ph. d thesis - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3369/12/12_bibliography.pdf ·...

59
Ph. D Thesis 267 Acosta-Martínez, V., and Tabatabai, M. A. (2000). Enzyme activities in a limed agricultural soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31:85-91. Adam, G. Duncan H. (2001). Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a range of soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 943-951. Aizen, M. A., Morales, C. L. and Morales, J. M. (2008) Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. PLoS Biol 6:396403 AK Weed Database. 2004. Database of exotic vegetation collected in Alaska. University of Alaska, Alaska Natural Heritage Program US Forest Service National Park Service Database. Available: http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/ Allaie, R. R., Reshi, Z. and Wafai, B. A. (2005). Demographic plasticity in relation to growth and resource allocation pattern in Anthemis cotula - An alien invasive species in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 4: 63-74. Allaie, R. R., Reshi, Z., Rashid, I and Wafai, B. A. (2006). Effect of aqueous leaf leachate of Anthemis cotulaan alien invasive species on germination behaviour of some field crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192: 186-191. Allen, M. F. (1991). The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge university press, Cambridge UK. Allen, O. N. and Allen, E. K. (1981). The Leguminosae. A source book of characteristics, uses and nodulation. Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press. Allison, S. D. and Vitousek, P. M. (2004). Extracellular enzyme activities and carbon chemistry as drivers of tropical plant litter decomposition. Biotropica 36: 285296. Allison, V. J. and Miller, R. M. (2005). Soil grinding increases the relative abundance of eukaryotic phospholipid fatty acids. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69: 423426. Allison, S. D., Nielsen, C. and Hughes, R. F. (2006). Elevated enzyme activities in soils under the invasive nitrogen-fixing tree Falcataria moluccana. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:15371544. doi:10.1016/j. soilbio.2005.11.008. Amador, J. A., Glucksman, A. M., Lyons, J. B. and Gorres, J. H. (1997). Spatial distribution of soil phosphatase activity within a riparian forest. Soil Sci. 162: 808825.

Upload: lediep

Post on 08-Mar-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Ph. D Thesis

267

Acosta-Martínez, V., and Tabatabai, M. A. (2000). Enzyme activities in a limed

agricultural soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31:85-91.

Adam, G. Duncan H. (2001). Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the

measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a

range of soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 943-951.

Aizen, M. A., Morales, C. L. and Morales, J. M. (2008) Invasive mutualists erode native

pollination webs. PLoS Biol 6:396–403

AK Weed Database. 2004. Database of exotic vegetation collected in Alaska. University

of Alaska, Alaska Natural Heritage Program – US Forest Service – National Park

Service Database. Available: http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/

Allaie, R. R., Reshi, Z. and Wafai, B. A. (2005). Demographic plasticity in relation to

growth and resource allocation pattern in Anthemis cotula - An alien invasive

species in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental

Research 4: 63-74.

Allaie, R. R., Reshi, Z., Rashid, I and Wafai, B. A. (2006). Effect of aqueous leaf

leachate of Anthemis cotula—an alien invasive species on germination behaviour

of some field crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192: 186-191.

Allen, M. F. (1991). The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge university press,

Cambridge UK.

Allen, O. N. and Allen, E. K. (1981). The Leguminosae. A source book of characteristics,

uses and nodulation. Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.

Allison, S. D. and Vitousek, P. M. (2004). Extracellular enzyme activities and carbon

chemistry as drivers of tropical plant litter decomposition. Biotropica 36: 285–296.

Allison, V. J. and Miller, R. M. (2005). Soil grinding increases the relative abundance of

eukaryotic phospholipid fatty acids. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69: 423–426.

Allison, S. D., Nielsen, C. and Hughes, R. F. (2006). Elevated enzyme activities in soils

under the invasive nitrogen-fixing tree Falcataria moluccana. Soil Biol. Biochem.

38:1537–1544. doi:10.1016/j. soilbio.2005.11.008.

Amador, J. A., Glucksman, A. M., Lyons, J. B. and Gorres, J. H. (1997). Spatial

distribution of soil phosphatase activity within a riparian forest. Soil Sci. 162:

808–825.

Ph. D Thesis

268

Anderson, J. P. E and Domsh, K. H. (1978). A physiological method for the quantitative

measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10: 215-221.

Angeloni, N. L., Jankowski, K. J., Tuchman, N. C. and Kelly, J. J. (2006). Effects of an

invasive cattail species (Typha glauca) on sediment nitrogen and microbial

community composition in a fresh water wetland FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 263: 86–

92.

Araújo, A., Paulo, P., Claude, D. and Jean, J. (2008). Phosphatase and phytase activities

in nodules of common bean genotypes at different levels of phosphorus supply.

Plant and Soil 312:129-138.

Archibold, O. (1981). Buried viable propagules in native prairie and adjacent agricultural

sites in central Saskatchewan. Can. J. Bot. 59: 701–706.

Ashton, I. W., Hyatt, L. A., Howe, K. M., Gurevitch, J. and Lerdau, M. T. (2005).

Invasive species accelerate decomposition and litter nitrogen loss in mixed

deciduous forest. Ecological Applications 15(4): 1263–1272.

Augé, R. M., Stodola, A. J. W., Tims, J. E. and Saxton. A. M. (2001). Moisture retention

properties of a mycorrhizal soil. Plant and Soil 230: 87-97.

Ayres, D. R., Zaremba, K. and Strong, D. R. (2004). Extinction of a common native

species by hybridization with an invasive congener. Weed technology 18: 1288-

1291.

Bai, Y., Yang, D., Wang, J., Xu, S., Wang, X. and An, L. (2006). Phylogenetic diversity

of culturable bacteria from alpine permafrost in the Tianshan Mountains,

Northwestern China. Res. Microbiol. 57: 741–51.

Bais, H. P., Walker, T. S., Stermitz F. R., Hufbauer R. A., and Vivanco J. M. (2002).

Enantiomeric-dependant phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of (±)-catechin: A

rhizosecreted racemic mixture from spotted knapweed. Plant Physiol. 128: 1173–

1179.

Bais, H. P., Vepachedu, R., Gilroy, S., Callaway, R. M. and Vivanco, J. M. (2003).

Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species

interactions. Science 301: 1377–1380.

Ph. D Thesis

269

Bais, H. P., Park, S., Weir, T. L., Callaway, R. M. and Vivanco, J. M. (2004a). How

plants communicate using the underground information superhighway. Trends

Plant Sci. 9: 26–32.

Bais, H. P., Fall, R. and Vivanco, J. M. (2004b). Biocontrol of Bacillus subtilis against

infection of Arabidopsis roots by Pseudomonas syringae is facilitated by biofilm

formation and surfactin production. Plant Physiol. 134: 307–19.

Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L., Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S. and Vivanco, J. M. (2006). The role of

root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual

reviews in plant biology 57: 233-266.

Balser, T. C. (2001). The impact of long-term nitrogen addition on microbial community

composition in three Hawaiian forest soils. The ScientificWorld 1(S2): 500-504.

Balser, T. C., Kinzig, A. P. and Firestone, M. K. (2001). Linking soil microbial

communities and ecosystem functioning. In: Kinzig, A., Pacala, A. S. and Tilman,

D. (Eds.), The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity Princeton University

Press, Princeton, NJ.

Bardgett, R. D. and Chan, K. F. (1999). Experimental evidence that soil fauna enhance

nutrient mineralization and plant uptake in montane grassland ecosystems. Soil

Biology and Biochemistry 31: 1007–1014.

Bardgett, R. D. and McAlister, E. (1999). The measurement of soil fungal: bacterial

biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow

grasslands. Biology and Fertility of Soils 29: 282–290.

Bargett, R. D., and A. Shine. (1999). Linkages between plant litter diversity, soil

microbial biomass and ecosystem function in temperate grasslands. Soil Biology

and Biochemistry 31:317–321.

Barto, E. K. and Cipollini, D. (2009). Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) removal method

affects native establishment. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 2: 230–236.

Barto, E. K., Powell, J. R. and Cipollini, D. (2010). How novel are the chemical weapons

of garlic mustard in North American forest understories? Biol. Invasions 12:

3465–3471. DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9744-5.

Ph. D Thesis

270

Baruch, Z. and Goldstein, G. (1999). Leaf construction cost, nutrient concentration, and

net CO2 assimilation of native and invasive species in Hawaii. Oecologia 121:

183–192.

Bastow, J. L., Preisser, E. L. and Strong, D. R. (2008). Holcus lanatus invasion slows

decomposition through its interaction with a macro-invertebrate detritivore,

Porcellio scaber. Biol. Invasions 10: 191–99.

Batten, K. M. (2004). Plant invasion and the soil microbial community: interactions and

implications for native plant performance and ecosystem function. PhD thesis,

Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis,

California, 104 pp.

Batten, K. M., Scow, K. M., Davies, K. F. and Harrison, S. P. (2006). Two invasive

plants alter soil microbial community composition in serpentine Grasslands.

Biological Invasions 8: 217–230.

Belnap, J. and Philips, S. L. (2001). Soil biota in an un-grazed grassland: response to

annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion. Ecological Applications 11: 1261–

1275.

Belnap, J., Phillips, S. L., Sherrod, S. K. and Moldenke, A. (2005). Soil biota can change

after extotic plant invasion: does this affect ecosystem processes? Ecology 86(11):

3007-3017 ? Ecological Society of America.

Benson, D. R. and Silvester, W. B. (1993). Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete

symbionts of actinorhizal plants. Microbiological Reviews 57: 293-319.

Bes, M., Saidi, S. L., Becharnia, F., Meugnier, H., Vandenesch, F., Etienne, J. and Freney

J. (2002). Population diversity of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from

various host species: typing by 16S–23S intergenic ribosomal DNA spacer

polymorphism analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 2275–7.

Berendse, F. (1998). Effects of dominant plant species on soils during succession in

nutrient-poor ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 42:73–88.

Bever, J. D. (2002). Host-specificity of AM fungal population growth rates can generate

feedback on plant growth. Plant Soil 244: 281–290.

Bever, J. D. (2003). Soil community feedback and the coexistence of competitors:

conceptual frameworks and empirical tests. New Phytol 157: 465–473.

Ph. D Thesis

271

Bever, J. D., Morton, J. B., Antonovics, J. and Schultz, P. A. (1996) Host-dependent

sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a mown

grassland. J Ecol 84: 71–82.

Bever, J. D., Richardson, S. Lawrence, B. M., Holmes, J. and Watson, M. (2009).

Preferential allocation to beneficial symbiont with spatial structure maintains

mycorrhizal mutualism. Ecol. Lett. 12: 13–21.

Bever, J. D., Westover, K. M. and Antonovics, J. (1997). Incorporating the soil

community into plant population dynamics: the utility of the feedback approach.

Journal of Ecology 85: 561-573.

Bing-Ru, L., Guo-Mei, J., Jian, C. and Gang, W. (2006). A review of methods for

studying microbial diversity in soils. Pedosphere 16: 18–24.

Blair, A. C., Hanson, B. D, Brunk, G. R., Marrs, R. A., Westra, P., Nissen, S. J. and

Hufbauer, R. A. (2005). New techniques and findings in the study of a candidate

allelochemical implicated in invasion success. Ecol. Lett. 8:1039–1047.

Blank, R. R. (2002). Amidohydrolase activity, soil N status, and the invasive crucifer

Lepidium latifolium. Plant and Soil 239: 155–163.

Blank, R. R. (2008). Biogeochemistry of plant invasion: a case study with downy brome

(Bromus tectorum). Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1: 226–238.

Blankinship, C. J., Niklaus, P. A. and Hungate, B. A. (2011). A meta-analysis of

responses of soil biota to global change Oecologia 165: 553–565.

Bligh, E. G. and Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and

purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.

Blum, U. (1996). Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids. J. Of nematology 28:

259-267.

Boerner, R. E. J., Decker, K. L. M. and Sutherland, E. K. (2000). Prescribed burning

effects on soil enzyme activity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: a landscape-

scale analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 899–908.

Bohlen, P. J. (2006). Biological invasions: linking the aboveground and belowground

consequences. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32: 1–5.

Ph. D Thesis

272

Bolton, H., Smith, J. L. and Wildung, R. E. (1990). Nitrogen mineralization potentials of

shrub-steppe soils with different disturbance histories. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:

887–91 (8, O).

Bolton Jr., H., Smith, J. L. and Link, S.O. (1993). Soil microbial biomass and activity of

a disturbed and undisturbed shrub-steppe ecosystem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 545–

552.

Bonmati, M., Ceccanti, B. and Nannipieri, P., (1991). Spatial variability of phosphates,

urease, organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23: 391–396.

Borresen, A. L., Hovig, E. and Brogger, A. (1988). Detection of base mutations in

genomic DNA using Denaturing Gradient Gel-Electrophoresis (DGGE) followed

by transfer and hybridization with gene-specific probes. Mutat. Res. 202: 77–83.

Bossdorf, O., Auge, H., Lafuma, L., Rogers, W. E., Siemann, E. and Prati , D. (2005)

Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant

populations. Oecologia 144:1–11

Bossio, D. A. and Scow, K. M. (1998). Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial

communities: Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles and substrate utilization patterns.

Microbial Ecol. 35: 265–278.

Bourque, S. N., Valero, J. R., Lavoie, M. C. and Levesque, R. C. (1995). Comparative

analysis of the 16S to 23S Ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of Bacillus

thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species. Appl. Environ

Microbiol. 61: 2811.

Bradley, B. A., Houghton, R. A., Mustard, J. F. and Hamburg, S. P. (2006). Invasive

grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US. Glob.

Change Biol. 12: 1815–22.

Bray, S. R., Kitajima, K. and Sylvia, D. M. (2003). Mycorrhizae differentially alter

growth, physiology and competitive ability of an invasive shrub. Ecol. Appl. 13:

565-574.

Brendecke, J. W., Axelson, R. D., Pepper, I. L., (1993). Soil microbial activity as an

indicator of soil fertility: long-term effects of municipal sewage sludge on an arid

soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 751-758.

Ph. D Thesis

273

Bright, C. (1999). Invasive species: pathogens of globalization. Foreign Policy. 116: 51–

64.

Briones, A. M. Jr., Okabe, S., Umemiya, Y., Ramsing, N. B., Reichardt, W. and

Okuyama, H. (2002). Influence of different cultivars on populations of ammonia-

oxidizing bacteria in the root environment of rice. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 68: 3067-3075.

Brooks, M. L., D‘Antonio, C. M., Richardson, D. M., Grace, J .B., Keeley, J. E, Di

Tomaso, J. M., Hobbs, R. J., Pellant, M. and Pyke, D. (2004). Effects of invasive

alien plants on fire regimes. BioScience 54: 677–88.

Broughton, L. C. and Gross, K. L. (2000) Patterns of diversity in plant and soil microbial

communities along a productivity gradient in a Michigan old-field. Oecologia

125:420–427.

Brown, B. J. and Mitchell, R. J. (2001). Competition for pollination: effects of pollen of

an invasive plant on seed set of a native congener Oecologia 129: 43–49 DOI

10.1007/s004420100700.

Broz, A. K., Manter, D. K. and Vivanco, J. M. (2007). Soil fungal abundance and

diversity: another victim of the invasive plant Centaurea maculosa International

Society for Microbial Ecology 1: 763–765.

Brundrett, M. C. (2004). Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations. Biol.

Rev. 79: 473–495

Brundrett, M. C. (2009). Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of

vascular plants: understnding global diversity of host plants by resolving

conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil

320: 37–77.

Buckley, D. H., Graber, J. R. and Schmidt T. M. (1998). Phylogenetic analysis of

nonthermophilic members of the kingdom Crenarchaeota and their diversity and

abundance in soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 4333–4339.

Buhler, D. D. (1992). Population dynamics and control of annual weeds in corn (Zea

mays) as influenced by tillage systems. Weed Sci. 40: 241–248.

Burhan, N. And Shaukat, S. S. (2000). Effect of phenolic compounds on germination and

seedling growth of some crop plants. Pak. J. Boil. Sci. 3: 269-274.

