pharmacological review of caralluma r.br

Pharmacological Review of Caralluma R.Br.with Special Reference to Appetite Suppression and Anti-Obesity

Harish Chander Dutt,1 Surjeet Singh,2 Bharathi Avula,3 Ikhlas A. Khan,3 and Yashbir S. Bedi4

1Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, India.2Pharmacology and 4Plant Biotechnology Divisions, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.3National Center for Natural Product Research, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.

ABSTRACT Caralluma fimbriata extract has received Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use as a nu-

traceutical to combat the most serious public health concern (i.e., obesity). More than 260 species grouped under the genus

Caralluma (Family Apocynaceae) are distributed in tropical Asia and Mediterranean regions of the globe. Ethnobotanically,

some species have been used as traditional and modern dietary ingredients to suppress appetite. Many species of Caralluma

are commonly used as traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, diabetes, leprosy, paralysis, and inflammation and

have antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and antiproliferative activities. The genus is

known for compounds like pregnane glycosides, flavonoid glycoside, flavones, magastigmane glycosides, pregnane steroids,

steroidal glycosides, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic and nonaromatic volatile compounds, and b-sitosterol.An extract of C. fimbriata (Slimaluna, Gencor Nutrients, Anaheim, CA, USA) is used as an anti-obesity agent and appetite

suppressor. It is also seen that the pregnane glycosides isolated and identified from African Hoodia are reported as anti-obesity

and appetite-suppressant compounds. On reviewing the studies undertaken on the chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic

potential of Caralluma, it is concluded that the genus is also composed of pregnane glycosides as one of the major con-

stituents. Availability of pregnane glycosides in Caralluma is an indication of the appetite-suppressant property of this genus.

This coupled with the GRAS status of the extract of C. fimbriata has opened the possibility of developing an anti-obesity/

appetite-suppressant product from other species of Caralluma. The main objective of this article is to review the studies

undertaken on the plant in light of further research for anti-obesity drugs and nutraceuticals from species of Caralluma.

KEY WORDS: anti-obesity appetite suppressor Caralluma Indian Hoodia pregnane glycoside

INTRODUCTION

The genus Caralluma R. Brown, belonging to thefamily Apocynaceae, is composed of about 260 species,which are grouped in three different subgenera: Carallumasubgen.Boucerosia (Wight &Arn.)M.G.Gilbert,Carallumasubgen. Desmidorchis (Ehrenb.) M.G.Gilbert, and Car-alluma subgen. Urmalcala M.G.Gilbert.1,2 Caralluma isdistributed in the dry regions of tropical Asia, the southernMediterranean, and northern, central, and eastern Africa.The genus was previously placed in the Asclepiadaceaefamily but now has been merged into the Apocynaceaefamily under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.2

Morphologically, Caralluma plants are quadrangular,perennial succulents with small caducous leaves (Fig. 1).3

Some species (e.g., Caralluma adscendens or Carallumaattenuata) grow only in the warmer and drier regions andcannot withstand a temperature below 50F; however, they

can be grown in a greenhouse or window garden undercontrolled conditions. Species of Caralluma can be plantedin small open pots with maximum drainage. Seeds, cuttings,or divisions are all suitable for propagation; however, di-vision is the easiest approach for the multiplication of thespecies.4 Macroscopic and microscopic studies and detailednomenclature of the C. adscendens var. fimbriata have alsobeen presented in detail.5

Species of Caralluma are used as food in many partsof the world (e.g., in Indian desert states, fruits andyoung shoots of Caralluma edulis are used as a vegeta-ble by local residents). Thus, the species has becomeindeterminate, vulnerable, and endangered in Bikaner,Jaisalmer, and Jodhpur, respectively.6 It is also notedthat the very harsh desert conditions are not suitablefor the growth of Caralluma species and that theirhabitat is restricted to shaded niches between rockswhere dew is produced after cold nights.7,8 Carallumatuberculata and C. edulis are distributed in the NorthwestHimalayas.3

In vitro propagation of succulent plants including Car-alluma has been successfully achieved for conservation

Manuscript received 30 December 2010. Revision accepted 26 September 2011.

