phd research proposal presentation sonia saddiqui 28 nov 2013
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PhD research proposal presentation Sonia Saddiqui 28 Nov 2013TRANSCRIPT
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PhD Research Proposal 28 Nov, 2013
‘On My Honour!’An Investigation into the Feasibility of Academic Honour Codes in the Australian University Context
Sonia SaddiquiSchool of Education
Department of Human SciencesMacquarie University
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Today’s presentation: Research rationale, Definitions Associated factors Current responses to managing
Academic Integrity Theoretical framework Research questions, aims and
methodology
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Research RationaleWhy research student academic integrity management?
Breaches are pervasive
Rates among students in the US have been as high as 64% (McCabe & Trevino, 1996)
70% of US college students self-reported breach behaviours (Whitley,1998)
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Research RationaleWhy investigate student academic integrity management?
HE Sector Changes
Focus on consistent standards, benchmarking, increasing accountability and monitoring (Bradley Review, 2008)
Government commitment to addressing academic integrity issues 4 x Office of Learning & Teaching Priority Projects
(2012-2014)
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Research RationaleWhy research student academic integrity management?
Breaches are harmful
Effects program efficacy Disrupt transmission of knowledge and the
assessment of student competencies
Undermines good scholarship Fails to recognise the contributions of past scholars
Creates culture of distrust Lack of faith in rules and policies leads to lack of
student satisfaction (AUSSE, 2008)
Perception of systemic unfairness
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Research RationaleWhy research student academic integrity management?Breaches are harmful
Damage to reputation University reputation – institutions and/or programs
become less desirable options for students Less likely to attract talented staff and research
funding Personal and professional reputation costs
Future professional unethical conduct Breach behaviour in university linked to breach
behaviour in the workplace (Sims, 1993; Thompson 2000)
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Associated FactorsWhat are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors commonly associated with increased likelihood of breach activity?
Impact of ICT
Lack of skills and knowledge
Differing pedagogical philosophies
Changing values and expectations relating to academia
Increasing competition and pressure
Peer influence
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Associated FactorsPeer Influence/ Peer culture Significantly correlated with the likelihood
of breach activity (McCabe & Trevino, 1993; McCabe & Trevino, 1997; McCabe, Trevino & Butterfield, 2002).
Students who perceive that breaches are commonplace are more likely to commit breaches themselves.
Peer disapproval of cheating is associated with decreased cheating (McCabe and Trevino, 1993).
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Examples of AI breaches Plagiarism Collusion Falsification Cheating in exams Ghost-writing Purchasing assignments Submitting the same assignment more
than once Sabotage Enlisting a proxy to take an examination Bribery
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Definitions used in AI literatureWhy are definitions important?
Because language, tone and register is important.
Terminology in AI policies often places students in the role of potential offenders, and academic staff in a policing and judgment role (Sutherland-Smith 2010)
Definitions and processes should encourage inclusivity
Legalistic definitions with moral overtones are limiting and limited
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Key Terms
Academic Integrity ICAI definition consists of 5
fundamental values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility (‘courage’ has been added to the latest draft) (ICAI, 2012, 2013)
Academic Integrity Breaches Behaviour that is incongruent with
these values (Gallant, 2008)
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Common TermsSome synonymous concepts Academic misconduct Plagiarism Academic dishonesty Cheating
51% of Aust. university AI policies used ‘academic misconduct’ and ‘plagiarism’ as key terms (Bretag et. al. 2011)
41% of Aust. university AI policies used ‘academic integrity’ as the key term (Bretag et. al., 2011)
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Defining ‘Academic Integrity Breach’
Any intentional or unintentional activity by a student that breaches the rules of an assessment task and/or the accepted standards of academic behaviour at an institution.
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Current ApproachesWhat are the characteristics of current AI management systems at universities?
1)Punitive
2)Pedagogical
3)Process & Policy
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Current ApproachesWhat are the characteristics of current AI management systems at universities?
Punitive Approaches
Basic Involves warnings, disciplinary outcomes Penalties as deterrence Emphasis on ‘catch and punish’ PDS (e.g. Turnitin) Can be devised and implemented quickly E.g. ‘academic misconduct penalties’
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Current ApproachesWhat are the characteristics of current AI management systems at universities?
Pedagogical Approaches
Logical long-term strategy Acculturation to academia Supportive Deterrence through equipping students with
skills and knowledge Can be tailored to suit particular disciplines ‘Good customer service’ E.g. learning support programs, online
modules, embedding AI elements into curriculum
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Current ApproachesWhat are the characteristics of current AI management systems at universities?