Ph. D Thesis

274

Burke, D. J., Weintraub, M. N., Hewins, C. R. and Kalisz, S. (2011). Relationship

between soil enzyme activities, nutrient cycling and soil fungal communities in a

northern hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43:795-803.

Burleigh, S. H. and Dawson, J. O. (1994). Occurrence of Myrica nodulating Frankia in

Hawaiian volcanic soils. Plant and Soil 164: 283-289.

Burns, R.G. (1978). Soil Enzymes. Academic Press, London.

Burns, R. J. and Wallenstein, M. D. (2010). Microbial extracellular enzymes and natural

and synthetic polymer degradation in soil: current research and future prospects ©

19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1 – 6

August 2010, Brisbane, Australia.

Busch, D. E. and Smith, S. D. (1995). Mechanisms associated with decline of woody

species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern US. Ecol. Monogr. 65: 347–

370.

Bushby, H. V. A and Marshall, K. C. (1977). Some factors affecting the survival of root-

nodule bacteria on desiccation. Soil Biol Biochem 9: 143–147.

Butz Huryn, V. M. (1997). Ecological impacts of introduced honey bees. Quarterly

Review of Biology 72: 275–29

Calder, I. and Dye, P. (2001). Hydrological impacts of invasive alien plants. Land Use

Water Resour Res 1:1–12.

Caldwell, B. A. (2005). Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: A review

Pedobiologia 49: 637—644.

Caldwell, B. A. (2006). Effects of invasive scotch broom on soil properties in a Pacific

coastal prairie soil. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32: 149–152.

Callaway, R. M. and Aschehoug, E. T. (2000). Invasive plants versus their new and old

neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290: 521-523.

Callaway, R. M and Ridenour, W. M. (2004). Novel weapons: invasive success and the

evolution of increased competitive ability. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2:436–443.

Callaway, R. M., Newingham, B., Zabinski, C. A. and Mahall, B. E. (2001).

Compensatory growth and competitive ability of an invasive weed are enhanced

by soil fungi and native neighbors. Ecology Letters 4: 1–5.

Ph. D Thesis

275

Callaway, R. M., Mahall, B. E., Wicks, C., Pankey, J. and Zabinski, C. (2003). Soil fungi

and the effects of an invasive forb on native versus naturalized grasses: neighbor

identity matters. Ecology 84: 129–135.

Callaway, R. M., Thelen, G. C., Rodriguez, A. and Holben, W. E. (2004a). Soil biota and

exotic plant invasion. Nature, 427: 731– 733.

Callaway, R. M., Thelen, G. C., Barth, S., Ramsey, P. W. and Gannon, J. E. (2004b).

Soil fungi interactions between the invader Centaurea maculosa and North

American natives. Ecology 85: 1062–1071.

Callaway, R. M., Hierro, J. L. and Thorpe. A. S. (2005). Evolutionary trajectories in plant

and soil microbial communities: Centaurea invasions and the geographic mosaic

of coevolution. In: Sax, D. F., Gaines, S. D. and Stachowicz, J. J. (Eds.), Exotic

species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution and biogeography. Pages 341–

363 Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.

Callaway, R. M., Cipollini, D., Barto, K., Thelen, G. C., Hallet, S. G., Prati, D., Stinson,

K. and Klironomos, J. (2008). Novel weapons: invasive plant suppresses fungal

mutualists in America but not in its native Europe. Ecology 89:1043–1055.

Campbell, C. D., Grayston, S. J. and Hirst, D. J. (1997). Use of rhizosphere carbon

sources in sole carbon source tests to discriminate soil microbial communities. J.

Microbiol. Meth. 30: 33–41.

Campbell, C. D., Chapman, S. J., Cameron, C. M., Davidson, M. S. and Potts, J. M.

(2003). A rapid microtiter plate method to measure carbon dioxide evolved from

carbon substrate amendments so as to determine the physiological profiles of soil

microbial communities by using whole soil. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 69: 3593-3599.

Cappuccino, N. and Arnason, J. T. (2006). Novel chemistry of invasive exotic plants.

Biol. Lett. 2:189–193.

Cardinale, M., Brusetti, L., Quatrini, P., Borin, S., Puglia, A. M., Rizzi, A., Zanardini, E.,

Sorlini, C., Corselli, C. and Daffonchio, D. (2004). Comparison of different primer

sets for use in automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of complex bacterial

communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6147–6156.

Ph. D Thesis

276

Carey, E. V., Marler, M. J. and Callaway, R. M. (2004). Mycorrhizae transfer carbon

from a native grass to an invasive weed: evidence from stable isotopes and

physiology. Plant Ecology 172: 133–141.

Carney, K. M., Matson, P. A. and Bohannan, B. J.M. (2004). Diversity and composition

of tropical soil nitrifiers across a plant diversity gradient and among land-use

types. Ecol. Lett. 7: 684–694.

Carpenter, D. and Cappuccino, N. (2005). Herbivory, time since introduction and the

invasiveness of exotic plants. J. Ecol. 93:315–321.

Casamayor, E. O., Massana, R., Benlloch, S., Ovreas, L., Diez, B., Goddard, V. J., Gasol,

J. M., Joint, I., Rodriguez-Valera, F. and Pedros-Alio, C. (2002). Changes in

archaeal, bacterial and eukaryal assemblages along a salinity gradient by

comparison of genetic fingerprinting methods in a multipond solar saltern.

Environ. Microbiol. 4: 338–348.

Casper, B. B. and J. P. Castelli. (2007). Evaluating plant-soil feedback together with

competition in serpentine grassland. Ecol. Lett. 10: 394-400.

Castillo-Monroy, A. P., Bowker, M. A., Maestre, F. T., Rodríguez-Echeverría, S.,

Martinez, I., Barraza-Zepeda, C. E. and Escolar, C. (2011). Relationships between

biological soil crusts, bacterial diversity and abundance, and ecosystem

functioning: Insights from a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Journal of

Vegetation Science 22: 165–174.

Castro-Díez, P., González-Muñoz, N., Alonso, A., Gallardo, A and Poorter, L. (2009).

Effects of exotic invasive trees on nitrogen cycling: a case study in Central Spain.

Biol. Invasions 11: 1973–86.

Cavallero. L. and Raffaele, E. (2010). Fire enhances the ‗competition-free‘ space of an

invader shrub: Rosa rubiginosa in northwestern Patagonia Biol. Invasions

12:3395–3404 DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9738-3.

Chacón, N., Herrera, I., Flores, S., González, J. A. and Nassar, J. M. (2009). Chemical,

physical, and biochemical soil properties and plant roots as affected by native and

exotic plants in Neotropical arid zones. Biology and fertility of soils. 45 (3) 321-

328.

Ph. D Thesis

277

Chandler, D. P., Fredrickson, J. K. and Brockman, F. J. (1997). Effect of PCR template

concentration on the composition and distribution of total community 16S rDNA

clone libraries. Mol. Ecol. 6: 475–482.

Chapin, F. S. I., Zavaleta, E. S., Eviner, V. T., Naylor, R. L., Vitousek, P. M., Reynolds,

H. L., Hooper, D. U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O. E., Hobbie, S. E., Mack, M. C. Díaz, S.

(2000). Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405: 234–242.

Chapin, I. I. F. S., Matson, P. A. and Mooney, H. A. (2002). Principles of Terrestrial

Ecosystem Ecology. New York, NY, USA: Springer.

Chapman, S., Cooper, M., Podlich, D. and Hammer, G. (2003) Evaluating plant breeding

strategies by simulating gene action and dryland environment effects. Agron. J.

95: 99–113.

Chapuis-Lardy, L., Vanderhoeven, S., Dassonville, L., Koutika, S. and Meerts, P. (2006).

Effect of the exotic invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil phosphorus status.

Biol. Fertil. Soils 42:481–489

Charles, H and Dukes, J. S. (2008). Impacts of invasive species on ecosystem services.

In: Nentwig, W (Ed.), Biological Invasions pp. 217–38. Berlin: Springer.

Chen, W. M, James, E. K., Chou, J. H., Sheu, S. Y., Yang, S. Z and Sprent, J. I. (2005).

Rhizobia from Mimosa pigra, a newly discovered invasive plant in Taiwan. New

Phytologist 168: 661–675.

Chittka, J. F. and Schürkens, S. (2001) Successful invasion of a floral market. Nature

411:653–654.

Christensen, H., Hansen, M. and Sorensen, J. (1999). Counting and size classification of

active soil bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization with an rRNA

oligonucleotide probe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1753–1761.

Christian, J. M. and Wilson, S. D. (1999). Long-term ecosystem impacts of an introduced

grass in the northern Great Plains. Ecology 80: 2397–2407.

Chun, J., Rivera, I. N. and Colwell, R. R. (2002). Analysis of 16S–23S rRNA intergenic

spacer of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus for detection of these species.

Methods Mol. Biol. 179: 171–8.

Ph. D Thesis

278

Chung, N. and Alexander, M. (2002). Effect of soil properties on bioavailability and

extractability of phenanthrene and atrazine sequestered in soil. Chemosphere 48:

109–115.

Cipollini, D. F. and Bergelson, J. (2001) Plant density and nutrient availability constrain

constitutive and wound-induced expression of trypsin inhibitors in Brassica napus.

J. Chem. Ecol. 27: 593–561.

Cipollini, D. F and Gruner, B. (2007) Cyanide in the chemical arsenal of garlic mustard,

Alliaria petiolata. J. Chem. Ecol. 33: 85–94.

Cipollini, D. F., Mbagwu, J., Barto, K., Hillstrom, C. and Enright, S. (2005) Expression

of constitutive and inducible chemical defenses in native and invasive populations

of Alliaria petiolata. J. Chem. Ecol. 31: 1255–1267.

Clawson, M. L., Benson, D. R., Resch, S. C., Stephens, D. W. and Silvester, W. B.

(1997). Typical Frankia infect actinorhizal plants exotic to New Zealand. New

Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 361–367.

Collins, A. and Jose, S. (2009). Imperata cylindrica, an exotic invasive grass, changes

soil chemical properties of forest ecosystems in the southeastern United States. In:

Kohli, R. K. Jose, S., Singh, H. P. and Batish, D. R (Eds.), Invasive Plants and

Forest Ecosystems pp. 237–50. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press

Connell, J. H. and Lowman, M. D. (1989). Low-diversity tropical rain forests – some

possible mechanisms for their existence. Am. Nat. 134: 88–119.

Contin, M., Todd, A. and Brookes, P. C. (2001). The ATP concentration in the soil

microbial biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 33: 701-704.

Corbin, J. D. and D'Antonio, C. M. (2004). Effects of Exotic Species on Soil Nitrogen

Cycling: Implications for Restoration. Weed Technology December 18: 1464-

1467.

Corstanaje, R., Schulin R. and Lark, R. M. (2007). Scale-dependent relationships

between soil organic carbon and urease activity. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 58: 1087–1095.

Cosentino, D., Costantini, A., Segat, A. and Fertig, M. (1998). Variations in organic

carbon, microbial biomass carbon and its relationship with some physical

properties of an argentine pampa soil under three different tillage systems.

Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 33: 981-986.

Ph. D Thesis

279

Costantini, A., Cosentino, D. and Segat, A. (1996). Influence of tillage systems in

biological properties of a typic Argiudoll soil under continuous maize in Central

Argentina. Soil Till Res. 38: 265-271.

Criquet, S., Ferre, E., Farnet, A. M. and Le Petit, J. (2004). Annual dynamics of

phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic

factors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 1111–1118.

Cronk, Q. C. B. and Fuller, J. L. (1995). Plant Invaders. The Threat to Natural

Ecosystems. London: Chapman & Hall.

Cronquist, A. (1943). The separation of Erigeron from Conyza. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club

70: 629–632.

Cuddington, K., Byers, J. E., Wilson, W. G. and Hastings, A. (2007). (Eds.) Ecosystem

Engineers: Plants to Protists. San Diego, CA: Academic/Elsevier. 405 pp.

Cui Q-G, and He, W-M (2009) Soil biota, but not soil nutrients facilitate the invasion of

Bidens pilosa relative to a native species Saussurea deltoidea. Weed Res 49: 201–

206.

Cullings, K. and Courty, P.-E. (2009). Saprotrophic capabilities as functional traits to

study functional diversity and resilience of ectomycorrhizal community.

Oecologia 161: 661-664.

Curtis, T. P. and Sloan, W. T. (2005). Exploring microbial diversity: A vast below.

Science 309: 1331-1333.

Curtis, T. P., Sloan, W. T. and Scannell, J. W. (2002). Estimating prokaryotic diversity

and its limits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99: 10494–10499.

D‘Antonio, C. M. (2000). Fire, plant invasions and global change. In: Mooney H. A. and

Hobbs, R. J. (Eds.), Invasive species in a changing world pp. 65–93. Washington,

DC: Island Press.

D‘Antonio, C. and Meyerson, L. A. (2002). Exotic plant species as problems and

solutions in ecological restoration: a synthesis. Restor Ecol 10:703–713

D‘Antonio, C. M. and Vitousek, P. M. (1992). Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the

grass fire cycle, and global change. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 63–87.

Ph. D Thesis

280

D‘Antonio, C. M., Tunison, J. T. and Loh, R. (2000). Variation in impact of exotic grass

fueled fires on species composition across an elevation gradient in Hawaii. Aust.

Ecol. 25: 507–522.

Daehler, C. C. (2003). Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien

invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration. Annu. Rev. Ecol.

Evol. Syst. 34: 183–211.

Daehler, C. C. and Strong, D. R. (1993). Prediction and biological invasions. Trends

Ecol. Evol. 8: 380.

Daffonchio, D., Cherif, A., Brusetti, L., Rizzi, A., Mora, D., Boudabous, A. and Sara, B.

(2003). Nature of polymorphisms in 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed

spacer fingerprinting of Bacillus and related genera. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:

5128–37.

Danovaro, R., Luna, G. M., Dell‘Anno, A. and Pietrangeli, B. (2006). Comparison of

two fingerprinting techniques, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length

Polymorphism and Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis, for

determination of bacterial diversity in aquatic environments. Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 72: 5982-5989.

da Silva, K. R. A., Salles, J. F., Seldin, L. and van Elsas, J. D. (2003). Application of a

novel Paenibacillus-specific PCR-DGGE method and sequence analysis to assess

the diversity of Paenibacillus spp. in the maize rhizosphere. Journal of

microbiological methods 54(2): 213-231.

Dassonville, N., Vanderhoven, S., Gruner, W. and Meerts, P. (2007). Invasion by

Fallopia japonica increases topsoil mineral nutrient concentrations. Ecoscience

14: 230–240.

Dassonville, N., Vanderhoeven, S., Vanparys, V., Hayez M., Gruber, W. and Meerts, P.

(2008). Impacts of alien invasive plants on soil nutrients are correlated with initial

site conditions in NW Europe Oecologia 157: 131–140.

Decker, K. L. M., Boerner, R. E. J and Morris, S. J. (1999). Scale-dependent patterns of

soil enzyme activity in a forested landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research

29: 232–241.

De Faria, S. M., Lewis, G. P., Sprent, J. I. and Sutherland, J. M. (1989). Occurrence of

nodulation in the Leguminosae. New Phytologist 111: 607–619.

Ph. D Thesis

281

DeForest, J. L., Zak, D. R., Pregitzer, K. S. and Burton, A. J. (2004). Atmospheric nitrate

deposition and the microbial degradation of cellobiose and vanillin in a northern

hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 965–97.

Degens, B. P. (1999). Catabolic response profiles differ between microorganisms grown

in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31: 475–477.

de la Peña, E., de Clercq, N., Bonte, D., Roiloa, S., Rodríguez-Echeverría, S. and

Freitas, H. (2010). Plant-soil feedback as a mechanism of invasion by Carpobrotus

edulis Biol. Invasions 12: 3637–3648.

Denef, K., Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Frey, S. D., Elliott, E. T., Merckx, R.and Paustian, K.

(2001). Influence of dry-wet cycles on the interrelationship between aggregate,

particulate organic matter, and microbial community dynamics. Soil Biol.

Biochem. 33: 1599–1611.

