Phases & Behavior

of Matter

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Phases and Behavior of Matter Goals

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1. Compare and contrast the atomic/molecular motion of solids, liquids,

gases & plasmas. 2. Explain the flow of energy in phase changes through the use of a phase

diagram. 3. Relate temperature, pressure, and

volume of gases to the behavior of gases.

Solid Liquid Gas

Review • Everything in the universe is either matter or energy.

• Physical Science is the study of matter and energy.

•Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

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1) All matter is composed of small particles (atoms). 2) These particles are in constant motion. 3) These particles are colliding with each other and the

walls of their container.

Kinetic Theory of Matter 4 Clip

Kinetic Energy • Kinetic Energy is the energy of

motion. • Temperature is the measurement of

the KE in an object. • So, the more KE the higher the

temp. • As the particles in an object gain

KE, the temperature goes up.

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Solids • Particles are closely packed together. • Most are geometric. • There are bonds between atoms/mol. • Rigid shapes. • Definite shape. • Definite volume.

6 Clip Amorphous Solids

Liquids

• Particles in a liquid have more KE than

particles in a solid.

• Liquid particles have enough KE to overcome

the forces that hold them together.

• The particles can now move past one another.

(flow)

• Definite volume

• No Definite shape.

7 Clip

Viscosity

Gases • Gas particles have

more KE than liquid particles.

• They have enough energy to break all bonds and escape the liquid state.

• No definite Shape

• No definite Volume. Gases fill their

container.

8 Clip

Gases are compressible

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Plasma o Most common state

of matter in the universe

o Extremely high temperatures.

o Contains positively and negatively charged particles

10.1 Clip

Artificially produced plasmas

•Those found in plasma displays, including TVs

•Inside fluorescent lamps (low energy lighting), neon signs

•The electric arc in an arc lamp, an arc welder or plasma torch

•Plasma ball (sometimes called a plasma sphere or plasma globe)

Terrestrial plasmas

•Lightning

•The ionosphere

•The polar aurorae

10.2

ReviewClip

o Force produced by high energy collisions strips electrons from atoms.

o Sun, lighting bolts, neon and fluorescent tubes, auroras.

TODAY in the computer lab

• PHET Phases of matter

simulation

• REVIEW

10.3

Changing State 11

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Boiling vs. Evaporation

Boiling is The vaporization of a liquid at its boiling point.

Evaporation is

The vaporization of a liquid below its boiling point. This occurs at the surface of the liquid.

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Sublimation • Some substances go from the solid state directly

to the gaseous state. This happens when a substance was below it freezing point and is suddenly moved to a location where it is above its boiling point

• EX: CO2

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•It takes energy to cause phase changes( soild-liq-gas)

•Removal of energy (gas-liq-solid)

Phase changes do not change the substance

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• The amount of energy required for a substance to go from a solid to a liquid is

called the

HEAT OF FUSION. • (EX) it takes 334,000 Joules of energy to melt 1 kg of ice. No temperature change.

0°C 0°C

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• The amount of energy required to change a liquid to a gas is called the

…Heat of Vaporization

• EX: It takes 2,260,000

Joules of energy to

vaporize 1 kg of water.

100 °C 100 °C

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Energy

Clip

• The triple point

of a substance

is the temp. and

pressure at

which the three

phases of that

substance

coexist • Phase

depends

not only

on temp.

but also

pressure.

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Thermal Expansion •When objects are heated,

they expand. •When they are cooled, they

contract. • Video Clip

19 When heat is added to most materials they expand.

Thermal Expansion

Typical expansion joints on a steel span

bridge.

19.1

Thermometers •Work because of thermal expansion.

• Because mercury expands and contracts uniformly, it was used in

thermometers.

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21

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Pressure (Pa)= Force (N) Area (M2)

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24 Gases exert

pressure on their

container

• Pressure: The amt of force exerted per unit of area.

• Gases exert pressure by colliding with “things.” 1.Other particles of gas

2.Sides of the container

3.Objects within the area of the gas, like you.

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•Formula For Figuring Out Pressure:

•P = F/A

•The Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of

pressure

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Clip

Boyle’s and Charles’ law

• Both deal with gases.

• Boyle’s Law

– As the volume

decreases, the

pressure increases.

• Charles’ Law

– As the temperature

decrease, the volume

of a gas decreases.

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Boyle’s Law • Relationship between volume

and pressure.

P1V1 = P2V2

You tube

Clip

Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2

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If you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase ( no Δt)

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Boyle’s Law A volume of helium occupies 11.0 L at 98.0 kPa. What is the new volume if the pressure

drops to 86.2 kPa?

