reynolds, Jr.President Emeritus1521-23rd Road SouthArlington, VA 22202(703) 521-7325

Larry L. PanganPresident2233 Fox Glen Dr.Fairfield, CA 94533(707) 426-0134

Sen. John A. Patterson1st Vice President721 N. Quidnessett Rd.North Kingstown, RI 02852(401) 885-7776

Menandro Parazo2nd Vice President & PresidentGen. John J. Pershing Chapter6705 Morningside Cir.El Paso, TX 79904(915) 565-7607

Jose (Joe) S. AquinoSecretary & Past President14 Clara AvenueSo. San Francisco, CA 94080(650) 873-5272

Nora G. WarrenTreasurer92 Russell DriveAntioch, CA 94509(925) 757-3267

Nita GuiangAsst. Treasurer614 Brunswick StreetSan Francisco, CA 94112(415) 239-2342

Col. (Ret.) John E. OlsonHistorian1 Towers Park Lane #510San Antonio, TX 78209(210) 821-6017

Martin CallahanAsst. HistorianFort Sam Houston MuseumFort Sam Houston, TX 78209(210) 221-0019

Col. (Ret.) Melvin H. RosenSpecial Advisor3415 Arnold LaneFalls Church, VA 22042(703) 560-5557

J. Michael HoulahanPublic Relations Officer6774 Lakeside Circle WestWorthington, OH 43085(614) 847-1016

Manuel Mabunga, PresidentLt. Alexander R. Nininger Ch.1527 Stanford St., #3Santa Monica, CA 90104(310) 449-6964

Jose Calugas Jr., PresidentCapt. Jose Calugas Sr. Chapter2907 Narrows PlaceTacoma, WA 98407(253) 752-2573

Alex C. Andres, PresidentLTC Lloyd E. Mills Chapter1205 Bloomwood Rd.Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90732(310) 833-0779

Greg Ramos, PresidentMonterey County Chapter708 John StreetSalinas, CA 93905(831) 424-9084

Concepcion M. Rael, PresidentGolden Gate-Bay Area ChapterVeterans History Project Coord.P.O. Box 179Daly City, CA. 94016-0179(650) 756-9057

Philippine Scouts Heritage SocietyJ. Michael Houlahan

Public Relations Officer6774 Lakeside Circle West

Worthington, OH 43085

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Please contact us if youhave questions or wouldlike to become involvedwith the Philippine ScoutsHeritage Society!

You can access past issues ofthis newsletter on our website.

David RosenNewsletter Design and Layout737 Crystal Springs DriveWoodland, CA 95776(530) 668-1443

If you would like to contact usvia email, visit our website:www.philippine-scouts.org

Christa M. HoulahanWebsite Designer and [email protected]

philippine scouts heritage society contacts ... the rizal library, ateneo de manila ... philippine...

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