Process & Policy Approaches
Refers to the larger systems within which AI is managed
Policies – definitions, rhetoric & language, formulation, dissemination
Processes – Policies in action, informal processes
E.g. Training and induction for staff
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A holistic response is recommended(Devlin 2002; Freeman, et al., 2007; JISC, 2011; MacDonald & Carroll, 2006 and Park, 2003)
AIManagement
Punitive
Pedagogical
?
Process&
Policy
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The missing ‘P’? Participation!
AIManageme
nt
Punitive
Pedagogical
Participation
Process&
Policy
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Participatory Approach to AI ManagementWhat does it entail?
Establishing an academic integrity community Articulating common values Engaging students - more meaningful
involvement of students in AI processes and info. dissemination
Promoting shared ownership and shared responsibility of academic integrity
Students gain knowledge and experience through participation
More likely to create longer-lasting, positive cultural change in AI
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Participatory Approach to AI ManagementAre there existing models we can refer to ?
Academic Honour Codes
Provides an existing framework to refer to, adapt and build-upon.
Their effects and implementation processes have been studied.
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Participatory Approach to AI ManagementWhat are Honour Codes?
Honour Codes
Formalised codes that require students (and in some cases, staff) to abide by certain rules of ethical academic and personal conduct.
Most commonly associated with US institutions
Strong emphasis on community, trust and mutual responsibility.
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Participatory Approach to AI ManagementHonour Codes Types
Traditional Contracts, pledges, oaths Responsibility lies mainly with students Disciplinary committees may consist entirely of
students Students may be required to report breaches
and may be permitted unsupervised examinations
Modified Adapted from the traditional format to suit the
campus culture AI responsibilities are more likely to be shared
with staff
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Honour CodesUniversity of Virginia
Image source: http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1369399/thumbs/o-UNIVERSITY-OF-VIRGINIA-facebook.jpg
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Honour CodesUniversity of Virginia – Quotes from students & staffhttp://www.virginia.edu/honor/benefits-of-honor/#sthash.bShLksXL.dpuf)
“Honor empowers students to take ownership and responsibility for their community. Students do not pass through this University, they shape it.” - UVA student
The tangible meaning is obvious-no cheating, lying, stealing, etc. But I think on a more abstract level it has a general meaning of attempting to hold both yourself and the community to a desirable standard.”
- UVA student
“I would not want to teach anywhere a community of trust did not exist. It is an honor in itself to be accepted as a student or faculty member into this community.”
- UVA Professor
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Dan Ariely: ‘Why we think it's OK to cheat and steal (sometimes)’
<video removed due to size restrictions>To see the video, please visit youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUdsTizSxSI
Reference:
Dan Ariely. (2009, March 18). Why we think it's OK to cheat and steal (sometimes) [Video file] Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUdsTizSxSI
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Participatory Approach to AI ManagementHonour Codes
But can they work HERE?
Yes…provided there is:
‘Buy in’ from students
Endorsement by the university community
Embedment and institutional support
Effective dissemination
(McCabe, Trevino & Butterfield, 2002; Dufresne, 2004)
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Theoretical FrameworkPsychological Sense of Community (Sarason, 1974)Further developed by Chavis et. al., (1986) into4 Sense of Community Elements: Membership Influence Integration and fulfilment of needs Shared emotional connection
Aim? To assess presence, impact and evidence of Sense of Community elements in HC
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Research Questions
1. What are the main elements of Honour Codes?
2. How are Honour Codes created and maintained?
3. What do student and staff think of honour codes (or similar student-led model) in terms of: purpose, application, effects and viability (in the Aust. HE context)
4. (Maybe) How would an Honour Code (or similar) Society be implemented at an Australian university?
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Research Aims Create categories & classify
‘types’ of honour codes Identify honour code stakeholders
and their respective roles Identify honour code processes,
dissemination & application Ascertain staff & student attitudes
about honour codes Assess feasibility (Maybe) Develop guidelines for
implementation
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Research Method
This PhD research is attached to a current OLT Academic Integrity Study led by MQ: Academic Integrity in Australia – Understanding and Changing Culture and Practice (Oct 2012 – April 2014)
Ethical clearance (for OLT project + PhD) was granted by MQ HREC for the following: Focus groups (Ethics no. 5201300429) Interviews (Ethics no.5201300430)
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Research MethodResearch Questions 1& 2: Content analysis of honour codes using
Grounded Theory approach, informed by the 4 Sense of Community elements
Honour Codes will be sourced from the list of institutions cited by the ICAI (n=360)
Research Questions 3 & 4 Focus groups (n=26 students) Interviews (n=40 students + staff) who
play advisory, advocacy and administrative roles in AI, at approx. 20 unis.
Maybe…. Evaluation of pilot Honour Code Society
(part of current OLT study)