Address correspondence to: Harish Chander Dutt, Department of Botany, University ofJammu, Jammu 180006, India, E-mail: [email protected]

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL FOODJ Med Food 15 (2) 2012, 108119# Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. and Korean Society of Food Science and NutritionDOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1555

108

purposes.9,10 In addition, a species specific micropropagationprotocol is available for C. edulis and C. adscendens. Thesame protocol can be modified for other species of the ge-nus.11 An effective protocol has also been developed for thein vitro propagation of Caralluma sarkariae Lavranos &R.M.I. Frandsen.12

Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious publichealth concerns in the 21st century.13 In particular, child-hood obesity is a global epidemic and is increasing in bothdeveloped and developing countries.14 Excessive bodyweight is associated with various metabolic diseases and isknown to reduce life expectancy.15 Increasing rates ofobesity may be due to easily accessible and palatable diets;unchecked body weight due to high appetite is known as amajor cause of obesity.16

The major bioactive compounds in Caralluma are thepregnane glycosides.1722 These pregnane glycosides iso-lated from an African plant, Hoodia, are known appe-tite suppressors.23 Appetite-suppressant and weight lossproperties of Caralluma species are mentioned in Indiantraditional records and have encouraged the use of Gena-Slim (Country Life, Hauppage, NY, USA) capsules forbody weight control; the capsules contain the extract of C.fimbriata.23 However, the plant species is generally eatento treat obesity, whereas C. adscendens var. fimbriata isused by ethnic populations of middle India as an appetitesuppressant.23,24 In a double-blind, placebo-controlled,randomized clinical trial, C. fimbriatawas shown to be safebut to have no significant effect on body weight loss.24

However, the mechanism of action for weight reductionand the safety of C. fimbriata extract Slimaluna (GencorNutrients, Anaheim, CA, USA) have also been reviewed.25

In addition, use of the species has been described for otherbody ailments like malaria, inflammation, hyperglycemia,ulcers, cancer, etc. The important phytoactive chemicalpregnane glycoside is an important target for future re-search for anti-obesity and appetite-suppressant drugs andnutraceuticals.

ETHNOBOTANY

Traditionally the aerial parts of Caralluma species areused as a culinary herb and are cooked with meat duringwinter.26 Although the entire plant of Caralluma quad-rangula is edible, in some communities the juice obtainedfrom its stem is added to fresh milk and consumed as ageneral tonic.27 C. attenuata is eaten raw as a cure for dia-betes (anecdotal information from users), and the juice ofthe plant along with black pepper is recommended for thetreatment of migraine.28,29

C. tuberculata growing both wild and cultivated in Pa-kistan is either eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. Beside itsconsumption as food, it is commonly used in the treatmentof rheumatism, diabetes, leprosy, paralysis, joint pains, fe-ver and as an antipyretic in the northwest Himalayas.3032

Stems of C. adscendens var. attenuata and Caralluma la-siantha are eaten by the Palliyars community of WesternGhats, India.33 Stem tendrils of C. adscendens and C. at-tenuata are used for the preparation of chutney and curry inAndhra Pradesh, India.34 C. adscendens is cultivated in sa-cred groves of the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu and isused for its cooling effect and for curing ulcers.35 C. fim-briata, known as Indian Hoodia, has been used as anappetite suppressant in India since the Vedic times.4 Theextract of C. fimbriata has been released under the tradename GenaSlim for body weight control.23 C. fimbriata isalso used in traditional medicine to treat various conditionssuch as diabetes, pain, fever, and inflammation.4 The plantspecies is generally eaten to treat obesity, whereas C. ad-scendens var. fimbriata is used by ethnic populations ofmiddle India as an appetite suppressant.23,24 Likewise,Caralluma dalzielii is claimed to be medicinally importantin African traditional medicine.36 The juice of Carallumastalagmiferamixed with black pepper is recommended to betaken orally for treating migraine, and a decoction of thefresh stems is used orally for treating diabetes.37,38 C. tu-berculata (syn. Boucerosia aucheriana Decne.) is consid-ered a stomachic, carminative, and tonic and also used tocure diabetes and rheumatism.39

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Several species of Caralluma have been studied forphytochemical constituents, and many molecules have beenisolated and identified from the genus. In this context, dif-ferent classes of organic compounds of medicinal interesthave been reported from Caralluma. The phytochemistry ofthe genus Caralluma is characterized by many pregnaneglycosides, whereas megastigmane glycosides and fewflavones have also been isolated and identified from C.tuberculata, Caralluma negevensis, and Caralluma arabi-ca.1822 The chloroform extract of the aerial parts ofCaralluma russelliana yielded four acylated pregnane gly-cosides.40 In addition, the presence of pregnane steroids inseveral species has increased the range of chemical con-stituents in Caralluma.4042 Phytochemical analysis of C.adscendens var. fimbriata identified 12 pregnane glycosidesand pregnane steroids, one of which was identical to

FIG. 1. Fruiting plant of C. tuberculata, growing at the IndianInstitute of Integrative Medicine.

PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF CARALLUMA R.BR. 109

stalagmoside-V isolated from C. stalagmifera.41,43 In addi-tion to flavonoid glycoside (luteolin neohesperidoside), thewhole plant of C. lasiantha also possesses two bisdesmo-sidic C-21 steroidal glycosides.44 Two novel bisdesmosidicsteroidal glycosides have also been isolated from Carallumaindica.43 Moreover, five more steroidal glycosides havebeen isolated and characterized from C. stalagmifera.43

Pregnane ester aglycones have been isolated by acidic hy-drolysis of a fraction obtained from the alcoholic extract of

the aerial parts of Caralluma retrospiciens.45 Six poly-oxypregnane glycosides have been isolated and character-ized from leaves of C. retrospiciens.46 C. tuberculata ischaracterized by the presence of boucerin, dihydroboucerin,and caratubersides (Fig. 2).4750 Pregnane glycosides likecarumbellosides IVI and pregnane steroids includingbourcergenin, caraumbellogenin, and umbellosides IIVhave been isolated from the whole plant of Caralluma um-bellata.42,5155

FIG. 2. Structure of caratubersides CG, penicillosides AG, and russeliosides BE.

110 DUTT ET AL.

The petroleum ether extract of C. fimbriata gave a waxysolid hydrocarbon (i.e., pentatriacontane).56,57 C. attenuatais also known for the presence of hydrocarbons.58,59 3,4-Secotriterpene has also been isolated from Carallumaburchardii.60 Five steroidal glycosides and 27 pregnaneglycosides have been isolated and characterized from thewhole plant of C. dalzielii.61,62 Eighteen fatty acids, fourhydrocarbons (hentriacontane, tritriacontane, triacontane,and nonacosane), and b-sitosterol have been isolated fromthe ethyl acetate fraction of the vegetative parts of C. edu-lis.63 Edible parts of C. edulis (consumed in the Tharparkardistrict in Pakistan) possess a high percentage of water(95.8%), a low percentage of fiber (0.59%), and lowamounts of proteins (0.17%), lipids (0.23%), and carbohy-drates (2.52%). Moreover, the species is rich in Ca, Fe, P,and Zn.64 In addition, headspace analysis has recentlyidentified 74 volatile compounds (16 aromatic and 58 non-aromatic) and several fatty acids from stems and fruits ofCaralluma europaea.65,66 Thus it is clear that the genusCaralluma is a rich source of steroidal glycosides of thepregnane type (Fig. 2).6770

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographyultraviolet detection method has also been developed forthe determination of five marker compounds: boucerin(1), caraumbelloside I (2), caraumbelloside III (3), car-aumbelloside II (4), and caraumbellogenin (5). The methodidentifies the chemical fingerprint analysis of Carallumaspecies (C. fimbriata, C. attentuata, and C. umbellata) anddietary supplements claiming to contain C. fimbriata. Fur-ther application of this method has shown that C. umbellatacontains compounds 25, but C. attentuata and C. fimbriatado not show the presence of compounds 15. Two com-mercial extracts, one plant sample, and dietary supplementslabeled as C. fimbriata showed the presence of all fivecompounds. Further identification of these compoundswas confirmed by a more sensitive liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry technique. Caralluma is a genusof plants consisting of more than 260 species, and adulter-ation between species is quite possible, so that developinganalytical methods becomes crucial for product validity andsafety. An in-depth study of the chemical fingerprintingtechnique is in progress for identification of various Car-alluma species.71 Chromium has also been reported fromCaralluma, used as a hypoglycemic drug in Pakistan.72