De-polli, H., Costantini, A., Romanuik, R. and Pimentel, M. S. (2007). Chloroform

fumigaton-extraction labile C pool (microbial biomass C ―plus‖) shows high

correlation to microbial biomass C in Argentinian and Brazilian soils. Ci. Suelo

Argentina 25(1): 15-22.

Dick, R. P. (1994). Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality. Defining soil

quality for a sustainable environment. In: Doran, J.V., Colleman, D. C., Bezdicek,

D. F. and Stewart, B.A. (Eds.) pp. 107–124. Soil Science Society of America,

Madison, WI, US.

Dick, W. A. and Tabatabai, M. A (1992). Potential uses of soil enzymes. In: Metting, B.

(Ed.), Soil Microbial Ecology pp. 95–127. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.

Dilly, O. and Nannipieri, P. (2001). Response of ATP content, respiration rate and

enzyme activities in an arable and a forest soil to nutrient additions. Biology and

Fertility of Soils 34: 64–72.

Dodor, M. E. and Tabatabai, M. A. (2003). Amidohydrolases in soils as affected by

cropping systems. Applied Soil Ecology 24: 73–90.

Dohrmann, A. B and Tebbe, C. C. (2005). Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on the

structure of bacterial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere of herbaceous plants

native to Germany. Applied and environmental microbiology 71 (12): 7750–7758.

Ph. D Thesis

282

Drenovsky, R. E and Batten, K. M. (2007). Invasion by Aegilops triuncialis (barb

goatgrass) slows carbon and nutrient cycling in a serpentine grassland. Biol.

Invasions 9: 107–16.

Drenovsky, R. E., Elliot, G. N., Graham, K. J. and Scow, K. M. (2004). Comparison of

Phospholipids Fatty Acid (PLFA) and total soil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (TS-

FAME) for characterizing soil microbial communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36:

1793–800.

Duda, J. J., Freeman, D. C., Emlen, J. M., Belnap, J., Kitchen, S. G., Zak, J. C., Sobek,

E., Tracy, M. and Montante, J. (2003). Differences in native soil ecology

associated with invasion of the exotic annual chenopod, Halogeton glomeratus.

Biol. Fertil. Soils 38: 72–77.

Duineveld, B. M., Rosado, A. S., J. D. van Elsas, and van Veen, J.A. (1998). Analysis of

the dynamics of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of the chrysanthemum

via Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and substrate utilization patterns.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 4950–4957.

Duke, S. O., Blair, A. C., Dayan, F. E., Johnson, R. D., Meepagala, K. M., Cook, D and

Bajsa, J. (2009a). Is (-)-catechin a novel weapon of spotted knapweed (Centaurea

stoebe)? J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 141–153.

Duke, S. O., Dayan, F. E., Bajsa, J., Meepagala, K. M., Hufbauer, R. A. and Blair, A. C

(2009b). The case against (-)-catechin involvement in allelopathy of Centaurea

stoebe (spotted knapweed). Plant Signal Behav. 4: 422–424.

Dunbar, J., Ticknor, L. O. and Kuske, C. R. (2000). Assessment of microbial diversity in

four southwestern United States soils by 16S rRNA gene terminal restriction

fragment analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2943–50.

Dyer, A. R. and Rice, K. J. (1999). Effects of competition on resource availability and

growth of a California bunchgrass. Ecology 80: 2697–2710.

Egger, K. N and Hibbett, D. S. (2004). The evolutionary implications of exploitation in

mycorrhizas. Can. J. Bot. 82: 1110–1121.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2001). Plant–soil interactions. In: Levin, S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of

biodiversity. San Diego (CA): Academic Press. p 689–709.

Ph. D Thesis

283

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2003). Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling

processes. Ecosystems 6: 503–523.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2004). Implications of invasive species for belowground community and

nutrient processes. Weed Technol.18: 1232–1235.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2010). Ecosystem Consequences of Biological Invasions Annual

Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41: 59-80.

Ehrenfeld, J. G., Kourtev, P. and Huang, W. (2001). Changes in soil functions following

invasions of exotic understory plants in deciduous forests. Ecol. Appl. 11: 1287–

1300.

Ehrenfeld, J. G., Ravit, B. and Elgersma, K. (2005). Feedback in the plant-soil system.

Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30: 75–115.

Eisenhauer, N., Milcu, A., Nitschke, N., Sabais, A. C. W., Scherber, C. and Scheu, S.

(2009). Earthworm and belowground competition effects on plant productivity.

Oecologia 161: 291-301.

Eisenhauer, N., Hörsch, V., Moeser, J. and Scheu, S. (2010a). Synergistic effects of

microbial and animal decomposers on plant and herbivore performance. Basic and

Applied Ecology 11: 23-34.

Eisenhauer, N., Sabais, A. C. W., Schonert, F. and Scheu, S. (2010b). Soil arthropods

beneficially rather than detrimentally impact plant performance in experimental

grassland systems of different diversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 1418-

1424.

Eisenhauer, N., Yee, K., Johnson, E. A., Maraun, M., Parkinson, D., Straube, D. and

Scheu, S. (2011). Positive relationship between herbaceous layer diversity and the

performance of soil biota in a temperate forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43:

462-465.

Eivazi, F. and Bayan, M. R., (1996). Effects of long term prescribed burning on the

activity of selected soil enzymes in an oak-hickory forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26:

1799–1804.

Eivazi, F. and Tabatabai, M. A. (1977). Phosphatase in soil. Soil Biology and

Biochemistry 9: 167 -172.

Ph. D Thesis

284

Elk, M. R. (2010). A Survey of Plant Root Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Native and

Invasive Exotic Plants of Oak Openings. (Thesis) The University of Toledo.

Ellison, A. M, Bank, M. S., Clinton, B. D., Colburn, E. A., Elliott K., Ford, C. R., Foster,

D. R., Kloeppel, B. D., Knoepp, J. D., Lovett, G. M., Mohan, J., Orwig, D. A.,

Rodenhouse, N. L., Sobczak, W. V., Stinson, K. A., Stone, J. K., Swan, C. M.,

Thompson, J., Von Holle, B. and Webster, J. R. (2005). Loss of foundation

species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems.

Front. Ecol. Environ. 3: 479–86.

Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen & Co.

Emer, C. and Fonseca C. R. (2011). Araucaria Forest conservation: mechanisms

providing resistance to invasion by exotic timber trees. Biol Invasions 13: 189–

202.

Eom, A., Hartnett, D. C. and Wilson. G. W. T. (2000). Host plant species effects on

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia

122:435–444.

Eppinga, M. B., Rietkerk, M., Dekker, S. C., De Ruiter, P. C., Van der Putten, W. H.

(2006). Accumulation of local pathogens: a new hypothesis to explain exotic plant

invasions. Oikos 114: 168–176.

Eriksson, M., Sodersten, E., Yu, Z., Dalhammar, G. And Mohn, W. W. (2003).

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at low temperature under

aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions in enrichment cultures from northern soils.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 275–84.

Erneberg, M. (1999). Effects of hebevory and competition on an introduced plant in

decline. Oecologia 118: 203-209.

Evans, J. A and Landis, D. A. (2007). Pre-release monitoring of Alliaria petiolata (garlic

mustard) invasions and the impoacts of extant natural enemies in southern

Michigan forests. Biol. Control 42: 300–307.

Evans, R. D., Rimer, R., Sperry, L. and Belnap, J. (2001). Exotic plant invasion alters

nitrogen dynamics in an arid grassland. Ecol Applic. 11:1301–10.

Eviner, V. T. and Chapin, F. S. III. (2002). The influence of plant species, fertilization

and elevated CO2 on soil aggregate stability. Plant and Soil 246: 211–219.

Ph. D Thesis

285

Eviner, V. T and Chapin, F. S. I. (2003). Functional matrix: a conceptual framework for

predicting mutliple plant effects on ecosystem processes. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol.

Syst. 34: 455–85.

Fan, L. Chen, Y., Yuan, J-G. and Yang, Z-Y. (2010). The effect of Lantana camara Linn.

invasion on soil chemical and microbiological properties and plant biomass

accumulation in southern China. Geoderma 154: 370–378.

Fedi, S., Tremaroli, V., Scala, D., Perez-Jimenez, J. R., Fava, F., Young, L. Zannoni, D.

(2005). T-RFLP analysis of bacterial communities in cyclodextrin-amended

bioreactors developed for biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls. Res.

Microbiol. 156: 201–10.

Feng, Y., Motta, A. C., Reeves, D. W., Burmester, C. H., van Santen, E. and Osborne, J.

A. (2003). Soil microbial communities under conventional- till and no-till

continuous cotton systems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35: 1693–1703.

Feng, Y., Lei, Y., Wang, R., Callaway, R. M., Valiente-Banuet, A., Inderjit, Li, Y., and

Zhen, Y. (2009). Evolutionary tradeoffs for nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis

versus cell walls in an invasive plant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106: 1853–

1856.

Ferris, M. J., Muyzer, G. and Ward, D. M. (1996). Denaturing Gradient Gel

Electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhabiting a hot spring

microbial mat community. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 340–346.

Fickbohm, S. S. and Zhu, W. X. (2006). Exotic purple loosestrife invasion of native

cattail freshwater wetlands: effects on organic matter distribution and soil nitrogen

cycling. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32:123–31.

Fierer, N. and Jackson, R. B. (2006). The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial

communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 626–631.

Fierer, N., Strickland, M. S., Liptzin, D., Bradford, M. A. and Cleveland, C. C. (2009).

Global patterns in belowground communities. Ecol. Lett. 12: 1238–1249.

Fischer, M. M. and Triplett, E. (1999). Automated approach for Ribosomal Intergenic

Spacer Analysis of microbial diversity and its application to freshwater bacterial

communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 4630-4636.

Ph. D Thesis

286

Fletcher, R. A., and Renney, A. J. (1963). A growth inhibitor found in Centaurea spp.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science 43: 475-481.

Fodde, R. and Losekoot, M. (1994). Mutation detection by Denaturing Gradient Gel

Electrophoresis (DGGE). Hum. Mutat. 3:83–94.

Foxcroft, C. L., Richardson, D. M., Rejmánek, M. and Pyšek, P. (2010). Alien plant

invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas: patterns, processes and prospects. Biol. Invasions 12: 3913–3933.

Foy, C. L. (1999). How to make bioassays for allelopathy more relevant to field

conditions with particular reference to cropland weeds. In: Inderjit, I., Dakshini,

K. M. M. and Foy, C. L. (Eds.), Principles and practices in plant ecology:

allelochemical interactions. CRC Press LLC, Florida, pp 25–33.

*Frank, B. (1885). Ueber die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewiser Bäume

durch unterirdishe Pilze. BerDeut Bot Ges 3: 128–145.

Frakenberger, W. T. Jr. and Tabatabai, M. A. (1991a). Factors affecting L-asparaginase

activity in soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 11: 1-5.

Frakenberger, W. T. Jr. and Tabatabai, M. A. (1991b). Factors affecting L-asparaginase

activity of soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 11: 6-12.

Frankenberger, Jr. W.T., Johanson, J. B., Lund, L. J. (1986). Effects of trace elements

and pesticides on dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA added to soils. J. Environ.

Qual. 15: 81–86.

Frankton, C. and Mulligan, G. A. (1987). Weeds of Canada (revised). Publication 948.

Ministry of Supply and Services Canada. NC Press Limited, Toronto, ON. 217 pp.

Frostegard, A. and Baath, E. (1996). The use of Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis to

estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 22:

59–65.

Frostegard, A., Baath, E. and Tunlid, A. (1993). Shifts in the structure of soil microbial

communities in limed forest as revealed by Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis. Soil

Biol. Biochem. 25: 723–730.

Fumanal, B., Plenchette, C. Chauvel B. and Bretagnolle, F. (2006). Which role can

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play in the facilitation of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

invasion in France? Mycorrhiza 17: 25-35.

Ph. D Thesis

287

Funk, J. L. and Vitousek, P. M. (2007). Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in

low-resource systems. Nature 446: 1079–1081.

Galli, U., Schüepp, H. and Brunold, C. (1994). Heavy metal binding by mycorrhizal

fungi. Physiologia Plantarum 92: 364-368.

Gamfeldt, L. and Hillebrand, H. (2008). Biodiversity effects on aquatic ecosystem

functioning—maturation of a new paradigm. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 93: 550–64.

Gans, J., Wolinsky, M. and Dunbar, J. (2005). Computational improvements reveal great

bacterial diversity and high metal toxicity in soil. Science 309: 1387-1390.

Garcıá, C. and Hernández, T. (1997). Biological and biochemical indicators in derelict

soils subject to erosion. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 171–177.

Garcia, C., Roldan, A. and Hernandez, T. (2005). Ability of different plant species to

promote microbiological processes in semiarid soil. Geoderma 124: 193–202.

Gardes, M. and Bruns, T. D. (1993). ITS primers with enhanced specificity for

basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol.

Ecol 2: 113-118.

Garland, J. L. (1996a). Patterns of potential C source utilization by rhizosphere

communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: 223–230.

Garland, J. L. (1996b). Analytical approaches to the characterization of samples of

microbial communities using patterns of potential C source utilization. Soil Biol.

Biochem. 28: 213–221.

Garland, J. L. (1997). Analysis and interpretation of community level physiological

profiles in microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 24.

Garland, J. L. and Mills, A. L., (1991). Classification and characterization of

heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level

sole-carbon-source utilization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 2351–2359.

Garland, J. L., Roberts, M. S., Levine, L. H. and Mills A. L. (2003). Community-level

physiological profiling using an oxygen-sensitive fluorophore in a microtiter plate.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 2994-2998.

Ph. D Thesis

288

Gealy, D. R., Squier, S. A. and Ogg, Jr, A. G. (1994). Soil environment and temperature

affect germination and seedling growth of mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula).

Weed Technology 8: 668-672.

Gelsomino, A., Keijzer-Wolters, A. C., Cacco, G. and van Elsas, J. D. (1999).

Assessment of bacterial community structure in soil by Polymerase Chain

Reaction and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Journal of Microbiological

Methods 38:1–15.

Gerlach, Jr, J. D. (2000). A model experimental system for predicting the invasion

success and ecosystem impacts of non-indigenous summer-flowering annual

plants in California‘s Central Valley grasslands and oak woodlands. Ph.D

dissertation, University of California, Davis, CA.

Ghatak, A., Majumdar, A. and Ghosh, R. K. (2005). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of

Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated before, during and after the O 139

outbreak based on the inter-genomic heterogeneity of the 16S–23S rRNA

intergenic spacer regions. J. Biosci. 30: 619–25.

Gich, F. B., Amer, E., Figueras, J. B., Abella, C. A., Balaguer, M. D. and Poch, M.

(2000). Assessment of microbial community structure changes by Amplified

Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA). Int. Microbiol. 3:103–6.

Goodall, J., Witkowski, Ed. T. F., Ammann, S. and Reinhardt. C. (2010). Does

allelopathy explain the invasiveness of Campuloclinium macrocephalum

(pompom weed) in the South African grassland biome? Biol. Invasions 12: 3497–

3512.

Goodwin, J. (1992). The role of mycorrhizal fungi in competitive interactions among

native bunchgrasses and alien weeds: a review and synthesis. Northwest

Science 66: 251–260.

Grayston, S. J., Wang, S. Q., Campbell, C. D and Edwardsm, A. C. (1998). Selective

influence of plant species on microbial diversity in the rhizosphere. Soil Bio.

Biochem. 30: 369–378.

Grayston, S. J., Campbell, C. D., Bardgett, R. D., Mawdsley, J. L., Clegg, C. D., Ritz, K.,

Griffiths, B. S., Rodwell, J. S., Edwards, S. J., Davies, W. J., Elston, D. J. and

Millard, P. (2004). Assessing shifts in microbial community structure across a

range of grasslands of differing management intensity using CLPP, PLFA, and

community DNA techniques. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25: 63–84.

Ph. D Thesis

289

Green, C. T. and Scow, K. M. (2000). Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) to

characterize microbial communities in aquifers. Hydrogeology Journal 8:126–141.

Grierson, P. F. (1992). Organic acids in the rhizosphere of Banksia integrifolia L. Plant

Soil 144: 259–265.