P1 V1 = P2 V2 30

(V2)=12.5 L

(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) = (86.2 kPa) (V2)

P1 V1 = P2 V2

(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) = (V2)

(86.2 kPa)

• A sample of helium gas at 25°C is compressed from 200 cm3 to 0.240 cm3. Its pressure is now 3.00 cm Hg. What was the original pressure of the helium? – P1 = 3.60 x 10

-3 cm Hg

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Charles’ Law • Relationship between volume and

temperature.

In theory there is a temperature in which gases

ceases to have volume.

This temp. is referred to as absolute zero.

Absolute Temp. Scale T (K) = °C + 273.15 K

Charles’ Law 31

If you increase the temperature,

the volume will increase

Charles’ Law • V1/T1 = V2/T2 32

Charles’ Law 33

Charles’ Law What would be the resulting volume of a 2.0 L balloon at 25.0˚C that was placed in a container

of ice water at 3.0˚C?

V1 = V2

T1 T2

2.0 L

25.0˚C

V2

3.0˚C =

V2 = 0.24 L

34.1

.

0.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0°C. What will be its volume upon cooling to 25.0°C?

0.2 L

34.2

• PHET Phases of matter simulation

EOCT Practice Question:

A D C B

34.3

EOCT Practice Question:

A D C B

34.4

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Greek Mathematician 36

• Born: 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily Died: 212 BC in Syracuse, Sicily

• “There are things

which seem

incredible to most

men who have not

studied mathematics.”

• “Eureka, Eureka. I have found [it].”

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• Despite his mathematical prowess, Archimedes is perhaps best remembered for an incident involving the crown of King Hiero.

• As the story goes, the king of Syracuse had given a craftsman a certain amount of gold to be made into an exquisite crown. When the project was completed, a rumor surfaced that the craftsman had substituted a quantity of silver for an equivalent amount of gold, thereby devaluing the crown and defrauding the king. Archimedes was tasked with determining if the crown was pure gold or not. The Roman architect Vitruvious relates the story:

• While Archimedes was considering the matter, he happened to go to the baths. When he went down into the bathing pool he observed that the amount of water which flowed outside the pool was equal to the amount of his body that was immersed. Since this fact indicated the method of explaining the case, he did not linger, but moved with delight, he leapt out of the pool, and going home naked, cried aloud that he had found exactly what he was seeking. For as he ran he shouted in Greek: Eureka! Eureka! (eureka translated is "I have found it").

• Although there is speculation as to the authenticity of this story, it remains famous. Probably no other tale in all of science combines the elements of brilliance and bareness quite so effectively. Whether the story is true or not, there is no doubt to the truth of Archimedes understanding of buoyancy.

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Here is what Archimedes had found. Since an object immersed in a fluid displaces the same volume of fluid as the volume of the object, it was possible to determine the precise volume of the crown by immersing it in water. After determining the volume of water, a piece of pure gold could easily be made to match the volume of the water, and thus the volume of the crown. In theory, if the volume of the crown and the volume of the gold block are the same, they should also have the same mass. The only reason they would not have the same mass is if one of them was not pure gold. When the two objects were placed in a balance they did not have equal mass. Faced with this evidence the craftsman confessed to his crime.

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• Why is it easier to lift something heavy when it's underwater?

•Buoyancy!

•Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid on an object that is submerged in that fluid.

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Eureka: Buoyancy

Archimedes’ Principle • Deals with fluids and buoyancy.

• What is a fluid?

• Any substance that can flow.

• Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid on on object that is submerged in that fluid.

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Archimedes’ Principle • Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object.

•What does that mean? Describes how ships float. The more water you displace, the more upward force.

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• Pressure: The amt of force exerted per unit of area.

Blaise Pascal

• Mathematician, physicist, and theologian.

• Pascal's work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids.

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Pascal’s Principle •Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid.

•Toothpaste •Hydraulic Jacks

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F1A2 =F2A1

P1 = P2

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P1 = P2 Pascal’s Principle

• How much force will the

piston apply to lift the

monkey?

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Daniel Bernoulli

• Dutch-born mathematician.

• His most important work considered

the basic properties of fluid flow,

pressure, density and velocity, and

gave the Bernoulli principle.

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• As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.

• A plane's wing is curved so that the air going the greater distance over the top of the wing moves faster,

• Reducing pressure from above,allowing the lift from below to raise the plane up

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Amorphous Solids

• Lack highly ordered arrangement

• Melt over a temperature range

• Glass & Plastic

• Some scientist classify them as “thick liquids”

“without form”

Go Back to solids

•Amorphous solids are solids with random unoriented molecules

•Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices.

Viscosity

• Resistance to flow

The

End