PHARMACOLOGY

Caralluma species have been used for centuries in semi-arid areas of Pakistan as an emergency food, and thesespecies are also known for their antihyperglycemic activity.In this context, C. edulis has been evaluated for its antidi-abetic properties.7375 The medicinal properties of Car-alluma species have been attributed to their glycosides. C.fimbriata is an edible vegetable in the semi-arid regions ofWestern India and is well known as a famine food, appetitesuppressant, and a thirst quencher when its green folliclesare boiled and salted.73 It is surprising that no significantweight loss was seen in a double-blind, placebo-controlled,

randomized clinical trial on C. fimbriata extract (Slimalu-na); during the clinical trial the subjects were tested forchanges in key indicatorsnamely, weight loss, includinganthropometry, body fat composition, body mass index, netweight, and systemic functions.20 However, based on asafety study, the extract of C. fimbriata, was assignedGenerally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status on June 30,2006, which has allowed the nutraceutical industry to startdeveloping products with Slimaluna.76,77 The mechanism ofaction for weight reduction and safety of C. fimbriata hasbeen reviewed and found to be similar to mechanisms pro-posed for Garcinia cambogia except for its direct effect onthe hypothalamus.78 The mechanism of action of G. cam-bogia has proven to be safe for those desiring to loseweight.79 In addition, clues to how C. fimbriata works toreduce weight may come from our knowledge of G. cam-bogia. The active component in G. cambogia is hydro-xycitrate, which has been reported to cause weight loss inhumans without stimulating the central nervous system.78

Because it is a competitive inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase, anextramitochondrial enzyme is involved in the initial steps ofde novo lipogenesis.78 Consequently, hydroxycitrate re-duces the transformation of citrate into acetyl-coenzyme A,a step necessary for the formation of fatty acids in the liver.It is believed that the pregnane glycoside blocks the activityof citrate lyase enzyme, thereby inhibiting fatty acid bio-synthesis. Furthermore, it also blocks formation of malonyl-coenzyme A, thereby encouraging stored fatty acid oxida-tion (Fig. 3). Therefore, this is more effective than othersuch compounds that block the fat biosynthesis at one step

FIG. 3. Schematic diagram showing the effect of pregnane glyco-sides on the formation of fatty acid. CoA, coenzyme A; iP, inorganicphosphate; OAA, oxaloacetic acid.


Table1.SummaryofChemicalConstituents,Bioactivity,andEthnobotanicalUsesofCarallumaSpecies

Studynumber

Nameofplantspecies

Majorchem

icalconstituents

Bioactivity

Ethnobotany

1C.adscendensR.Br.

NA

NA

Speciesisusedforitscoolingeffect

andto

cure

ulcersin

theMaduari

districtofTam

ilNadu35

2C.adscendensvar.fimbriata

(Wall.)

Gravely&

Mayur

Pregnaneglycosides,steroid

41

NA

Usedbypeople

ofcentral

India

asappetitesuppressant24

3C.adscendensvar.attenuata

(Wight)

Grav.&

Mayur

NA

NA

Eaten

asavegetable

bythePalliyar

communityofwestern

Ghats;people

ofAndhra

Pradeshuse

thetender

stem

sto

preparechutney

and

curry

33,34

4C.arabicaN.E.Br.

Flavonoids19

Antinociceptive,anti-inflam

matory,

antigastric

ulcer,andcytoprotective

properties

8991

NA

5C.attenuata

Wight

Hydrocarbons58,59

Antihyperglycemic,anti-inflam

matory,

andantinociceptive2

8,74,92

Eaten

raw

asacure

fordiabetes,and

juicewithblack

pepper

isusedto

treatmigraine2

8,29

6C.burchardiiN.E.Br.

3,4-Secotriterpene6

0NA

NA

7C.dalzieliiN.E.Br.

Steroidal

glycosides,pregnane

glycosides

36,61,62

Antiproliferative3

6Thespeciesisclaimed

asamedicinal

herbin

African

traditional

medicine3

6

8C.edulisBenth.ex

Hook.f.

b-Sitosterol,hydrocarbons,

fattyacids6

3

Antioxidant,antidiabetic26,75

NA

9C.europaea

(Guss.)N.E.Br.

Essential

oils65,66

NA

NA

10

C.fimbriata

Wall.

n-Pentatriacontaneandother

hydrocarbons5659

Anti-obesity23,24

Besideuse

asan

appetitesuppressantin

Indiasince

theVedictimes,itisalso

usedto

treatvariousconditionssuch

asdiabetes,pain,fever,and

inflam

mation4

11

C.flava

N.E.Br.