Grierson, P. F., and Adams, M. A. (2000). Plant species affect acid phosphatase,

ergosterol and microbial P in a Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest

in south-western Australia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 1817–1827.

*Grisi, B. M. and Gray, T. R. B. (1985). Biomassa microbiana do solo estimada do

biovolume com o uso da microscopia de fluorescência. Rev Bras Ci Solo 9: 131-

138.

Haack, S. K., Garchow, H., Klug, M. J. and Forney, L. J. (1995). Analysis of factors

affecting the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community

carbon source utilization patterns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1458–1468.

Haack, S. K., Fogarty, L. R., West, T. G., Alm, E. W., McGuire, J. T., Long, D. T.,

Hyndman, D. W. and Forney, L. J. (2004). Spatial and temporal changes in

microbial community structure associated with recharge-influenced chemical

gradients in a contaminated aquifer. Environ. Microbiol. 6: 438–48.

Haichar, F. Z., Marol, C., Berge, O., Rangel-Castro, J. I., Prosser, J. I., Balesdent, J.,

Heulin, T and Achouak, W. (2008). Plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil

microbial community structure. The ISME Journal 2: 1221-30.

Handelsman, J. (2004). Metagenomics: Application of genomics to uncultured

microorganisms. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68: 669–685.

Hardie, K. (1985). The effect of removal of extraradical hyphae on water uptake by

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. New Phytologist 101: 677-684.

Haribal, M. and Renwick, J. A. A. (1998). Isovitexin 600-O-b-D-glucopyranoside: a

feeding deterrent to Pieris napi oleracea from Alliaria petiolata. Phytochemistry

47: 1237–1240.

Haribal, M and Renwick, J. A. A. (2001). Seasonal and population variation in flavonoid

and alliarinoside content of Alliaria petiolata. J. Chem. Ecol. 27: 1585–1594.

Ph. D Thesis

290

Haribal, M., Yang, Z., Attygalle, A. B., Renwick, J. A. A. and Meinwald, J. (2001). A

cyanoallyl glucoside from Alliaria petiolata, as a feeding deterrent for larvae of

Pieris napi oleracea. J. Nat. Prod. 64: 440–443.

Harper, J. L. (1977). Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.

Hartnett, D. C. and Wilson, G. W. T. (2002). The role of mycorrhizas in plant community

structure and dynamics: lessons from grasslands. Plant Soil 244: 319–331.

Harvey, H. R., Fallon, R. D. and Patton, J. S. (1986). The effect of organic matter and

oxygen on the degradation of bacterial membrane lipids in marine sediments.

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50: 795–804.

Hattori, T. (1988). Soil aggregates in microhabitats of microorganisms. Rep. Inst. Agric.

Res. Tohoku University 37: 23–36.

Haubensak, K.A. and Parker, I. M. (2004). Soil changes accompanying invasion of the

exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius in glacial outwash prairies of western Washington,

USA. Plant Ecol. 175: 71–79.

Hausmann, N. T. and Hawkes, C. V. (2009). Plant neighborhood control of arbuscular

mycorrhizal community composition. New Phytol. 183: 1188–1200.

Hawkes, C. V., Wren, I. F., Herman, D. J and Firestone, M. K. (2005). Plant invasion

alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community. Ecology

Letters 8: 976–985.

Hawkes, C. V., Belnap, J., D'Antonio, C. and Firestone, M. K. (2006). Arbuscular

mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive

exotic grasses. Plant and Soil 281: 369–380.

Hawksworth, D. L. (2001). The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 15 million species

estimate revisited. Mycol. Res. 105: 1422–1432.

Helgason, T., Merryweather, J. W., Denison, J., Wilson, P., Young, J. P. W. and Fitter, A.

H., (2002). Selectivity and functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas of co-

occuring fungi and plants from temperate deciduous woodland. The Journal of

Ecology 90: 371-384.

Henderson, S., Dawson, T. P and Whittaker, R. J. (2006). Progress in invasive plants

research. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 30: 25–46.

Ph. D Thesis

291

Herr, C., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Dassonville, N., Vanderhoeven, S. and Meerts, P. (2007).

Seasonal effect of the exotic invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil pH and P

fractions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170 (6): 729-738.

Heuer, H. and Smalla, K. (1997). Application of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

and Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis for studying soil microbial

communities. In: van Elsas, J. D., Trevors, J. T., Wellington, E. M. H. (Eds.),

Modern Soil Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 353–373.

Heuer, H., Krsek, M., Baker, P., Smalla, K., and Wellington, E.M.H. (1997). Analysis of

actinomycete communities by specifi c amplifi cation of genes encoding 16S

rRNA and gel electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 63: 3233–3241.

Hibbett, D. S. and Matheny, P. B. (2009). The relative ages of ectomycorrhizal

mushrooms and their plant hosts estimated using Bayesian relaxed molecular

clock analyses. BMC Biol. 7:13.

Hierro, J. L., Maron, J. L. and Callaway, R. M. (2005). A biogeographical approach to

plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native

range. Journal of Ecology 93: 5–15.

Hill, G. T., Mitkowskia, N. A., Aldrich-Wolfe, L., Emelea, L. R., Jurkonie, D. D., Ficke

A., Maldonado-Ramireza, S., Lyncha, S. T. and Nelson, E. B. (2000). Methods

for assessing the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities.

Applied Soil Ecology 15: 25–36.

Hirsch, P. R., Mauchline, T. H. and Clark, I. M. (2010). Culture-independent molecular

techniques for soil microbial ecology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 878-

887. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.019

Hobbie, S. E. (1996). Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in

Alaskan tundra. Ecological Monographs 66: 503–522.

Hobbie, J. E. and Hobbie, E. A. (2006). N-15 in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates

nitrogen and carbon flux rates in Arctic tundra. Ecology 87: 816–822.

Hodge, A., Robinson, D. and Fitter, A. (2000). Are microorganisms more effective than

plants at competing for nitrogen? Trends Plant Sci. 5: 304–8.

Ph. D Thesis

292

Hollister, E. B., Schadt, C. W., Palumbo, A. V., Ansley, R. J. and Boutton, T. W.

(2010). Structural and functional diversity of soil bacterial and fungal

communities following woody plant encroachment in the southern Great Plains

Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 1816-1824.

Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. and Herberger, J. (1997). World weeds: Natural

histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, ON. pp. 226–235.

Holmgre, M. (2002). Exotic herbivores as drivers of plant invasion and switch to

ecosystem alternative state. Biological Invasions 4: 25–33.

Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton,

J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setala, H., Symstad, A.

J., Vandermeer, J. & Wardle, D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem

functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr. 75: 3–35.

Hoque, A. T. M. R., Ahmed, R., Uddin, M. B. and Hossain, M. K. (2003). Allelopathic

effects of different concentration of water extracts of Eupatorium odoratum leaf

on germination and growth behaviour of six agricultural crops. Online J. Biol. Sci

3:741–750.

Horner-Devine, M. C., Leibold, M. A., Smith, V. H. and Bohannan, B. J. M. (2003).

Bacterial diversity patterns along a gradient of primary productivity. Ecol. Lett. 6:

613–622.

Hovig, E., Smithsorensen, B., Brogger, A. and Borresen, A. L. (1991). Constant

denaturant gel-electrophoresis, a modification of denaturing gradient gel-

electrophoresis, in mutation detection. Mutat. Res. 262: 63–71.

Huenneke, L. F. (1997). Outlook for plant invasions: Interactions with other agents of

global change. In: Luken J. O. and Thieret, J. W (Eds.), Assessment and

management of plant invasions. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 95–103.

Hughes, R. F. and Denslow, J. S. (2005). Invasion by a N2-fixing tree alters function and

structure in wet lowland forests of Hawaii. Ecol. Appl. 15: 1615–28.

Hughes, R. F. and Uowolo, A. (2006). Impacts of Falcataria moluccana invasion on

decomposition in Hawaiian lowland wet forests: the importance of stand-level

controls. Ecosystems 9: 977–91.

Ph. D Thesis

293

Hultén, E. (1968). Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University

Press, Stanford, CA.1008 p.

Hunt, H. W., Coleman, D. C., Ingham, E. R. Ingham, R. E., Elliott, E. T., J. C. Moore,

J. C., Rose, S. L., Reidand, C. P. P. and Morley, C. R. (1987). The detrital food

web in a shortgrass prairie. Biol. Fert. Soils 3: 57–68.

Hussain, M. (2002) Geography of Jammu and Kashmir. Rajesh Publications, New Delhi,

India.

Huxel, G. R. (1999). Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of

hybridization. Biological Conservation 89: 143-152.

Inderjit, (1998). Effect of Pulchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on selected soil properties.

Am. Journal of Botany 85: 64-69.

Inderjit, and van der Putten, W. H. (2010). Impacts of soil microbial communities on

exotic plant invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 512–519

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.006

Inderjit, and Weston, L. A. (2000). Are laboratory bioassays for allelopathy suitable for

prediction of field responses? Journal of Chemical Ecology 26: 2111-2118.

Inderjit, Seastedt, T. R., Callaway, R. M., Pollock, J. L. and Kaur, J. (2008). Allelopathy

and plant invasions: traditional, congeneric, and bio-geographical approaches.

Biol. Invasions 10: 875–890.

Ingham, R. E., Trofymow, J. A., Ingham, E. R. and Coleman, D. C. (1985). Interactions

of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers: effects on nutrient cycling and plant

growth. Ecological Monographs 55: 119–140.

Ismail, B. S., Omar, O. and Ingon, D. (1996). Effects of metolachor on the activities of

four soil enzymes. Microbios, 87: 239-248.

Ito, I., Kobayashi, K. and Yoneyama, T. (1998). Fate of dehydromatricaria ester added to

soil and its implications for the allelopathic effect of Solidago altissima L. Ann. Bot. 82: 625–630.

Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Second Indian Reprint, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi. 498 pp.

Ph. D Thesis

294

Jenkinson, D. S. (1988). Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil.

In: Wilson, J. R (Ed.), Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems,

368-386. C.A.B International, Wallingford. U.K.

Jenkinson, D. S. and Ladd, J. N. (1981). Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and

turnover. In: Paul, E. A. and Ladd, J. N. (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry 415-471. Marcel Dekker: New York.

Jensen, S., Ovreas, L., Daae F. L. and Torsvik, V. (1998). Diversity in methane

enrichments from agricultural soil revealed by DGGE separation of PCR amplified

16S rDNA fragments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 26: 17–26.

Joanisse, G. D., Bradley, R. L., Preston, C. M. and Munson, A. D. (2007). Soil enzyme

inhibition by condensed litter tannins may drive ecosystem structure and processes: the case of Kalmia angustifolia New Phytologist 175: 535–546.

Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B. (2004). The uplift of soil nutrients by plants: Biogeochemical consequences across scales. Ecology 85: 2380-2389.

Jones, D. L., Hodge, A. and Kuzyakov, Y. (2004). Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of

rhizodeposition. New Phytol. 163: 459–480.

Jordan, N. R., Larson, D. L. and Huerd, S. C. (2008). Soil modification by invasive

plants: effects on native and invasive species of mixed-grass prairies. Biol. Invasions 10: 177–190.

Joynt, J., Bischoff, M., Turco, R.F., Konopka, A. and Nakatsu. C.H. (2006). Microbial

community analysis of soils contaminated with lead, chromium and organic

solvents. Microb. Ecol. 51: 209–219.

Kao-Kniffin, J. and Balser, T. C. (2007). Soil fertility and the impact of exotic invasion on microbial communities in Hawaiian forests. Microb. Ecol. 56: 55–63.

Kandeler, E., Palli, S., Stemmer, M. and Gerzabek, M. H. (1999). Tillage changes

microbial biomass and enzyme activities in particle size fractions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31: 1253–1264.

Kardol, P., Cornips, N. J., van Kempen, M. M. L., Bakx-Schotman, J. M. T. and van der

Putten, W. H. (2007). Microbe-mediated plant-soil feedback causes historical

contingency effects in plant community assembly. Ecological Monographs 77: 147-162.

Karl, T., Harley, P., Guenther, A., Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Jardine, K. and Nemitz, E.

(2005). The bi-directional exchange of oxygenated VOCs between a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation and the atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 3015–3031.

Ph. D Thesis

295

Keeler, M. S. and Chew, F. S. (2008). Escaping an evolutionary trap: preference and

performance of a native insect on an exotic invasive host. Oecologia 156: 559–

568.

Kelly, E. F., Chadwick, O. A., and Hilinski, T. E. (1998). The effects of plants on mineral weathering. Biogeochemistry 42:21–53.

Khuroo, A. A., Rashid, I., Reshi, Z., Dar G. H. and Wafai, B. A. (2007). The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya. Biol. Invasions 9: 269–292.

Khuroo, A. A., Reshi, Z., Rashid, I., Dar, G. H. and Khan, Z. S. (2008). Operational

characterization of alien invasive flora and its management implications.

Biodivers. Conserv. 17: 3181–3194.

Khuroo, A. A., Malik, A. H., Reshi, Z. A. and Dar, G. H. (2010). From ornamental to

detrimental: plant invasion of Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Ox-eye Daisy) in Kashmir valley, India. Current science 98 (5): 600-602.

Khuroo, A. A., Reshi, Z. A., Malik, A. H. Weber, E. Rashid, I and Dar, G. H. (2011).

Alien flora of India: taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic

affiliations. Biological Invasions (Article in press).

Kirk, J. L., Beaudette, L. A., Hart, M., Moutoglis, P., Klironomos, J. N., Lee, H. and

Trevors, J. T. (2004). Methods of studying soil microbial diversity. J. Microbiol. Methods 58: 169–88.

Kirk, T. K. and Fenn, P. (1982). Formation and action of the ligninolytic system in basidiomycetes. British Mycological Society 4: 67–89.

Kirk, T. K. and Ferrell, R. L. (1987). Enzymatic ‗‗combustion‘‘: the microbial

degradation of lignin. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41: 465–505.

Kita-Tsukamoto, K., Wada, M., Yao, K., Kamiya, A., Yoshizawa, S., Uchiyama, N. and

Kogure, K. (2006). Rapid identification of marine bioluminescent bacteria by

amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene restriction analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 256: 298–303.

Klein, D. A., Paschke, M. W. and Heskett, T. L. (2006). Comparative fungal responses

inmanaged plant communities infested by spotted (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) and diffuse (C. diffusa Lam.) knapweed. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32:89–97.

Klironomos, J. N. (2002). Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities. Nature 417: 67–71.

Klironomos, J. N. (2003). Variation in plant response to native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 84: 2292–2301.

Ph. D Thesis

296

Klironomos, J. N., McCune, J., Hart, M. and Neville, J. (2000). The influence of

arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and

productivity. Ecol. Lett. 3: 137–141.

Kjøller, R. and Rosendahl, S. (2000). Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

(Glomales) in roots by nested PCR and SSCP (Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism 226 (2): 189-196.

Knight, R. S. (1986). A comparative analysis of fleshy fruit displays in alien and

indigenous plants. In: MacDonald I. A. W., Kruger, F. J. and Ferrar, A. A. (Eds.),

The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, pp 171–177. Oxford University Press, Capetown.

Konopka, A., Oliver, L. and Turco, Jr., R. F. (1998). The use of carbon substrate

utilization patterns in environmental and ecological microbiology. Microb. Ecol. 35: 103–115.

Konstantinidis, K.T., Isaacs, N., Fett, J., Simpson, S., Long, D. T. and Marsh, T. L.

(2003). Microbial diversity and resistance to copper in metal-contaminated lake sediment. Microb. Ecol. 45: 191–202.

Koske, R. E., Gemma, J. N. and Flynn, T. (1992). Mycotrophy in Hawaiian angiosperms:

a survey with implications for the origin of the native flora. American Journal of

Botany 79: 853-862.

Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. and Huang, W. Z. (1998). Effects of exotic plant species

on soil properties in hardwood forests of New Jersey. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 105: 493-501.

Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. and Häggblom, M. (2002a). Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology 83: 3152–3166.

Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. and Huang, W. S. (2002b). Enzyme activities during litter

decomposition of two exotic and two native plants species in hardwood forests of

New Jersey. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34: 1207–1218. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00057-3

Kourtev, P. S., Ehrenfeld, J. G. and Häggblom, M. (2003). Experimental analysis of the

effect of exotic and native plant species on the structureand function of soil

microbial communities. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 35: 895–905.

Koutika, L. S., Vanderhoeven, S., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Dassonville, N. and Meerts, P.

(2007). Assessment of changes in soil organic matter after invasion by exotic plant species. Biol. Fertil. Soils 44: 331– 341.

Ph. D Thesis

297

Kowalchuk, G. A., Gerards, S. and Woldendorp, J. W. (1997a). Detection and

characterization of fungal infections of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) roots

by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of specifically amplified 18S rDNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3858–3865.

Kowalchuk, G. A., Stephen, J. R., Deboer, W., Prosser, J. I., Embley, T.M. and

Woldendorp, J. W. (1997b). Analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta

subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in coastal sand dunes by Denaturing

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1489–1497.

Kowalchuk, G. A., Buma, D. S., de Boer, W., Klinkhamer, P. G. L. and van Veen, J. A.

(2002). Effects of above-ground plant species composition and diversity on the

diversity of soil-borne microorganisms. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 81:509–520.

*Kowarik, I. (2003). Biologische Invasionen-Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa.

Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Krämer, S., and Green, D. M. (2000). Acid and alkaline phos-phatase dynamics and their

relationship to soil microclimate in a semiarid woodland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 179-188.

Krizova, J., Spanova, A. and Rittich, B. (2006). Evaluation of Amplified Ribosomal

DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and species-specific PCR for identification of Bifidobacterium species. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 36–44.

Kulmatiski, A. and Beard, K. H. (2008). Decoupling plant-growth from land-use legacies in soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1059–1068.

Kulmatiski, A., Beard, K. H., Stevens, J. R and Cobbold, S. M. (2008). Plant-soil feedbacks: a meta-analytical review. Ecol. Lett. 11: 980–992.

Kurdila, J. (1995). The introduction of exotic species into the United States: there goes

the neighborhood. Environmental Affairs 16: 95– 118.

Kuske, C. R., Ticknor, L. O., Miller, M. E., Dunbar, J. M., Davis, J. A., Barns, S. M. and

Belnap, J. (2002). Comparison of soil bacterialcommunities in rhizospheres of

three plant species and the interspaces in an arid grassland. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 1854–1863.

Ladd, J. N. and Butler, J. H. A. (1972). Short-term assays of soil proteolytic enzyme

activities using proteins and dipeptide derivatives as substrates. Soil Biol. Biochem. 4: 19-30.

Ph. D Thesis

298

Lane, D. J. (1991). 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. p. 115–175. In: Stackebrandt, E. and

Goodfellow, M. (Eds.), Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. John

Wiley & Sons, New York.

Lane, D., Pace, B., Olsen, G. J., Stahl, D. A., Sogin, M. L. and Pace, N. R. (1985). Rapid

determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82: 6955-6959.

Lankau, R. (2010) Soil microbial communities alter allelopathic competition between Alliaria petiolata and a native species Biol. Invasions 12: 2059–2068.

Lazarides, M., Cowley, K, Hohnen P, (1997). CSIRO handbook of Australian weeds.

(Eds.), Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.

Leake, J. R., Donnelly, D. P. and Boddy, L. (2002). Interactions between ecto-

mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. In: Heijden, M.G.A., Sanders, I. R. (Eds.), Mycorrhizal Ecology. SpringereVerlag, Berlin, pp. 345-371.

Leake, J. R., Johnson, D., Donnelly, D. P., Muckle, G. E., Boddy, L. and Read, D. J.

(2004). Networks of power and influence: the roleof mycorrhizal mycelium in

controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Can. J. Bot. 82: 1016–1045.

Leary, J. K., Hue, N. V., Singleton, P. W. and Borthakur, D. (2006). The major features

of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii. Biol. Fertil. Soils 42: 215–223.

Lechevalier, M. P. (1977) Lipids in bacterial taxonomy – a taxonomist‘s view. Critic.

Rev. Microbiol. 5: 109–210.

Lee, D. H., Zo, Y. G. and Kim S. J. (1996). Nonradioactive method to study genetic

profiles of natural bacterial communities by PCR-Single-Strand-Conformation Polymorphism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 62(9): 3112-3120.

Lehman, R. M., Colwell, F. S., Ringelberg, D. B. and White, D. C. (1995). Combined

microbial community-level analyses for quality assurance of terrestrial subsurface

cores. J. Microbiol. Meth. 22: 263–281.

Le Maitre D. C., van Wilgen, B. W., Gelderblom, C. M., Bailey, C., Chapman, R. A. and

Nel, J. A. (2002). Invasive alien trees and water resources in South Africa: case studies of the costs and benefits of management. For Ecol. Manag. 160: 143–159.

Le Maitre, D. C., Richardson, D. M and Chapman, R. A. (2004). Alien plant invasions in

South Africa: driving forces and the human dimension. South African Journal of Science 100: 103–112.

Ph. D Thesis

299

Lerman, L. S. and Silverstein, K. (1987). Computational simulation of DNA melting and

its application to Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Methods. Enzymol.

155: 482-501.

Leroux, G. D., Benoit, D. L. and Banville, S. (1996). Effect of crop rotations on weed

control, Bidens cernua and Erigeron canadensis populations, and carrot yields in organic soils. Crop. Prot. 15: 171–178.

Lessa, E. P., and Applebaum, G. (1993). Screening techniques for detecting allelic variation in DNA sequences. Mol. Ecol. 2: 119–129.

Levine, J. M., Vilá, M., D‘Antonio, C. M., Dukes, J. S., Grigulis, K. and Lavorel, S.

(2003). Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270: 775-781.

Levine, J. M., Pachepsky, E., Kendall, B. E., Yelenik, S. G. and Janneke-Hille-Ris-

Lambers. (2006). Plant–soil feedbacks and invasive spread Ecology Letters 9: 1005–10141.

Ley, R. E. and D‘Antonio, C. M. (1998). Exotic grass invasion alters potential rates of

N-fixation in Hawaiian woodlands. Oecologia 113:179–87.

Li, W. H., Zhang, C. B., Jiang, H. B., Xin, G. R.and Yang, Z.Y. (2006). Changes in soil

microbial community associated with invasion of the exotic weed, Mikania micranth H. B. K. Plant Soil 281: 309–324.

Li, W-H., Zhang, C-B., Gao, G-J., Zan, Q-J. and Yang, Z-Y. (2007). Relationship

between Mikania micrantha invasion and soil microbial biomass, respiration and

functional diversity. Plant Soil 296: 197–207.

Liang, J., G. Yongjian, X., Ming, C. Jiakuan, and Li, B. (2004). The history of Solidago

canadensis invasion and the development of its mycorrhizal associations in newly-reclaimed land. Funct. Plant Biol. 31: 979-986.

Liao, C., Luo, Y., Jiang, L., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fang, C., Chen, J. and Li, B. (2007).

Invasion of Spartina alterniflora enhanced ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks

in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Ecosystems 10:1351–61.

Liao, C., R. Peng, Y. Q. Luo, X. H. Zhou, X. W. Wu, C. Fang, J. Chen, and B. Li. (2008).

Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: a meta-analysis. New Phytologist 177: 706–714.

Liesack, W., Janssen, P. H., Rainey, F. A., Ward-Rainey, N. L. and Stackenbrandt, E.

(1997). Microbial diversity in soil: the need for a combined approach using

molecular and cultivation techniques. In: van Elsas, J. D., Trevors, J. T.,

Ph. D Thesis

300

Wellington, E. M. H. (Eds.), Modern Soil Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp. 375–439.

Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc,

iron,manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421–448.

Lippincott, C. L. (2000). Effects of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (cogongrass) invasion on fire regime in Florida sandhill (USA). Nat. Areas J. 20: 140–149.

Liu, W. T., Marsh, T. L. Cheng, H. and Forney. L. J. (1997). Characterization of

microbial diversity by determining Terminal Restriction Fragment Length

Polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:

4516–4522.

Lonsdale, W. M. (1999) Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80: 1522–1536.

Lorenzo, P., Rodríguez-Echeverrí, S., Luís González, L. and Freitas, H. (2010). Effect of

invasive Acacia dealbata Link on soil microorganisms as determined by PCR-DGGE. Applied Soil Ecology 44 (3): 245-251.

Lutgen, E. R and Rillig, M. C. (2004). Influence of spotted knapweed (Centaurea

maculosa) management treatments on arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil aggregation. Weed Sci 52: 172–177.

Maarten, B., Eppinga, M. B., Kaproth, M. A., Collins, A. R. and Molofsky, J. ( 2011).

Litter feedbacks, evolutionary change and exotic plant invasion. Journal of Ecology DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01781.x

Macdonald, C. A., Campbell, C., Bacon, J. and Singh, B. K. (2008). Multiple profiling of

soil microbial communities identifies potential genetic markers of metal-enriched sewage sludge. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65: 555-564.

Mack, R. N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W. M., Evans, H., Clout, M. and Bazzaz, F. A.

(2000). Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10: 689–710.

Mack, M. C., D‘Antonio, C. M. and Ley, R. E. (2001). Alteration of ecosystem nitrogen

dynamics by exotic plants: a case study of C4 grasses in Hawaii. Ecol. Applic. 11: 1323–35.

Macnaughton, S. J., Jenkins, T. L., Wimpee, M. H., Cormier, M. R. and White, D. C.

(1997). Rapid extraction of lipid biomarkers from pure culture and environmental

samples using pressurized accelerated hot solvent extraction. J. Microbiol. Methods 19–27.

Ph. D Thesis

301

Mahaney, W. M., Smemo, K. A. and Yavitt, J. B. (2006). Impacts of Lythrum salicaria

invasion on plant community and soil properties in two wetlands in central New

York, USA. Can. J. Bot. 84: 477–84.

Makoi, J. H. J. R. and Ndakidemi, P. A. (2008). Selected soil enzymes: examples of their potential roles in the ecosystem. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 181–191.

Malik, S., Beer, M., Megharaj., M. and Naidu, R. (2008). The use of molecular

techniques to characterize the microbial communities in contaminated soil and water. Environment International 34: 265–276.

Mallik, A. U. and Pellissier, F. (2000). Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on spruce

regeneration: testing the notion of coevolutionary significance of allelopathy. J. Chem. Ecol. 26:2197–2209.

Mangla, S., Inderjit. and Callaway, R. M. (2008) Exotic invasive plant accumulates native soil pathogens which inhibit native plants. J. Ecol. 96: 58–67.

Marchante, E., Kjøller, A.., Struwe, S. and Freitas, H. (2008). Short and long-term

impacts of Acacia longifolia invasion on the belowground processes of a

Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem. Appl. Soil. Ecol. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.04.004

Markoulatos, P., Siafakas, N. and Moncany, M. (2002). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16: 47–51.

Marler, M. J., Zabinski, C. A and Callaway, R. M. (1999). Mycorrhizae indirectly

enhance competitive ability of an invasive forb on a native bunchgrass. Ecology

80: 1180–1186.

Maron, J. L. and Connors, P. G. (1996). A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion. Oecologia 105: 302–312.

Marschner, P., Yang, C.-H., Lieberei, R. and Crowley. D. E. (2001). Soil and plant

specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 1437–1445.

Marschner, P., Grierson, P. F and Rengel, Z. (2005). Microbial community composition

and functioning in the rhizosphere of three Banksia species in native woodland in Western Australia. Applied Soil Ecology 28: 191–201.

Marsh, T. L. (1999). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP): an

emerging method for characterizing diversity among homologous populations of

amplification products. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2: 323–7.

Ph. D Thesis

302

Martens, D. A., Johanson, J. B. and Frankenberger, W. T. (1992). Production and

persistence of soil enzymes with repeated addition of organic residues. Soil

Science 153: 53–61.

Martin, J. P. (1950). Use of acid, Rose Bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Science 69: 215.

Martin, M. R., Tipping, P. W. and Sickman, J. O. (2009). Invasion by an exotic tree alters above and belowground ecosystem components. Biol. Invasions 11: 1883–94.

Matsumoto, T., Takakura, K. and Nishida, T. (2010). Alien pollen grains interfere with the reproductive success of native congener. Biol. Invasions12:1617–1626.

McKenney, J. L., Cripps, M. G., Price, W. J., Hinz, H. and Schwarzländer, M. (2007). No

difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European Lepidium draba populations. Plant Ecol. 193: 293–303.

McKinley, V. L. Peacock, A. D., and White, D. C. (2005). Microbial community PLFA

and PHB responses to ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 68: 1946–1958.

McLendon, T. and Redente E. F. (1992). Effects of nitrogen limitation on species

replacement dynamics during early secondary succession on a semiarid sagebrush site. Oecologia 91: 312–17.

Meffin, R., Miller, A. L., Hulme, P. E. and Duncan, R.P. (2010). Experimental

introduction of the alien weed Hieracium lepidulum reveals no significant impact on montane plant communities in New Zealand. Diversity Distrib. 16: 804–815.

Meirmans, P. G., Lamothe, M., Gros-Louis, M., Khasa, D., Périne, P., Bousquet, J. and

Isabel, N. (2010). Complex patterns of hybridization between exotic and native North American poplar species. American Journal of Botany 97: 1688-1697.

Melcher, Ulrich. (2000). SSCPs. http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG11129.html.

Melgoza, G., Nowak, R. S. and Tausch, R. J. (1990). Soil water exploitation after fire:

competition between Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and two native species.

Oecologia 83: 7–13.

*Melin, E. (1921) Über die mykorrhizenpilze von Pinus silvestris L. und Picea abies (L.) karst. Sven Bot. Tidskr 15:192–203.

*Melin, E. (1923) Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Konstitution und Ökologie

der Mykorrhizen von Pinus silvestris L. und Picea Abies (L.) Karst. Mykol Untersuch Ber 2:73–331.

Ph. D Thesis

303

Mendoza, M., Meugnier, H., Bes, M., Etienne, J. and Freney, J. (1998). Identification of

Staphylococcus species by 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer PCR analysis. Int. J.

Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1049–55.

Meyer, O. (1994). Functional groups of microorganisms. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Eds. E Schulze, D. and Mooney, H. pp. 67–97. Springer-verlag, Berlin.

Meyerson, L. A., Saltonstall, K., Windham, L., Kiviat, E. and Findlay, S. (2000). A

comparison of Phragmites australis in freshwater and brackish marsh environments in North America. Wetland Ecol. Manage 9: 89–103.

Miller, M. and Dick, R. P. (1995). Thermal stability and activities of soil enzymes as

influenced by crop rotations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 1161–116.

Moora, M., Öpik, M., Sen, R. and Zobel, M. (2004). Native arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungal communities differentially influence the seedling performance of rare and common Pulsatilla species. Funct. Ecol. 18: 554–562.

Mummey, D. L. and Rillig, M. C. (2006). The invasive plant species Centaurea maculosa

alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the field. Plant Soil 288:81–

90.

Mummey, D. L, Rillig, M. C. and Holben, W. E. (2005). Neighboring plant influences on

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition as assessed by T-RFLP analysis. Plant Soil 271: 83–90.

Musil, C. F. (1993) Effect of invasive Australian Acacias on the regeneration, growth and nutrient chemistry of South African lowland fynbos. J. Appl. Ecol. 30: 361–372.

Muyzer, G., de Waal, E. C. and Uitterlinden, A.G. (1993). Profiling of complex microbial

populations by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis analysis of polymerase

chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 695–700.

Muyzer, G., Teske, A., Wirsen, C. O. and Jannasch, H. W. (1995). Phylogenetic

relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep sea

hydrothermal vent samples by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments. Arch. Microbiol. 164: 165–172.

Myers, R. M., Miniatis, T. and Lerman, T. S. (1987). Detection and localization of single

base changes by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Methods enzymol. 155:

501-527.

Nakatsu, C. H. (2004). Microbial community analysis. p. 455–463. In D. Hillel et al. (ed.) Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.

