phases and changes in matter. when they are close together, molecules are attracted through...
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Phases and Changes in Matter
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• when they are close together, molecules are attracted through intermolecular forces
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• within all matter, there is a constant competition between temperature and intermolecular forces. – when temperature wins the competition,
molecules fly apart and you have a gas. – when intermolecular forces win the
competition, molecules clump tightly together and you have a solid
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Five phases of matter1. Solids
– have a definite shape and definite volume– atoms can’t move out of place – often arranged in crystals that are atoms
arranged in regular, repeating patterns.
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2. Liquids– do NOT have a definite shape
• take on the shape of the container they are in
– have a definite volume– atoms are very close together and are free to
move • viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to move
or flow
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3. Gases– does NOT have a definite shape or a definite
volume– atoms are often very far apart from each
other but they can be pushed close together
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4. Plasma– most common phase of matter in the universe
• example: sun, a lightning strike, neon signs and fluorescent bulbs
– atoms split into positively charged fragments called ions and negatively charged free electrons
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5. Bose Einstein Condensate (be aware it exists; do not have to know anything about it)
– all the atoms act absolutely identical to each other – at incredibly low temperatures (less than millionths
of a degree above absolute zero) atoms lose their individual identities and form into a single blob
– they act as super-atoms or groups of atoms that behave as one.
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/what_is_it.html
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Phase Changes
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• substances can change states/phases by:– adding or taking away energy (heating or
cooling down)– increasing or decreasing pressure
• there are no chemical changes and therefore no new substances are formed
• the following “triangle” shows how adding or subtracting heat can cause a phase change.
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LIQUID
GAS SOLID
meltingvaporization**evaporation*boiling
sublimation
condensationfreezing
= taking away heat (cooling down)= adding heat (heating up)
deposition
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Boiling vs. Evaporation-- in more detail• Boiling
– happens above the boiling point of the liquid at a given pressure
– occurs throughout the liquid– can also happen if you remove some of the
outside pressure which is holding the molecules of the liquid in place.
• Evaporation– happens below the boiling point of the liquid– only occurs at the surface of the liquid
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