Antioxidant27

NA

12

C.indicaN.E.Br.

Bisdesmosidic

steroidal

glycoside4

3NA

NA

(continued)

112

Table1.(Continued)

Studynumber

Nameofplantspecies

Majorchem

icalconstituents

Bioactivity

Ethnobotany

13

C.lasianthaN.E.Br.

Luteolinneohesperidoside

bisdesmosidic

C-21steroidal

glycoside4

4

NA

ThespeciesiseatenbythePalliyar

communityas

avegetable33

14

C.negevensisZoharyex

Feinbrun

Megastigmaneglycosides,

flavones

18,21

NA

NA

15

C.penicillata

N.E.Br.

Pregnaneglycosides,penicilloside9

3Antitrypanosomal,antiplasm

odial93,94

NA

16

C.quadrangula

N.E.Br.

NA

Itisusedas

ageneral

tonic27

17

C.retrospiciensN.E.Br.

Polyoxypregnaneglycosides,pregnane

esteraglycones

45,46

NA

NA

18

C.russelliana(Courbonex

Brongn.)

Cufod.

Pregneneglycosides,acylatedpregnane

glycosides

40

Antitrypanosomal,antiplasm

odial93,94

NA

19

C.sinaicaA.Berger

Coumarins,terpenoids,glycosides,

tannins,phenoliccompounds95

Insulinpromoter,hypoglycemic,and

anti-inflam

matory

9698

NA

20

C.stalagmiferaC.E.C.Fisch.

Stalagmoside-V,steroidal

glycosides

43

NA

Thejuiceoftheplantspecieswith

black

pepper

isgiven

orallyto

treat

migraine;

decoctionoffreshstem

isusedorallyto

treatdiabetes

37,85

21

C.tuberculata

N.E.Br.

Flavoneglycosides,bourcerin,

dihydrobourcerin,caratubersides,

pregneneglycosides

22,38,4750,93

Antimalarial,antitrypanosomal,

antiplasm

odial,hypoglycemic,and

gastric

mucosa

protective9

3,94,99101

Thespeciesiseatenraworcooked

asa

vegetable,isusedtherapeutically,

andisapotentantidiabetic,

antipyretic,stomachic,carm

inative,

tonic,andantirheumatic.Itisalso

usedto

cure

leprosy

30,31,39,47,101

22

C.umbellata

Haw

.Carumbellosides,pregnene-type

steroid,bourcergenin,

caraumbellogenin

5154

NA

NA

NA,notavailable.

113

only. Simultaneously, appetite suppression activity of C.fimbriata is hypothesized as a secondary effect on the ap-petite control center of the brain.78 Hydroxycitrate has beendemonstrated to reduce food intake in animals, suggesting arole in the treatment of obesity, and has been demonstratedto increase the availability of serotonin in isolated rat braincortex, which could affect satiety.8087 More specifically, itis believed that the pregnane glycosides in C. fimbriata in-hibit the hunger sensory mechanisms of the hypothalamus.However, it is unclear how pregnane glycosides and theirrelated molecules suppress appetite, although it is thoughtthat they amplify the signaling of the energy sensing func-tion in the basal hypothalamus.88

Safety reports of C. fimbriata, to be consumed at re-commended doses, are in consonance with the use of cactusin the food chain without any significant adverse side effect,its listing in Wealth of India as a famine food, testimonialsby individuals for its use as a raw vegetable, its established50% lethality dose (> 5 g/kg), and clinical studies revealingno significant adverse effects.1921 Pregnane glycosidesisolated from genus Caralluma (Caralluma penicillata, C.tuberculata, and C. russelliana) showed antitrypanosomaland antiplasmodial activity (Tables 1 and 2).93,94 In additionto this, six compounds isolated from C. tuberculata havebeen tested for antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activities;the antitrypanosomal activities were found to be more ef-fective than the antimalarial activity (Tables 1 and 2).100 Theethanolic extract of C. tuberculata has also been screenedfor its potential to protect gastric mucosa against the injuriescaused by 80% ethanol, 0.2M NaOH, hypertonic saline, andindomethacin.99,102