Ph. D Thesis

304

Nakatsu, C. H. (2007). Soil Microbial Community Analysis Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:562–571 doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0080

Nannipieri, P., Ceccanti, B., Cervelli, S. and Sequi, P. (1978). Stability and kinetic

properties of humus–urease complexes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10: 143–147 doi:10.1016/0038-0717(78)90085-8

Nannipieri, P., Muccini, L. and Ciardi, C. (1983). Microbial biomass and enzyme

activities: production and persistence. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 679–685 doi:10.1016/0038-0717(83)90032-9

Nannipieri, P., Ascher, J., Ceccherini, M. T., Landi, L., Pietramellara, G. and Renella, G.

(2003). Microbial diversity and soil functions. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54:655–670 doi:10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0556.x

Nie, M., Gao, L. X., Yan, J. H., Fu, X. H., Xiao, M., Yang, J. and Li, B. (2010).

Population variation of invasive Spartina alterniflora can differentiate bacterial

diversity in its rhizosphere. Plant Ecol. 209: 219–226 DOI 10.1007/s11258-009-

9687-z

Nourbakhsh, F. and Monreal, C. M. (2004). Effects of soil properties and trace metals on

urease activities of calcareous soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils 40: 359–362 doi:10.1007/s00374-004-0786-7

Nunan, N., Daniell, T. J., Singh, B. K., Papert, A., McNicol, J.W. and Prosser, J.I. (2005).

Links between plant and rhizoplane bacterial communities in grassland soils,

characterized using molecular techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 6784–6792.

Ogle, S. M., Reiners, W. A. and Gerow, K. G. (2003). Impacts of exotic annual brome

grasses (Bromus spp.) on ecosystem properties of northern mixed grass prairie.

Am. Midl. Nat. 149:46–58.

Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of

availablephosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric.939.

Olsen, G. J., Lane, D. J., Giovannoni, S. J., Pace, N. R., and Stahl, D.A. (1986).

Microbial ecology and evolution: A ribosomal RNA approach. Annu. Rev.

Microbiol. 40: 337–365.

Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K. Sekiya, T. (1989). Detection of

Polymorphisms of Human DNA by Gel Electrophoresis as SSCPs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86: 2766-70.

Ph. D Thesis

305

Osborn, A. M., Moore, E. R. and Timmis, K. N. (2000). An evaluation of terminal-

restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of

microbial community structure and dynamics. Environ. Microbiol. 2: 39–50.

Osborne, C. A., Rees, G. N., Bernstein, Y. and Janssen, P. H. (2006). New threshold and

confidence estimates for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of complex bacterial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 1270–8.

Pace, N. R. (1997). A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science 276: 734–40.

Parker, I. M. D. Simberloff, W. M. Lonsdale, K., Goodell, M., Wonham, P. M., Kareiva,

M. H., Williamson, B., Von Holle, P. B., Moyle, J. E., Byers, and Goldwasser, L.

(1999). Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biol. Invasions 1: 3–19.

Parker, S. S. and Schimel, J. P. (2010). Invasive Grasses increase nitrogen availability in California grassland soils. Invasive Plant Science and Management: 3(1): 40-47.

Paterson, E., Gebbing, T., Abel, C., Sim, A. and Telfer, G. (2007). Rhizodeposition

shapes rhizosphere microbial community structure in organic soil. New Phytol. 173: 600–610.

Paul, E. A. and Johnson, R. L. (1977). Microscopic counting and adenosine 5-

triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34: 263-269.

*Pedersen, A. (1961). Kurvblomsternes udbredelse i Danmark (ekskl. Hieracium og

Taraxacum). Bot. Tidsskr. 57: 83-289.

Pejchar, L. and Mooney, H. A. (2009). Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trends Ecol. Evol., 24: 497–504.

Peltzer, D. A., Allen, R. B., Lovett, G. M. and Whitehead, D. and Wardle, W. A. (2009).

Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration Global Change Biology 16(2): 732-746.

Perkiomaki, J. and Fritze, H. (2003). Does simulated acid rain increase the leaching of

cadmium from wood ash to toxic levels to coniferous forest humus microbes? FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 44: 27–33.

Peters, S., Koschinsky, S., Schwieger, F., and Tebbe, C. C. (2000). Succession of

microbial communities during hot composting as detected by PCR-Single-Strand-

Conformation Polymorphism-based genetic profiles of Small-Subunit rRNA Genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(3): p. 930-936.

Ph. D Thesis

306

Pfiffner, S. M., Palumbo, A. V., Gibson, T., Ringelberg, D. B. and McCarthy, J. F.

(1997). Relating groundwater and sediment chemistry to microbial

characterization at a BTEX-contaminated site. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63: 775–788.

Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R. and Morrison, D. (2000). Environmental and economic

costs associated with non-indigenous species in the United States. Bio. Science 50 (1): 53–65.

Pimentel, D., McNair, S., Janecka, J., Wightman, J., Simmonds, C., O‘Connell, C.,

Wong, E., Russel, L., Zern, J., Aquino, T. and Tsomondo T. (2001). Economic

and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment. 84: 1–20.

Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R. and Morrison, D. (2005). Update on the environmental and

economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States

Ecological Economics 52: 273– 288.

Polis, G. A., Anderson, W. B. and Holt, R. D. (1999). Toward an integration of landscape

and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28: 289–316.

Polo-Cavia, N., Gonzalo, A., López, P. and Martín, J. (2010). Predator recognition of

native but not invasive turtle predators by naïve anuran tadpoles. Animal behaviour 80 (3): 461-466. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.06.004

Power, M. E., Tilman, D., Estes, J. A., Menge, B. A., Bond, W. J, Mills, L.S., Daily, G.,

Castilla, J.C., Lubchenco, J. and Paine, R.T. (1996). Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46: 609–20.

Prati, D. and Bossdorf, O. (2004) Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria

petiolata (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 91: 285–288.

Pringle, A., Bever, J. D., Gardes, M., Parrent, J. L., Rillig, M. C. and Klironomos, J. N.

(2009). Mycorrhizal symbioses and plant invasions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40: 699–715.

Pyšek, P. (1998). Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasions? Oikos 82: 282–294.

Rahmansyah, M. and Sudiana, I. M. (2010). Soil microbial enzyme activity relate to role

of methanotrophic bacteria in the tropical forest soil of Gunung Salak National

park ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 5(2): 51-57.

Raizada, P., Raghubanshi, A. S. and Singh, J. S. (2008). Impact of invasive alien plant species on soil processes: a review. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India B 78:288–98.

Ph. D Thesis

307

Ramsey, P. W., Rillig, M. C., Ferisb, K. P., Holbena, W. E. and Gannon, J. E. (2006).

Choice of methods for soil microbial community analysis: PLFA maximizes

power compared to CLPP and PCR-based approaches. Pedobiologia 50: 275-280.

Rangaswamy, V., Reddy, B. R. and Venkateswarlu, K. (1994). Activities of

dehydrogenase and protease in soil as influenced by monocrotophos, quinalphos,

cypermethrin and fenvalerate. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 47: 319-26.

Ranjard, L., F. Poly, J. Combrisson, A. Richaume, F. Gourbiere, J. Thioulouse, and S.

Nazaret. (2000). Heterogeneous cell density and genetic structure of bacterial

pools associated with various soil microenvironments as determined by

enumeration and DNA fingerprinting approach (RISA). Microb. Ecol. 39: 263–

272.

Ranjard, L., Poly, F., Lata, J. C., Mougel, C., Thioulouse, J. and Nazaret, S. (2001).

Characterization of bacterial and fungal soil communities by Automated

Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis fingerprints: biological and methodological

variability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4479–87.

Rashid, I., Zafar Reshi, Manzoor A. Shah and B. A. Wafai. (2006). Does herbivory

promote invasiveness of Anthemis cotula in Kashmir Himalaya, India. In:

International symposium ―Biology, Ecology and Management of World‘s Worst

Plant Invasive Species.‖ 10-14 December, 2006, CEMDE, University of Delhi,

India. pp. 83-84.

Rashid, I., Reshi, Z., Allaie, R. R. and Wafai, B. A. (2007). Germination ecology of

invasive alien Anthemis cotula helps it synchronise its successful recruitment with

favourable habitat conditions The Annals of Applied Biology 150(3):361-369.

Ravenschlag, K., Sahm, K., Knoblauch, C., Jorgensen, B. B. and Amann, R. (2000).

Community structure, cellular rRNA content, and activity of sulfate-reducing

bacteria in marine Arctic sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 3592–3602.

Ravit, E., Ehrenfeld, J. G. and Hӓggblom, M. M. (2003). A comparison of sediment

microbial communities associated with Phragmites australis and Spartina

alterniflora in brackish wetlands of New Jersey. Estuaries 26(2B): 465–74.

Read, D. J. and Perez-Moreno, J. (2003). Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems

– a journey towards relevance? New Phytol.157: 475–492.

Ph. D Thesis

308

Reardon, C. L., Cummings, D. E., Petzke, L. M., Kinsall, B. L., Watson, D. B., Peyton,

B. M. and Geesey, G. G. (2004). Composition and diversity of microbial

communities recovered from surrogate minerals incubated in an acidic uranium-

contaminated aquifer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6037-6046.

Reichard, S. H. and White, P. (2001). Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant

introductions in the United States. Bioscience 51: 103–113.

Reinhart, K. O. and Callaway, R. M. (2004). Soil biota facilitate exotic Acer invasion in

Europe and North America. Ecol. Appl. 14: 1737–1745.

Reinhart, K. O. and Callaway R. M. (2006). Soil biota and invasive plants. New

Phytologist 170: 445–457.

Reinhart, K. O. and VandeVoort, R. (2006). Effect of native and exotic leaf litter on

macro-invertebrate communities and decomposition in a western Montana stream.

Divers. Distrib. 12:776–81.

Reinhart, K. O., Packer, A., van der Putten, W. H. and Clay, K. (2003). Plant–soil biota

interactions and spatial distribution of black cherry in its native and invasive

ranges. Ecology Letters 6: 1046–1050.

Reinhart, K. O., Royo, A. A., van der Patten, W. H, and Clay, K. (2005). Soil feedback

and pathogen activity in Prunus serotina throughout its native range. Journal of

Ecology 93: 890–898.

Reiss, J., Bridle, J. R., Montoya, J. M. and Woodward, G. (2009). Emerging horizons in

biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24: 505–14.

Renwick, J. A. A., Zhang, W., Haribal, M., Attygalle, A. B. and Lopez, K. D. (2001).

Dual chemical barriers protect a plant against different larval stages of an insect. J.

Chem. Ecol. 27: 1575–1583.

Renz, M. J. and Blank, R. R. (2004). Influence of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium

latifolium) biology and plant-soil relationshipson management and restoration.

Weed Technol. 18: 1359–1363.

Reynolds, H. L., Packer, A., Bever, J. D. and Clay, K. (2003). Grassroots ecology: plant-

microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics.

Ecology 84: 2281–2291.

Ph. D Thesis

309

Rhee, S.-K., Liu, X., Wu, L., Chong, S. C., Wan, X. and Zhou. J. (2004). Detection of

genes involved in biodegradation and biotransformation in microbial communities

by using 50-mer oligonucleotide microarrays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:

4303–4317.

Rice, S. K., Westerman, B. and Federici, R. (2004). Impacts of the exotic, nitrogen-fixing

black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on nitrogen cycling in a pine-oak ecosystem.

Plant Ecol. 174: 97–107.

Richardson, D. M, Williams, P. A., Hobbs, R. J. (1994). Pine invasions in the Southern

Hemisphere: determinants of spread and invadability. Journal of Biogeography 21:

511–527.

Richardson, D. M., Allsopp, N., D‘Antonio, C. M, Milton, S. J. and Rejmanek, M.

(2000). Plant invasions—the role of mutualisms. Biol. Rev. 75: 65–93.

Riera, N., Traveset, A. and García, O. (2002). Breakage of mutualisms by exotic species:

the case of Cneorum tricoccon L. in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean

Sea). J Biogeogr 29: 713–719.

Rillig, M. C., Wright, S. F. and Eviner, V. T. (2002). The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation: comparing effects of five plant species.

Plant and Soil 238: 325–333.

Rinaldi, A. C., Comadini, O. and Kuyper, T. W. (2008). Ectomycorrhizal fungal

diversity: separating the wheat from the chaff. Fungal Divers 33: 1–45.

Roberts, K. J. and Anderson, R. C. (2001). Effect of garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata

(Beib. Cavara & Grande) extracts on plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)

fungi. Am. Midl. Nat. 146: 146–152.

Roche, B. F. Jr,, and Roche, C.T. (1991). Identification, introduction, distribution,

ecology, and economics of Centaurea species. In: James, L.F., Evans, J. O.

Ralphs, M.H. and Child, R.D. (Eds.), Noxious Range Weeds. Pp. 274-291

Westview Press, San Francisco, USA.

Rodgers, V. L., Wolfe, B. E., Werden, L. K., and Finzi, A. C. (2008). The invasive

species Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) increases soil nutrient availability in

northern hardwood-conifer forests. Oecologia 157: 459–471.

Ph. D Thesis

310

Rodríguez-Echeverrıá, S., Crisóstomo, J. A., Nabais, C. and Freitas, H. (2009).

Belowground mutualists and the invasive ability of Acacia longifolia in coastal

dunes of Portugal. Biol. Invasions 11: 651–661.

Rodriguez, G. G., Phipps, D., Ishiguro, K. and Ridgway, H. F. (1992). Use of a

fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Appl

Environ Microbiol 58: 1801-1808.

Rojo, M., Carcedo, S. and Mateos, M. (1990). Distribution and characterization of

phosphatase and organic phosphorus in soil fractions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:

169–174. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(90)90082-B

Roscoe, R., Vasconcellos, C. A., Furtini Neto A. E., Guedes, G. A. A. and Fernandes, L.

A. (2000). Urease activity and its relation to soil organic matter, microbial

biomass nitrogen and urea-nitrogen assimilation by maize in a Brazilian oxisol

under no-tillage and tillage systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils 32: 52–59

doi:10.1007/s003740000213

Rothstein, D. E., Vitousek, P. M. and Simmons, B. L. (2004). An exotic tree alters

decomposition and nutrient cycling in a Hawaiian montane forest. Ecosystems 7:

805–814.

Rout, M. E. and Chrzanowski, T. H. (2009). The invasive Sorghum halepense harbours

endophytic N2-fixing bacteria and alters soil biogeochemistry. Plant Soil 315:

163–172.

Sakai, A. K., Allendorf, F. W., Jodie, S., H., Lodge, D. M., Molofsky, J.,

With, K. A.,

Baughman, S., Cabin, R. J., Cohen, J. E., Ellstrand, N. C., McCauley, D. E.,

O'Neil, P., Parker, I. M., M., Thompson, J. N. and Weller, S, G. (2001). The

population biology of invasive species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 305–332.

Salisbury, E. (1942). The reproductive capacity of plants. G. Bell and Sons Ltd., London,

UK. 227 pp.

Sall, S. N., Masse, D., Bernhard-Reversat, F., Guisse, A. and Chotte, J-L. (2003).

Microbial activities during the early stage of laboratory decomposition of tropical

leaf litters: the effect of interactions between litter quality and exogenous

inorganic nitrogen. Biology and Fertility of Soils 39: 103-111.

Sanon, A., Beguiristain, T., Cébron, A., Berthelin, J., Ndoye, I., Leyval, C., Sylla, S.,

Duponnois, R., (2009). Changes in soil diversity and global activities following

Ph. D Thesis

311

invasions of the exotic invasive plant, Amaranthus viridis L., decrease the growth

of native sahelian Acacia species. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 70: 118-131.

Sanon, A., Beguiristain, T., Cébron, A., Berthelin, J., Sylla, S. N. and Duponnois, R.

(2011). Differences in nutrient availability and mycorrhizal infectivity in soils

invaded by an exotic plant negatively influence the development of indigenous

Acacia species. Journal of Environmental Management. (article in press).

