philhist halili

8/11/2019 Philhist Halili

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Renato Constantino

Teodoro Agoncillo

with


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Chapter I

Knowing Philippine History

1. Understanding History

Pulmer, ed. 1965: 16

It is by the possession and transmission of aculture that man differs from other animals,

and the first culture began with the habitualuse of tools and articulate speech


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Chapter IKnowing Philippine History

Nick Joaquin

History as culture is not merely a chronologicalreconstruction of the past nor an analyticalinterpretation of past events, but a process ofcreation or a formation of culture, specifically a

"national culture."
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Arnold Toynbee

Based on the idea that man responds to thesituation placed before him. His actions are basedon his thoughts. Thus, the society's way of facing

the challenges depending upon its capabilitiesuncovers the pattern of the society's history.

Mankind's approach in coping with challengesdetermines history.

CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE THEORY
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Alvin Scaff

Refers to the systematic statement of principlesthat govern the exchange of goods (tangible goodslike property or money and intangible goods like

peace or prestige) between individuals, betweengroups, between organizations, and even betweennations.

Exchange Theory
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Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831)

An idea is the moving force of History.However, man has tasks to do so that eventsmay happen.

embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, andunity. Since historical individuals are idealsand man follows his ideal, this thought, whichis guided by a particular ideal

Weltgiest or World Spirit
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Karl Marx

The prevailing economic system determines theform of societal organization and the political andintellectual history of the epoch, which thus

attribute actions and events in history to economicmotives.

Materialist Concept of History or Economic Theory
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Fernand Braudel

Father of historical structuralism Human actions are not only based on human

decisions but also on 'structures' that may be

natural (like topography and natural resources)or man-made (like existing laws andtechnological devices)

to achieve "total history" is to integrate allaspects of man's past.

Braudelian approach
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Teodoro Agoncillo

father of Filipino nationalist historiography

wrote the conditions of the Philippine past byanalyzing the conditions of the masses. His

efforts in rewriting history like othercontemporary historians were reactions to thetraditional presentations of Philippine history,being colonial and elitist.
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Renato Constantino

History is "the recorded struggle of people for everincreasing freedom and for newer and higherrealization of the human person." It is not about

the story of man as the individual, but man as theassociated man.
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Wilhelm Dilthey

Absolute objectivity is inconceivable. Since peoplegrow up in cultural environments, they haveimbibed the prevailing worldview in addition totheir own nature. The worldview that they have

developed are colored with perspective from whichpeople understand their environments and theevents that happen.
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Chapter I


2. Sources HistoryClassification

1. Primary Sources

Those that have witnessed the event that took place or have been

part of the incident being studied.

> These include written records (e.g. narratives, manuscripts, public

documents, letters, diaries), fossils, artifacts, and testimony from living

witnesses

2. Secondary SourcesHave not been part of the event being considered such as

magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, typescripts, and articles

written about the primary sources
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2. Sources HistoryMissionary Chronicles published by the various religious orders

assigned to the Philippines, which include the Augustinians,

Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects

Written by Dr. Antonio de Morga, The only secularhistorian in the islands before 1887

described the ancient artifacts that were recovered

by farmers in Luzon

Sucesosde las Islas Filipinasor (Historical Events of the

Philippine Islands), (Mexico, 1609), a book on 16th century

Philippines

Chapter I

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2. Sources History

SarsilaorTarsila -a genealogical record of thesultans or datus who tried to preserve the lineage

of the ruling class like the Sulu Sarsila and the

Maguindanao Tarsila

Written Filipino Muslims

Kitab-a book attributed to the late Hadji Butu Abdul Baqui,

Wazir of the Sulu Sultanate, who tried to record the historical and

personal events of his time-the early 20thcentury

Chapter I


Ch
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2. Sources History

Philippine Insurgent Records or the Philippine Revolutionary

Records - records captured by the United States Army during its

suppression of the Filipino resistance against American takeover

of the Philippines from 1899-1903

National Library- repository of Filipiniana materials established

in Manila on March 9, 1900 to honor the memory of American

military personnel killed during the Filipino-American War

Philippine Legislature passed Public Law No. 3477 in1928 providing for the separate entities to be called

The National Museum and the National Library

Chapter I


Ch I
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2. Sources History

Historical Data Papers or Provincial Histories - Pursuant toExecutive Order No. 486, s. 1951, issued by President Elpidio