Because of the strong antioxidant activity in the extractsderived from aerial parts of C. edulis, the extracts fromCaralluma species are the object of increasing interestfor nutraceutical companies.22 C. arabica has also shownanti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antinociceptive,gastric mucosa protective, and antiulcer properties (Tables 1and 3).15,16,24,8991,99 Extracts of C. stalagmifera are reportedto possess anti-inflammatory activity.33 Caralluma flavashowed weaker antioxidant activities in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (Tables 1 and 3).23 Administration ofCaralluma sinaica extract in different doses (50, 100, 150,and 200mg/kg, p.o.) to normal rabbits caused significant(P < .01) decreases in glucose levels. C. sinaica has alsobeen reported to contain chemical constituents like cou-marins, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, andphenolic compounds. However, the exact chemical con-stituent responsible for the hypoglycemic effect remainsunknown (Tables 1 and 3).98 Several investigators haveshown that phenolic compounds (e.g., tannins, coumarins,and flavonoids), triterpenoids, and most of the othersecondary plant metabolites possess hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects in various experimental animal mod-els.9597 The fresh juice of C. tuberculata has been reportedto possess hypoglycemic activity.101 C. attenuata alsopossesses significant antihyperglycemic activity (Tables 1and 3).74,92 It is also known that the decrease in fasting bloodglucose levels with aqueous and alcoholic extracts is com-

parable to that of a 100mg/kg tolbutamide dose.103 C. at-tenuate contains luteolin-4-O-neohesperidoside with asignificant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity;similarly, C. umbellata has also been evaluated foranti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity (Tables 1and 3).15,24

Several members of the genus Caralluma have beenfound to be medicinally active in the treatment of rheuma-tism, diabetes, and leprosy and as antiseptics and disinfec-tants.104 In several pharmacological studies on species ofCaralluma, some of the isolated pregnane glycosides ortheir esters showed antitumor activity, and others werepostulated to be precursors of cardenolides.55,105108 Com-bined treatment with C. tuberculata and cyclophosphamideshowed that the species diminished the effect of cyclo-phosphamide on DNA levels; however, RNA levels werefurther suppressed, resulting in increased cytotoxicity.102

Steroidal glycosides and pregnane glycosides isolated fromC. dalzielii were tested for their antiproliferative activity onmurine monocyte/macrophage cell lines ( J774.A1), humanepithelial kidney cell lines (HEK-293), and murine fibro-sarcoma cell lines (WEHI-164) cell lines; moderate to highpotency of cytotoxicity was found in almost all testedcompounds, confirming the significant cytotoxic activity ofpregnane glycosides (Tables 1 and 2).31,43 Antifungal andanthelmintic activities of C. fimbriata Wall. has also beenstudied in detail.109

CONCLUSIONS

The genus Caralluma is composed of about 260 species,the ethnobotanical properties of some of which have beendescribed. Caralluma species have been extensively usedfor the treatment of various ailments. The phytochemicalanalysis revealed that a large number of active compoundshave been isolated from different species of Caralluma. Thepharmacological data summarized in this review reveal thatno work has been conducted on the isolated compounds foranti-obesity and appetite-inhibitory activities. Only onedrug from C. fimbriata has been released under the tradename Genaslim for body weight control, but the clinicaltrials on the product does not support appetite-suppressantactivity in the extract even though GRAS status has beengiven to the extract of C. fimbriata (Slimaluna). Becauseonly the extract of C. fimbriata is believed to be an anti-obesity agent and appetite suppressor and no significantscientific evidence supports such uses, therefore more re-search on the active biomolecules within the extract andother species of this genus is required. Other biologicalactivities suggest possible leads for researchers to discoverherbal or galenic remedies with bona fide effects, but mostof the evidence remains suggestive but not conclusive sofurther phytochemical and pharmacological research isneeded. Additional interventions are needed to address themost serious public health concerns (i.e., obesity and dia-betes) prevailing in developed and developing countries;therefore plants in the genus Caralluma should be furtherevaluated for their safety and efficacy. Several other

114 DUTT ET AL.

Table2.Compounds/ExtractofCarallumaShowingtheBioactivities(InVitro),Dose,Model,andToxicity

Activity,

extract/pure

compound

IC50

(lg/mL)

Model/modeof

administration

Cytotoxicity

on

MRC5IC

50(lg/mL)

References

Antitrypanosomal

TrypanosomabruceibruceiGUTat

3.1

strain

(invitro)