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.025

Sax, D. F., Stachowicz, J. J., Brown, J. H., Bruno, J. F., Dawson, M. N., Gaines, S. D.,

Grosberg, R. K., Hastings, A., Holt, R. D., Mayfield, M. M., O‘Connor, M. I. and

Rice, W. I. (2007). Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions.

Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22(9): 465–471. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.009.

PMID:17640765.

Scharfy, D., Eggenschwiler, H., Venterink, H. O., Edwards, P. J. and Gusewell, S.

(2009). The invasive alien plant species Solidago gigantea alters ecosystem

properties across habitats with differing fertility. J. Veg. Sci. 20: 1072–85.

Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Venterink, H. O. and Buschmann, H. (2008). Nitrogen enrichment

and plant invasions: the importance of nitrogen-fixing plants and anthropogenic

eutrophication. In Biological Invasions W. Netwig, ed. pp. 163–80. Berlin: Springer.

Scheublin, T. R., van Logtestijn, R. S. P. and van der Heijden, M. G. A. (2007). Presence

and identity of arbuscular mycorhizal fungi influence competitive interactions

between plant species. J. Ecol. 95: 631-638.

Schimel, J., (1995). Ecosystem consequences of microbial diversity and community

structure. In: Chapin, F.S.I., Koerner, C. (Eds.) Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences. Springer, New York.

Schimel, J.P. and Bennett, J. (2004). Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology 85: 591–602.

Schimel, J. P. and Weintraub, M. N. (2003). The implications of exoenzyme activity on

microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: a theoretical model. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 35: 549–563.

Schinner, F. and von Mersi, W. (1990). Xylanase, CM-cellulase and invertase activity in soil: an improved method. Soil biology and biochemistry 22: 511-515

Schmalenberger, A., Schwieger, F. and Tebbe, C. C. (2001). Effect of primers

hybridizing to different evolutionarily conserved regions of the small-subunit

Ph. D Thesis

312

rRNA gene in PCR-based microbial community analyses and genetic profiling Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(8): 3557-63.

Schwieger, F., and Tebbe, C. C. (1998). A new approach to utilize PCR-singlestrand-

conformation polymorphism for 16S rRNA gene based microbial community analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 4870–4876.

Scotland, R. W. and Wortley, A. H. (2003). How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 52: 101–104.

Scott, N., Saggar, S. and McIntosh, P. D. (2001). Biogeochemical impact of Hieracium

invasion in New Zealand‘s grazed tussock grasslands: sustainability implications.

Ecol. Applic. 11: 1311–22.

Seabloom, E. W., Harpole, W. S., Reichman O. J. and Tilman, D. (2003). Invasion,

competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100:13384–13389.

Seifert, E. K., Bever, J. D. and Maron, J. L. (2009). Evidence for the evolution of reduced mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion. Ecology 90: 1055–1062.

Shah, M. A. and Reshi, Z. ( 2007). Invasion by alien Anthemis cotula L. in a biodiversity

hotspot: release from native foes or relief from alien friends. Curr. Sci. 92: 1-3.

Shah, M. A., Reshi, Z. and Rashid, I. (2008a). Mycorrhizal source and neighbour identity

differently influence Anthemis cotula L. invasion in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Appl. Soil Ecol. 40: 330-337.

Shah, M. A. Reshi, Z. and Rashid, I. (2008b). Mycorrhizosphere mediated Chamomile invasion in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Plant Soil 312: 219-225.

Shah, M. A., Reshi, Z. A. and Khasa D. (2009a). Arbuscular mycorrhizal status of some

Kashmir Himalayan alien invasive plants. Mycorrhiza 20: 67–72. DOI 10.1007/s00572-009-0258-x

Shah, M. A., Reshi, Z. A and Khasa D. (2009b). Arbuscular mycorrhizas: drivers or passengers of alien plant invasion. The Botanical Review.

Shah, M. A., Reshi, Z. A. and Rasool, N. (2010). Plant invasions induce a shift in

Glomalean spore diversity Tropical Ecology 51(2S): 317-323© International

Society for Tropical Ecology.

Sharma, G. P., Raghubanshi, A. S. (2009). Lantana invasion alters soil nitrogen pools

and processes in the tropical dry deciduous forest of India. Appl. Soil Ecol. 42: 134–140.

Ph. D Thesis

313

Shaukat, S. S., Khan, D. and Ali, S. T. (1983). Suppression of herbs Inula grantioides Boiss. In Sind Desert Pak. J. Botany 15: 43-67.

Shaukat, S. S., Munir, N. and Siddiqui, I. A. (2003). Allelopathic response of Conyza

canadensis (L.) Cronqust: A cosmopolitan weed. Asian journal of plant sciences 2(14): 1034-1039.

Sheffield, V. C., Cox, D., Lerman, R. L. S. and Myers, R. M. (1989). Attachment of a 40-

base-pair G+C-rich sequence (GC-clamp) to genomic DNA fragments by the

polymerase chain reaction results in improved detection of single-base changes.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86: 232–236.

Shurin, J. B., Borer, E. T., Seabloom, E. W., Anderson, K., Blanchette, C. A., Broitman,

B., Cooper, S. D., Halpern B. S. (2002). A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecol. Lett. 5: 785–91.

Sicardi, M., Garcìa-Prèchac, F. and Frioni, L. (2004). Soil microbial indicators sensitive

to land use conversion from pastures to commercial Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex

Maiden) plantations in Uruguay. Appl. Soil Ecol. 27: 125–133.

Simard, S. W., Jones, M. D. and Durall, D. M. (2002). Carbon and nutrient fluxes within

and between mycorrhizal plants. In: Van der Heijden, M. G. A. and Sanders, I. R.

(Eds.) Mycorrhizal Ecology. Ecological Studies 157. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,

Germany, pp. 33–74.

Simberloff, D. (1995). Why do introduced species appear to devastate islands more than

mainland areas? Pacific Sci. 49: 87–97.

Simberloff, D. and Von Holle, B. (1999). Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biol Invasions 1:21–32

Simberloff, D. (2010). Invasions of plant communities...more of the same, something very different, or both? Am. Midl. Nat. 163: 219-232.

Simon, L., Levesque, R. C. and Lalonde, M. (1993). Identification of endomycorrhizal

fungi colonising roots by fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism

polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 4211–4215.

Sims, G. K. and Wander, M. M. (2002). Proteolytic activity under nitrogen or sulfur limitation. Appl. Soil Ecol. 19: 217–221.

Sinsabaugh, R. L. (1994). .Enzymatic analysis of microbial pattern and process. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17: 69-74.

Sinsabaugh, R. L. and Moorhead, D. L. (1994). Resource allocation to extracellular

enzyme production – a model for nitrogen and phosphorus control of litter

decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1305–1311.

Ph. D Thesis

314

Sinsabaugh, R. L., Antibus, R. K. and Linkins, A. E. (1991). An enzymic approach to the

analysis of microbial activity during plant litter decomposition. Agric. Ecosyst.

Environ. 34: 43–54.

Sinsabaugh, R. L., Antibus, R. K., Linkins, A. E., Mclaugherty, C. A., Rayburn, L.,

Repert, D. and Weiland, T. (1992). Wood decomposition over a first-order

watershed: mass loss as a function of lignocellulase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 743–749.

Sinsabaugh, R. L., Moorhead, D. L. and Linkins, A. E. (1994). The enzymatic basis of

plant litter decomposition: emergence of an ecological process. Applied Soil Ecology 1: 97–111.

Sinsabaugh, R. L., Carreiro, M. M. and Alvarez, S. (2000). ―Enzyme and microbial

dynamics of litter decomposition‖. In: Burns, R.G., Dick, R.P. (Eds.). Enzymes in the Environment, Marcel Dekker, New York.

Sinsabaugh, R. L., Carreiro, M. M and Repert, D. A. (2002). Allocation of extracellular

enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss. Biogeochemistry 60: 1–24.

Skujins, J. (1967). Enzymes in soil. In: McLaren A.D., Peterson, G.H. (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, pp. 371-414. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Small, J., Call, D.R., Brockman, F. J., Straub, T. M. and Chandler, D.P. (2001). Direct

detection of 16S rRNA in soil extracts by using oligonucleotide microarrays.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4708–4716.

Smalla, K.., Wachtendorf, U., Heuer, H., Liu, W.T. and Forney, L. (1998). Analysis of

BIOLOG® GN substrate utilization patterns by microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1220–1225.

Smalla, K., Oros-Sichler, M., Milling, A., Heuer, H., Baumgarte, S., Becker, R., Neuber,

G., Kropf, S., Ulrich, A. and Tebbe, C.C. (2007). Bacterial diversity of soils

assessed by DGGE, T-RFLP and SSCP fingerprints of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA

gene fragments: do the different methods provide similar results? Journal of Microbiological Methods 69: 470-479.

Smith, A. E. (1987). Increasing importance and control of mayweed chamomile in forage

crops. Agron. J. 79: 657—660.

Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J. (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic, London.

Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, UK.

Ph. D Thesis

315

Sonderstrom, B. E. (1977). Vital staining of fungi in pure cultures and in soil with fluorescein diacetate. Soil Biol Biochem. 9: 59-63.

Spence, L. A., Dickie, I. A. and Coomes, D. A. (2010). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum

potential: a mechanism promoting positive diversity–invasibility relationships in

mountain beech forests in New Zealand? Mycorrhiza 21(4): 309-314. DOI 10.1007/s00572-010-0340-4

Sperry, L., Belnap, J and Evans, R. D. (2006). Bromus tectorum invasion alters nitrogen dynamics in an undisturbed arid grassland. Ecology 87: 603–16.

Spiegelman, D., Whissell, G. and Greer, C. W. (2005). Asurvey of the methods for the

characterization of microbial consortia and communities. Can. J. Microbiol. 51: 355–86.

Stach, J. E. M., Bathe, S., Clapp, J. P. and Burns, R. G. (2001). PCR-SSCP comparison

of 16S rDNA sequence diversity in soil DNA obtained using different isolation and purification methods. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 36: 139–151.

Staley, J. T. and A. Konopka. (1985). Measurement of in situ activities of

nonphotosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 39: 321–346.

Stampe, E. D. and Daehler, C. C. (2003). Mycorrhizal species identity affects plant community structure and invasion: a microcosm study. Oikos 100: 362–372.

Stephan, A., Meyer, A. H. and Schmid, B. (2000). Plant diversity affects culturable soil bacteria in experimental grassland communities. Journal of Ecology 88: 988–999.

Stevenson, F. J. and Cole, M. A. (1999). Cycles of the Soil: Carbon, Nitrogen,

Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.

Stinson, K. A., Campbell, S. A., Powell, J. R., Wolfe, B. E., Callaway, R. M. Thelen, G.

C. Hallett, S. G., Prati, D. and Klironomos, J. N. (2006). Invasive plant suppresses

the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. Public Library of Science Biology 4(5): 140-145.

Stock, W. D., Wienand, K. T. and Baker, A. C. (1995). Impacts of invading N2-fixing

Acacia species on patterns of nutrient cycling in two Cape ecosystems: evidence

from soil incubation studies and 15N natural abundance values. Oecologia 101: 375–382.

Stowe, L. G. (1979). Allelopathy and its influence on the distribution of plants in an

Illinois old-field. Journal of Ecology 67: 1065-1085.

Ph. D Thesis

316

Strickland, M. S., DeVore, J. L., Maerz, J. C.and Bradford, M. A. (2010). Grass invasion

of a hardwood forest is associated with declines in belowground carbon pools.

Glob Change Biol 16: 1338–1350.

Subba Rao, N. S. (2000). Soil Microbiology (Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi).

Subbiah, B. V. and Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of

available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci. 25: 259–260.

Su-Li, Y., Chao-He, H., Gang, L., Zhao-Jiang, Z., Jie, M. and Dian-Lin, Y. (2011).

Effects of replacement control with four forage species on bacterial diversity of

soil invaded by Flaveria bidentips Chinese journal of plant ecology 35(1): 45-55.

Sun, Z-K. and He, W-M. (2010). Evidence for enhanced mutualism hypothesis: Solidago canadensis plants from regular soils perform better. PLoS 5(11): 15418.

Sunnucks, P., Wilson, A. C., Beheregaray, L. B., Zenger, K., French, J. and Taylor, A. C.

(2000). SSCP is not so difficult: the application and utility of Single-Stranded

Conformation Polymorphism in evolutionary biology and molecular ecology. Molecular Ecology (9): 1699-710.

Svenson, A. (1986). Effects of copper, zinc, and cadmium ions on the production of phosphate from phytic acid in spruce forest soils. Plant Soil 94: 227–234.

USBC, (1998). Statistical Abstract of the United States. US Bureau of the Census, US

Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Tabatabai, M. A. (1994). Soil enzymes. In: Weaver, R.W., Angle, S., Bottomley, P.

(Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 775–833.

Tabatabai, M. A. and Bremner, J. M. (1969). Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphaase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1: 301-307.

Tabatabai, M. A. and Bremner, J. M. (1972). Assay of urease activity in soils. Soil Biol.

Biochem. 4:479-487.

Tabatabai, M. A., Dick, W. A. (2002). Enzymes in soil. In: Burns, R.G., Dick, R.P.

(Eds.), Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology and Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 567–596.

Tadano, T. and Sakai, H. (1990). Secretion of acid phosphatase by the roots of several

crop species under phosphorous-deficient conditions. Soil science and Plant

Nutrition. 37: 129-140.

Ph. D Thesis

317

Takakura, K., Nishida, T., Matsumoto, T. and Nishida, S. (2009) Alien dandelion reduces

the seed-set of a native congener through frequency-dependent and one-sided

effects. Biol. Invasions 11: 973–981.

Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2011).

MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood,

evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution (in press).

te Beest, M., Stevens, N., Olff, H. and van der Putten, W. H. (2009). Plant-soil feedback

induces shifts in biomass allocation in the invasive plant Chromolaena odorata. J. Ecol. 6: 1281–1290.

Tecco, P. A., Díaz, S., Cabido, M. and Urcelay, C. (2010). Functional traits of alien

plants across contrasting climatic and land-use regimes: Do aliens join the locals or try harder than them? J. Ecol. 98: 17–27.

Tedersoo, L., May, T. W. and Smith, M. E. (2010). Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi:

global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20:217–263.

DOI 10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x

Tharayil, N., Bhowmik, P., Alpert, P., Walker, E., Amarasiriwardena, D. and Xing, B.

(2009). Dual purpose secondary compounds: phytotoxin of Centaurea diffusa also facilitates nutrient uptake. New Phytologist 181: 424–43.

Thebaud, C. and Abbott, R. J. (1995). Characterization of invasive Conyza species

(Asteraceae) in Europe: Quantitative trait and isozyme analysis. Am. J. Bot. 82: 360–368.

Theoharides, K. A. and Dukes, J. S. (2007). Plant invasion across space and time: factors

affecting nonindigenous speciessuccess during four stages of invasion. New

Phytologist 176: 256–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02207.x

Thorpe, A. S., Archer, V. and Deluca, T. H. (2006). The invasive forb Centaurea

maculosa increases phosphorus availability in Montana grasslands. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32:118–122.

Tiedje, J. M., Asuming-Brempong, S., Nusslein, K., Marsh, T. L. and Flyn, S. J. (1999). Opening the black box of soil microbial diversity. Appl Soil Ecol. 13: 109–22.

Torsvik, V., and Øvreås. L. (2002). Microbial diversity and function in soil: From genes

to ecosystems. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5: 240–245.

Torsvik,V., Goksoyr, J. and Daae, F. L. (1990). High diversity in DNA of soil bacteria.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56: 782-787.

Ph. D Thesis

318

Torsvik, V., Ovreas, L and Thingstad, T. F. (2002). Prokaryotic diversity— Magnitude, dynamics, and controlling factors. Science 296: 1064–1066.

Toth, S. J. and Prince, A. L. (1949). Estimation of cation exchange capacity

andexchangeable Ca, K and Na contents of soils by flamephotometric techniques. Soil Sci. 67: 439–445.

Traveset, A. and Richardson, D. M. (2006) Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 208–216.

Traveset, A. and Riera, N. (2005). Disruption of a plant-lizzard seed dispersal system and

its ecological effects on a threatened endemic plant in the Balearic Islands.