Quirino and a follow-up order, Executive Order No. 39, s. 1963 by

President Diosdado Macapagal, public school teachers throughout

the Philippines were assigned to collect the histories and customs

of their localities

> These are intended to replace government records destroyed

during the World War II

Chapter I



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Ch t I


18/37

Alfred Marche

Frenchman who undertook the first major expedition in1881

Considered as the early archaeological undertakings in the

Philippines, in the island of Marinduque

Most of his collections are now with the Museede l

homme inParis, and some in Madrid

Feodor Jagor

Chapter I


German Traveler, reported having encountered a priest in Naga,Camarines Sur who collected artifacts from ancient graveyards

Chapter I
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19/37

Carl Guthe

Chapter I


Carried out the second major archaeological exploration

From the University of Michigan from 1922-1925

Purpose: to collect Chinese ceramics exported to the

Philippines from China, to look into the early Filipino-

Chinese relationship

Excavated more than 30 cubic tons of prehistoric artifacts.

They are now kept at the University of Michigan

Henry Otley Beyer

(1883-1966)

Father of Philippine Archaeology and Prehistory

Much of the archaeological discoveries from 1926 to theoutbreak of the Second World War was done by him

Born in Edgewood, Iowa who had married Lingayu Gambuk,

the 15-year- old daughter of a powerful Ifugao chief in

1910

Chapter I
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20/37

Henry Otley Beyer

Chapter I


Major archaeological site in Novaliches in 1926

Resulting from the construction of a dam for Manila's water supply

disclosed the importance of Palawan in the search of the early man

in the Philippines

Publication:

Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and

Provinces,a pioneering research activity in Philippine

prehistory

Larry Wilson, a mining prospector, assisted Beyer in the

exploration of numerous Pleistocene sites in Northern Luzon

Chapter I


21/37

Henry Otley Beyer

Chapter I


Fossilized remains of large mammals

Roamed the islands during the Middle

Pleistocene Epoch have been discovered in the

1920s. The fossils of elephas, stegodons,

rhinoceroses, and deer have been discovered in

Cagayan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Panay Island, and inNortheastern Mindanao. The elephas, stegodon,

and rhinoceros are now extinct in the country.

In Cabarruyan Island in Lingayen Gulf, a fossilized

tooth of a dwarf elephant was reported to havebeen retrieved (namedElephas beyeri)

Chapter I


22/37

Wilhelm G. Solheim II

Chapter I


conducted the first postwar excavations in Masbate

Island from 1951 to 1953

Alfredo Evangelista and E. Arsenio Manuel assisted

him in undertaking the work.

Between 1950 and 1954, Solheim was the research

associate at the Museum of Archaeology and

Ethnology of the University of the Philippines and the

librarian and curator of the American Historical

Collection of the U.S. embassy in Manila

Activities included extensive field experience in

Southeast Asia, as well as the various islands of the

Pacific Region

Chapter I
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23/37

Robert B. Fox and Alfredo Evangelista

Chapter I


both working for the National Museum of the Philippines,

undertook a series of test-digs in the caves of Cagraray,

Albay, and Bato, Sorsogon. Tradeware ceramics from China

and Thailand were recovered in Calatagan

Fox Led the Tabon Caves Archaeological Project in

Southwestern Palawan

unearth late Pleistocene human fossils and stone tools

and implements

Charcoal materials analyzed by carbon-14 technique

revealed the presence of man in the area between

22,000 to 24,000 years ago

Chapter I
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24/37

Chapter I


Fox

Human fossil bones of at least three individuals were

found. These included a large frontal bone, with the

brows and part of the nasal bones as well as fragments of

a mandible and teeth. Classified as modern man orHomo

Sapiens,these are the earliest known human inhabitants

of the Philippines.

Neil Mcintosh of the University of Sydney in Australia

undertook the analysis and X-rays of the Tabon skullcap

and mandible in 1975. Details showed the presence of a

thin fissure on the right side of the skull, which according

to Mcintosh, may have been the cause of death of the

individual. It was probably due to a fall or a bump on thehead.