Petroleum

ether-soluble

fractionofmethanol

extractofC.tuberculata

0.5

62.6

93,94,100

Chloroform

-soluble

fractionofmethanolextract

ofC.tuberculata

3.5

62.6

93,94,100

Petroleum

ethersoluble

fractionofC.tuberculata

0.5

0.8

100

CHCl 3extractofC.tuberculata

3.5

62.6

100

PenicillosideA

7.07

>100

100

PenicillosideB

>12.5

ND

100

PenicillosideC

8.44

>100

100

PenicillosideD

9.51

0.25

100

PenicillosideE

1.01(1.83)a

0.34

100

PenicillosideF

6.04(9.09)a

100

100

RusseliosideB

>12.5

ND

100

RusseliosideC

>12.5

ND

100

RusseliosideD

>12.5

ND

100

RusseliosideE

7.03

>100

100

Melarsoprol(control)

11106

1.4

100

Pentamidine(control)

11104

5.7

100

Suramine(control)

1.58

>100

100

Effornithine(control)

2.27

>100

100

Antiplasm

odial(antimalarial)

Petroleum

ether-soluble

fractionofmethanol


>1.56

Chloroquine-resistantPlasm

odium

falciparumstrain

(K1)

andsensitivestrain

(FCR3)(invitro)

62.6

94

Petroleum

ether


7.94

Drug-resistantstrain

ofP.falciparum(K1)(invitro)

0.8

100

FractionC-2

6.2



5.0

100

FractionC-3

7.0



ND

100

FractionC-4

>12.5



ND

100

FractionC-5

>12.5



ND

100

FractionC-2

3.0

Drug-sensitivestrain

ofP.falciparum(FCR3)(invitro)

5.0

100

FractionC-3

5.0



ND

100

FractionC-4

11.0



ND

100

FractionC-5

4.8



ND

100

CaratubersideC

7.0



22.28

100

CaratubersideD

6.2



17.75

100

CaratubersideE

>12.5



64.11

100

CaratubersideF

10.8



19.20

100

CaratubersideG

6.6



>100

100

Artem

isinin

(control)

0.005



45.1

100

Chloroquine(control)

0.17



18.5

100

Antiproliferative

36

Pregnaneglycosides

b0.0500.71lM

J774AI

NA

0.060.95lM

HEK-293

NA

0.0920.2lM

WEHI-164celllines

NA

90%

inhibitory

concentration(lg/m

L).

bTwenty-six

glucosides

havebeenstudiedforantiproliferativeactivityin

threecelllines.Therangeof50%

inhibitory

concentration(IC50)values

aregiven.

NA,notavailable;ND,notdetermined.

115

objectives such as genetic engineering for improved syn-thesis of desired metabolites in the species should be also beincluded in future research.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No competing financial interests exist.

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Table3.Compounds/ExtractofCarallumaShowingBioactivities,Dose

Range,Dose,Model,andToxicity

Biologicalactivity

Extract/pure

compounds

Dose

range

Effective

dose

Model

Toxicity/references

Antidiabetic

C.sinacia80%

ethanolic

extract

50200mg/kg

100mg/kg

Malealbinorabbits

Notoxic

effect

upto

200mg/kg98

Butanolextractof

C.attenuata

NA

250mg/kg

Rats

Notoxic

effects74

Aqueousextractof

C.attenuata

NA

100mg/kg

Rats

92

Antinociceptive

10%

ethanolicextract

200400mg/kg

NA

Mice/rats

90

Carabelloside-1

NA

Mice

20

Antigastric

10%

ethanolicextract

200400mg/kg

NA

91

Ethanolicextractof

C.tuberculata

250,500,1000mg/kg

Rats

Notoxic

effects99

Anti-inflam

matory

Luteolin-4-O

-neohisperidoside

NA

NA

NA

28

Anti-obesity(clinical

trial)

C.fimbriata

extract

NA

LD50=5g/kg

Humans

Notoxic

effects23,24

Antioxidant(chem

ical

method;cell-freesystem

)C.flava

(whole

plantextract)

NA

31.51.0;3350.5

DPPHassay;phosphomolybdate

assay

27

C.quadrangula

(shole

plant)

NA

14.51.4;89929.5

DPPHassay;phosphomolybdate

assay

27

DPPH,2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl;LD50,50%

lethalitydose;NA,notavailable.

116 DUTT ET AL.

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