phcog 1.2
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ترکیب کیمیاوی گیاهان طبیTRANSCRIPT
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PHCOG-1.2.
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT
COMPOSITION
١
By Abdul Ghani Karimi
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy.
Date: 08/01/1391
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
� The chemical composition of plants is very complicated.
� Plant are the only organisms, that process organic
compounds from the minerals.
� There are about 21 chemical elements have identified in
plants.
� 16 elements ( C, H, O, N, P, S, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mn, Fe,
Co, Cu, Zn ) are common in the chemical composition of
all plants.
� Other five element consisting of B, Al, V, Mo, and I have
found in in some species.
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Inorganic
componentsWater
Organic
components
Constituents of Medicinal Plants
Primary Secondary
٣
Protein
Organic
acids
Vitamins
Enzymes
Lipids
Carbohydrates Mac.
Elements
Mic.
Elements
Na, K,
Ca, Mg,
Se, Cl,
and P
Fe, Cu,
Zn, B,
and I
Primary
metabolites
Secondary
metabolites
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WATER ( H2O )
� Plants contain a huge amount (70-90%) of
water, but varies in different part of the plant.
�Water play an important role as a medium for�Water play an important role as a medium for
biochemical activity of plants.
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PRIMARY METABOLITES
The primary metabolites are as follow:
� Proteins
� Carbohydrates
� Lipids
� Enzymes
� Vitamins
AND
� Organic acids
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1. PROTEINS
�Proteins are complex, organic compounds
composed of many amino acids and devided
into two groups.
1. Simple proteins: i.e. albumins, globulins, glutelins,
۶
1. Simple proteins: i.e. albumins, globulins, glutelins,
albuminoids, histones and protamines.
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ESSENTIAL AND NON ESSENTIAL AMINO
ACIDS
Essential Nonessential
Isoleucine Alanine
Leucine Arginine*
Lysine Aspartate
Methionine Cysteine*Methionine Cysteine*
Phenylalanine Glutamate
Threonine Glutamine*
Tryptophan Glycine*
Valine Proline*
Histidine Serine
Tyrosine*
Asparagine*
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2. COMPLEX PROTEINS (PROTIDES
Protides are conjugated with non proteinic
parts, which are classified according to
non proteinic parts. i.e. nucleoproteins, non proteinic parts. i.e. nucleoproteins,
glycoproteins, phosphoproteins,
haemoglobins …
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SOME EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX PROTEINS
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2.CARBOHYDRATES
�Monosaccharides: i.e. trioses, tetroses,
pentoses, and hexoses.
� Oligosaccharides
� Polysaccharides: i.e. starch, cellulose.
١٠
• Many carbohydrates such as glucose, cotton,
starch, Gums, mucilage inuline and pectins
play an important role in the
pharmaceutical industry.
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3. LIPIDS OR FATS
� Lipids are existed throughout plant organs, but mostly
in fruits and seeds.
� Lipids play an important role in the cellular
membranes membranes
� Lipids widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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4. ENZYMES
�They are proteins in nature.
�They act as biological catalysts in the process
of biochemical reactions inside the cells.
Corresponding chemical composition, they are �Corresponding chemical composition, they are
classified into two groups:
1- simple
2- complex١٣
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5. VITAMINS
�Vitamins are very important for bio-
physiological processes of living organism.
�They have different chemical structures
�They act as co-enzymes.
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6. ORGANIC ACIDS
� They are widely distributed through the plants
� They take role in plant respiration
� They are as intermediate substances in many
biosynthetic processes
� They are pharmacologically active (ascorbic acid,
nicotinic acid, citric acid )
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SECONDARY METABOLITES
� Secondary metabolites which are pharmacologically
active, synthesized from primary metabolites.
� Their biogenesis and storage will be different for each
plant.plant.
� They are complex compounds and belong to different
chemical groups.
� The important groups are: alkaloids, terpenoids and
glycosides.
� Other specific groups are also exist.
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BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY OF SECONDARY
METABOLITIES
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MINERALS
�They are divided into two groups:
1. Macro elements: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Se, Cl, P
2. Microelements: Fe, Cu, Zn, I, B.
�The elements can be in different forms as;
- soluble salts
- crystalic salts
- combined to organic substances
- etc.
P in ATP, Fe, Cu, Mo and some others in enzymes composition.
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THE END OF PHCOG-1.2.
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