Chief Archaeologist of the National Museum of the

Philippines in 1970

Chapter I


25/37

Marcelino Maceda

Chapter I


(1963-1964) From San CarlosUniversity, technically assisted by

the National Museum, conducted

archaeological excavations at

Kulaman Plateau in Bukidnon and

recovered a number of limestone

burial jars

Samuel Briones

a graduate student at Silliman University reported the

presence of limestone burial jars in several caves he

visited in 1966

Chapter I
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Karl Hutterer and Rosa Tenazas

Chapter I


San Carlos University recovered prehistoricartifacts in the middle of Cebu City.

Tenazas carried out archaeological excavations

in the Laguna area and recovered valuable

materials, mostly 10thand 14thcentury artifacts

in 1968-1969

Note: Robert B. Fox, Chief Archaeologist of the

National Museum of the Philippines in 1970,presented his new fossil discoveries such as those

of crocodiles, giant tortoises, pigs; and deer were

found in Cagayan

Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


There are some narratives that have

been previously accepted in Philippinehistory as facts but later were found out

to be historical errors.

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


These unhistorical accounts include the

Maragtas (Story), the Code ofKalantiaw, and the Legend of Princess

Urduja

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


Story of Maragtas

Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


Code of Kalantiaw

Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


Legend of Princess Urduja

Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


Maragtas is about the 10 Malaydatufrom Borneo who settled into the

Philippine islands. According to the Maragtas, at around 1250 A.D., 10 Bornean

datuand their families left their kingdom in search of new homes across the sea

to escape the merciless rule of Sultan Makatunaw. Led by Datu Puti, the

Borneans landed in the island of Panay and bought the lowlands from the Atiking named Marikudo in exchange for one goldsaduk(native hat) and a long gold

necklace for Queen Maningwantiwan. After the land sale and pact of friendship,

the Atis went to the hills. The Malay datus settled in the lowlands.

Story of Maragtas

Chapter I
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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


Datu Puti, Balensusa, and Dumangsil sailed northward to Luzon and

landed in the region around Lake Bonbon (Taal). There they built their

settlements. Dumangsil and Balensusa's families occupied other neighboringregions now known as Laguna and the Bicol Peninsula. Datu Puti left for Borneo

after he knew that his men were leading peaceful lives.

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

Chapter I


The other sevendatustayed in Panay. They divided the island into three

districts. Hantik (now Antique) was under Datu Sumakwel. Datu Paiburong ruled

Irong-Irong (now lloilo). Datu Bangkaya governed Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz).

Led by Datu Sumakwel, a political confederation of barangays (Madya-

as) was formed for purposes of protection and close family relations. The story

as told by Father Santaren, further described the expansion of the Malay settlers

to other parts of the archipelago. The legal code written by Datu Sumakwel alsoknown as the Maragtas Code was previously known as the "oldest known written

body of laws" in the Philippines.

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

p


The other sevendatustayed in Panay. They divided the island into three

districts. Hantik (now Antique) was under Datu Sumakwel. Datu Paiburong ruled

Irong-Irong (now lloilo). Datu Bangkaya governed Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz).

Led by Datu Sumakwel, a political confederation of barangays (Madya-

as) was formed for purposes of protection and close family relations. The story

as told by Father Santaren, further described the expansion of the Malay settlers

to other parts of the archipelago. The legal code written by Datu Sumakwel alsoknown as the Maragtas Code was previously known as the "oldest known written

body of laws" in the Philippines.

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

p


William Henry Scott (1921-1993)

Made the study of prehistoric source materials for the study ofPhilippine history, the subject of his doctoral dissertation at the

University of Santo Tomas. He defended his paper before a panel of

well-known historians on June 16, 1968. The panelists include Teodoro

Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, Nicolas Zafra,

and Father Horacio de la Costa, SJ.

Chapter I


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UNHISTORICAL DATA

p


According to Scott:

Maragtas is not a prehispanic document but a book written by Pedro

Monteclaro, a local historian of Panay

Monteclaro's publisher in 1907, noted that this Maragtas should not be

considered as facts, all of which are accurate and true.

The publisher pointed out that many of the author's data do not tally with

what we hear from old men. The author wrote that two of his manuscripts

were rotten and hardly legible.

None of these written materials were preserved for future generations. He

made no explanation about the date as well as the origin of his sources.

Neither were there claims to clarity. There is no tradition of recording history

nor legal decision in Panay during the precolonial times.

philhist halili

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