Conserv. Biol. 19: 421–431

Treseder, K. K. and Allen, M. F. (2000). Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil

carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. New Phytol. 147: 189–200.

Treseder, K. K. and Vitousek, P. M. (2001). Effects of soil nutrient availability on

investment in acquisition of N and P in Hawaiian rain forests. Ecology 82: 946-

954.

Tscherko, D., Rustemeier, J., Richter, A., Wanek, W. and Kandeler, E. (2003). Functional

diversity of the soil microflora in the primary succession across two glacier forelands in the Central Alps. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54: 685–696.

Tunison, J. T., D‘Antonio, C. M. and Loh, R. K. (2001). Fire and invasive plants in

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In: Galley, K. E. and Wilson, T. P. (Eds.) Proc.

Invasive Species Workshop: the Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species pp. 122–131. Lawrence, K. S: Allen Press.

Tunlid, A., Hoiting, H. A. J., Low, C. and White, D. C. (1989). Characterization of

bacteria that suppress Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media by analysis

of fatty acid biomarkers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 1368–1374.

Tyser, R. W. and Key, C. H. (1988). Spotted knapweed in natural area fescue grasslands:

an ecological assessment. Northwest Sci. 62: 151–160.

University of Alaska Museum. (UAM). University of Alaska Fairbanks. 2004. http://hispida.museum.uaf.edu:8080/home.cfm

USBC, (1998). Statistical Abstract of the United States. US Bureau of the Census, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

van Breeman, N. (1998). Plant-induced soil changes: processes and feedbacks. Kluwer Academic.42: 1-19.

Ph. D Thesis

319

Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C. and Jenkinson, D. S. (1987). An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19: 703-707.

Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Baldauf, S. L., Leyval, C., Straczek, J. and Young, J. P. W.

(2002). Extensive fungal diversity in plant roots. Science 295: 2051.

van der Heijden, M. G. A., Klironomos, J. N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis, P., Streitwolf-Engel,

R., Boller, T., Wiemken, A. and Sanders, I. R. (1998). Mycorrhizal fungal

diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396: 69-72.

van der Heijden, M. G. A., Wiemken, A. and Sandrs, I. R (2003). Different arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi alter coexistence and resource distribution between co-occurring plants. New Phytol. 157: 569–578.

van der Heijden, M. G. A., Bardgett R. D. and van Straalen, N. M. (2008). The unseen

majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems Ecology Letters 11: 296–310 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01139.x

Vanderhoeven, S., Dassonville, N. and Meerts, P. (2005). Increased topsoil mineral

nutrient concentrations under exotic invasive plants in Belgium. Plant Soil 275: 167–177.

Vanderhoeven, S., Dassonville, N., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Hayez, M. and Meerts, P. (2006).

Impact of the invasive alien plant Solidago gigantea on primary productivity, plant nutrient content and soil mineral nutrient concentrations. Plant Soil 286: 259–68.

van der Putten, W. H. (2003). Plant defence belowground and spatiotemporal processes

in natural vegetation. Ecology 84: 2269–2280.

van der Putten, W. H, Klironomos, J. N. and Wardle, D. A. (2007a). Microbial ecology of biological invasions. The ISME Journal 1: 28–37.

van der Putten, W. H., Kowalchuk, G. A., Brinkman, E. P., Doodeman, G. T. A., Van der

Kaaij, R. M., Kamp, A. F. D., Menting, F. B. J. and Veenedaal, E. M. (2007b).

Soil feedback of exotic savanna grass relates to the absence of pathogens and

selective mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 88(4): pp. 978–988.

Vaneechoutte, M., Rossau, R., De Vos, P., Gillis, M., Janssens, D., Paepe, N., De Rouck,

A., Fiers, T., Claeys, G. and Kersters, K. (1992). Rapid identification of bacteria

of the Comamonadaceae with amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis

(ARDRA). FEMS Microbiol Lett. 72: 227–33.

Vaneechoutte, M., De Beenhouwer, H., Claeys, G., Verschraegen, G., De Rouck, A.,

Paepe, N., Elaichouni, A. and Portaels, F. (1993). Identification of Mycobacterium

Ph. D Thesis

320

species with amplified rDNA restriction analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2061–2065.

Vaneechoutte, M., Dijkshoorn, L., Tjernberg, I., Elaichouni, A., de Vos, P., Claeys, G.

and Verschraegen, G. (1995). Identification of Acinetobacter genomic species by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 11–5.

van Kleunen, M., Weber, E. and Fischer, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and noninvasive plant species. Ecol. Lett. 13: 235–45.

Vaughn, S. F. and Berhow, M. A. (1999). Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 2495–2504.

Verhoef, H. A and Brussaard, L. (1990). Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in

natural and agroecosystems: the contribution of soil animals. Biogeochemistry 11: 175–211.

Vestal, J. R. and White, D. C. (1989). Lipid analysis in microbial ecology: quantitative approaches to the study of microbial community. Bio. Science 39: 535–541.

Vilà, M., Espinar, J. L., Hejda. M., Hulme. P. E., Jaroš ík. V., Maron. J. L., Pergl. J.,

Schaffner, J., Sun, Y. and Pyšek, P. (2011). Ecological impacts of invasive alien

plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems Ecology Letters 14: 702–708.

Vitousek, P. M. and Walker, L. R. (1989). Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii,

plant demography, nitrogen fixation and ecosystem effects. Ecological Monographs 59: 247–265. doi:10.2307/1942601

Vitousek, P. M., Gosz, J. R., Grier, C. C., Melillo, J. M., Reiners, W.A. and Todd, R. L.

(1979). Nitrate losses from disturbed ecosystems. Science 204: 469–474.

Vitousek, P. M., Walker, L. R., Whiteaker, L. D., Mueller-Dombois, D. and Matson, P.

A. (1987). Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii. Science 238: 802–804.

Vitousek, P. M., D‘Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L. and Westbrooks, R. (1996). Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84: 468– 478.

Vitousek, P. M., D‘Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L., Rejmanek, M. and Westerbrooks, R.

(1997). Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21 (1): 1–16.

Vivanco, J. M., Bais, H. P., Stermitz, F. R., Thelen, G. C. and Callaway, R. M. (2004).

Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion. Ecol. Lett. 7: 285–292.

Ph. D Thesis

321

Vogelsang, K. M. and Bever, J. D. (2009). Mycorrhizal densities decline in association

with non-native plants and contribute to plant invasion. Ecology 90(2): pp. 399–

407.

Vogelsang, K. M, Bever, J. D, Griswold, M. and Schulz, P. A. (2004). The use of

mycorrhizal fungi in erosion control applications. Final report for Caltrans.

California Department of Transportation Contract no. 65A0070, Sacramento (California).

Vogelsang, K. M., Bever, J. D., Griswold, M. and Schultz, P. A. (2005). The use of

mycorrhizal fungi in erosion control applications. Sacramento, CA, USA: California Department of Transportation.

Vogelsang, K. M., Reynolds, H. L. and Bever, J. D. (2006). Mycorrhizal fungal identity

and richness determine the diversity and productivity of a tallgrass prairie system 172 (3): 554-562. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01854.x

Vranjic, J. A., Woods, M. J. and Barnard, J. (2000). Soil-mediated effects on germination

and seedling growth of coastal wattle (Acacia sophorae) by the environmental

weed, bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata). Aust. Ecol. 25: 445-453.

Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for

determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29-37.

Wardle, P. 1991. Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Wardle, D. A. (2006). The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 9: 870–886.

Wardle, D. A., Bonner, K. I., Barker, G. M., Yeates, G. W., Nicholson, K. S., Bardgett,

R. D., Watson, R. N. and Ghani, A. (1999). Plant removals in perennial grassland:

vegetation dynamics, decomposers, soil biodiversity, and ecosystem properties. Ecological Monographs 69: 535–568.

Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setälä, H., van der Putten, W. H. and

Wall, D. H. (2004). Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground

biota. Science 304: 1629-1633.

Waldrop, M. P., Balser, T. C. and Firestone, M. K. (2000). Linking microbial community composition to function in a tropical soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 1837–1846.

Ph. D Thesis

322

Waldrop, M. P., Zak, D. R., Blackwood, C. B., Curtis, C. D. and Tilman, D. (2006).

Resource availability controls fungal diversity across a plant diversity gradient.

Ecol Lett 9: 1127–1135.

Watanabe, K. (2001). Microorganisms relevant to bioremediation. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12: 237–41.

Watts, J. E., Wu, Q., Schreier, S. B., May, H. D. and Sowers, K. R. (2001). Comparative

analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl-dechlorinating communities in enrichment

cultures using three different molecular screening techniques. Environ Microbiol.

3: 710–719.

Weaver, S. E. (2001). The biology of Canadian weeds. 115. Conyza canadensis Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 867–875.

Weidenhamer, J. D. and Callaway R. M. (2010). Direct and indirect effects of invasive plants on soil chemistry and ecosystem function J. Chem. Ecol. 36: 59–69.

Weidner, S, Arnold, W. and Puhler, A. (1996). Diversity of uncultured microorganisms

associated with the seagrass Halophila stipulacea estimated by restriction

fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 766–71.

Weir, B. S., Turner, S. J., Silvester, W. B., Park, D-C. and Young, J. M. (2004).

Unexpectedly diverse Mesorhizobium strains and Rhizobium leguminosarum

nodulate native legume genera of New Zealand, while introduced legume weeds

are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 5980–5987.

Welsh, S. L. (1974). Anderson‘s flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Brigham University Press.724 pp.

Werner, C., Zumkier, I., Beyschlag, W. and Máguas, C. (2010). High competitiveness of

a resource demanding invasive acacia under low resource supply 206(1): 83-96.

Wester, L. (1992). Origin and distribution of adventive alien flowering plants in Hawaii.

In: Stone, C. P., Smith, C. W. and Tunison, J. T. (Eds). Alien plant invasions in

native ecosystems of Hawaii. University of HI Cooperative National Park

Resources Study Unit, Honolulu, pp. 99-155.

Westover, K. M. and Bever, J. D. (2001). Mechanisms of plant species coexistence: roles

of rhizosphere bacteria and root fungal pathogens. Ecology 82: 3285–3294.

Ph. D Thesis

323

White, D. and Ringelberg, D. (1998). Signature lipid biomarker analysis. In: Burlage, R.,

Atlas, R., Stahl, D., Geesey, G. and Sayler, G. (Eds.), Techniques in Microbial

Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 255–272.

White, D. C., Davis, W. M., Nickels, J. S., King, J. D. and Bobbie, R. J. (1979).

Determination of sedimentary microbial biomass by extractable lipid phosphate.

Oecologia, 40: 51–62.

White, T. J., Bruns, T. D., Lee, S. B. and Taylor, J. W. (1990). Amplification and direct

sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In:. Innis, M. A.,

Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J. and White, T. J. (Eds.), PCR protocols-a guide to

methods and applications academioc press New York. Pp, 315-322.

White, P. M., Potter, T. L. and. Strickland, T. C. (2009). Pressurized Liquid Extraction of

Soil Microbial Phospholipid and Neutral Lipid Fatty Acids. J. Agric. Food

Chem.57(16): 7171-7177.

Widmer, F. A., Fielßbach, E., Laczkó, J and Zeyer, J. (2001). Assessing soil biological

characteristics: A comparison of bulk soil community DNA-, PLFA-, and

BIOLOG-analyses. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 1029–1036.

Wieland, G., Neumann, R. and Backhaus. H. (2001). Variation of microbial ommunities

in soil, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane in response to crop species, soil type, and crop development. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5849–5854.

Winding, A. (1994). Fingerprinting bacterial soil communities using biolog microtitre

plates. In: Ritz, K., Dighton, J. and Giller, K. E. (Eds.), Beyond the Biomass.

Wiley Sayce, New York, pp. 85–94.

Wilsey, B. J. and Polley, H. W. (2006). Aboveground productivity and root–shoot

allocation differ between native and introduced grass species. Oecologia 150:

300–309.

Witkowski, E. T. F. (1991). Effects of invasive alien acacias on nutrient cycling in the

coastal lowlands of the cape fynbos. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 1–15.

Woese, C. R. (1987). Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev 51: 221–71.

Wolfe, B. E. and Klironomos, J. N. (2005). Breaking New ground: Soil communities and

exotic plant invasion. Bio. Science 55(6): 477-487.

Ph. D Thesis

324

Wolfe, B. E., Rodgers, V. L., Stinson, K. A. and Pringle, A. (2008). The invasive plant

Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) inhibits ectomycorrhizal fungi in its introduced

range. Journal of Ecology 96: 777-783.

Wright, S. F. and Upadhyaya, A. (1998). A survey of soils for aggregate stability and

glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Plant Soil 198: 97–107.

Yannarell, A. C., Busby, R. R., Denight, M. L., Gebhart, D. L. and Taylor, S. J. (2011).

Soil bacteria and fungi respond on different spatial scales to invasion by the

legume Lespedeza cuneata. Frontiers in terrestrial microbiology 2 (127): 1-12.

Yelenik, S. G., Stock, W. D. and Richardson, D. M. (2004). Ecosystem level impacts of

invasive Acacia saligna in the South African fynbos. Restor. Ecol. 12: 44–51.

Yelenik, S. G., Stock, W. D. and Richardson, D. M. (2007). Functional group identity

does not predict invader impacts: differential effects of nitrogen-fixing exotic

plants on ecosystem function. Biol. Invasions 9: 117–25.

Yu, X. J., Yu, D., Lu, Z. J. and Ma, K. P. (2005). A new mechanism of invader success:

exotic plant inhibits natural vegetation restoration by changing soil microbe

community. Chin. Sci. Bull 50: 1105–1112.

Zaady, E., Ben-David, E. A., Sher, Y., Tzirkin, R. and Nejidat, A. (2010). Inferring

biological soil crust successional stage using combined PLFA, DGGE, physical

and biophysiological analyses. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42: 842–849.

Zabinski, C. A., Quinn, L. and Callaway, R. M. (2002). Phosphorus uptake, not carbon

transfer, explains arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of Centaurea maculosa in

the presence of native grassland species. Functional Ecology 16: 758–765.

Zachow, C., Berg, C., Müller, H. Meincke, R. Komon-Zelazowska, M., Druzhinina, I. S.,

Kubicek, C. P and Berg, G. (2009). Fungal diversity in the rhizosphere of endemic

plant species of Tenerife (Canary Islands): relationship to vegetation zones and

environmental factors. The ISME Journal 3: 79–92.

Zak, J. C., Willig, M. R., Moorhead, D. L. and Wildman, H. G. (1994). Functional

diversity of microbial communities: a quantitative approach. Soil Biol. Biochem.

26: 1101–1108.

Ph. D Thesis

325

Zak, D. R., Holmes, W. E., White, D. C., Peacock, A. D. and Tilman, D. (2003). Plant

diversity, soil microbial communities and ecosystem function: are there any links?

Ecology 84(8): 2042–2050.

Zavaleta, E. (2000). Valuing ecosystem services lost to Tamarix invasion in the United

States. In: Mooney, H. A. and Hobbs, R. J. (Eds.), Invasive species in a changing

world pp. 261–300. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Zelles, L., Bai, Q. Y., Beck, T. and Beese, F. (1992). Signature fatty acids in

phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides as indicators of microbial biomass and

community structure in agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 317–323.

Zelles, L. (1999). Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the

characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review. Biology and Fertility

of Soils 29: 111–129.

Zhang , S. S., Jin, Y. L., Tang, J. J. and Chen, X. (2009). The invasive plant Solidago

Canadensis L. suppresses local soil pathogens through allelopathy. Appl. Soil

Ecol. 41: 215–222.

Zhang, Q., Yang, R., Tang, J., Yang, H., Hu, S. and Chen, X. (2010). Positive feedback

between mycorrhizal fungi and plants influences plant invasion success and

resistance to invasion. PLoS 5(8): 12380.

Zumstein, E., Moletta, R. and Godon, J. J. (2000). Examination of two years of

community dynamics in an anaerobic bioreactor using fluorescence polymerase

chain reaction (PCR) single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.

Environmental Microbiology 2: 69 –78.

*Not seen in original.