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PGV HMP COpy 4

PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTURE

HYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

PREPARED BY:

Science Applications International Corporation

April, 1990

PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTUREHYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONIENfS I

llST OF ABBRE~TIONS ill

EXECUITVE SUMMARY 1

HI. IN1'R.ODUCI10N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4H1.1 BACKGROUND SUMMARY 5H1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 6

H2. HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPTION 9H2.1 GEOLOGIC SETTING 9H2.2 HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

H2.2.1Recharge Mechanisms 11H2.2.2Discharge Mechanisms 12H2.2.3Flow System Description 13

H2.3 HYDROCHEMICAL SETIING 14

H3. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 17H3.1 TASK 1 - DATA BASE UPDATE 18H3.2 TASK 2 - LOCATING ON-SITE MONITORING WELLS 18H3.3 TASK 3 - GTW III REHABILITATION 18H3.4 TASK 4 - COMPLETING ON-SITE MONITORING WELLS 19H3.5 TASK 5 - BACKGROUND SAMPLING MEASUREMENTS 19H3.6 TASK 6 - CONTINUING SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENTS 19H3.7 TASK 7 - REPORTING .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19

H4. SrrE DESC1UP110NS 20H4.1 EXISTING OFF-SITE LOCATIONS 20H4.2 ON-SrrE LOCATIONS 23H4.3 ADDmONAL LOCATIONS 23

H5. MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION 24H5.1 VVATER LEVEL MEASU~S 24H5.2 WATER QUALITY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 24

H6. DATA REPOR11N'G 28H6.1 FREQUENCY AND CONTENT 28H6.2 FORMAT 28

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H7. QUALIrY ASS~CE PROGRAJd 29H7.I QUALITY CONTROL ACTIVITIES 30H7.2 DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE ACTIVITIES 30H7.3 LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE ACTIVITIES 31

H8. R.EF'EREN"CES 32

liST OF TABLES

Table H2-I. Wells in the Shallow-Aquifer 14Table H2-2. Shallow-Aquifer Water Quality Data from KS-l, KS-1A, and KS-2

Wells 16Table HS-I. List of Water Sample Parameters for Routine Analyses 27

liST OF FIGURES

Figure HI-I. Key Location Map 33Figure Hl-2. Site Vicinity Map 34Figure H2-l. Site Hydrologic Data Sources and Related Features 35Figure H2-2. Types of Ground Water Occurrence and Development in Hawaii .. 36

UST OF APPENDICES

Appendix HI.Appendix H2.Appendix H3.

GRP Conditions Relative to the Hydrologic Monitoring ProgramExample Equipment SpecificationsList of Analyses for First Year Sampling Program


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ATCdBdBAddDOHEPAGRPGTWH2SHMPLERZmmmMAQMPMMMDMWMSLNAAQSNBSNMPNWSPGVPMppbppmppmvPSDQAQCRHSAAQSSLMTSPYSIZAM

UST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Authority to ConstructDecibel Level - relativeDecibel Level - absoluteDistance doubledState of Hawaii Department of HealthUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyGeothermal Resources PermitGeothermal Test WellHydrogen SulfideHydrologic Monitoring PlanLower East Rift ZoneMetersMillimetersMeteorologic and Air Quality Monitoring PlanMean Maximum Mixing DepthMegawattMean Sea LevelNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Bureau of StandardsNoise Monitoring PlanNational Weather ServicePuna Geothermal VentureParticulate MatterParts per billionParts per millionParts per million volumePrevention of Significant DeteriorationQuality AssuranceQuality ControlRelative HumidityState Ambient Air Quality StandardsSound Level MeterTotal Suspended ParticulatesYellow Springs InstrumentZero Air Module


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( PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTUREHYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Hydrologic Monitoring Program is being submitted as part of the requirements

of the Geothennal Resource Permit Condition 10. The Program as submitted is in

full compliance with this condition. It will document the hydrologic conditions in the

shallow aquifer in existing wells that occur in the vicinity of the site and at a water

supply well on the site prior to and over the duration of the project activities.

Scope

The scope of the plan provides for quarterly monitoring of water levels and appropriate

chemical species from existing wells completed in the shallow aquifer in those areas

downgradient of the project area, at the Green Lake water supply, and from two

monitoring wells located within the project boundary completed within the shallow

aquifer.

The proposed scope of the monitoring program will be to:

• Review and update the well data 'files for existing non-geothennal

wells in the site vicinity,

• Identify the location of the two on-site monitoring wells,

• Determine the flow gradient in the site vicinity by completing two on-site

and rehabilitating a third, nearby, monitoring well (GTW lll).

• Document background conditions for selected wells by conducting

the initial round of complete water level measurements and water

sampling at all monitoring wells and water supply locations prior

to beginning injection activities at the site, and,


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• Implement the proposed monitoring program by conducting

measurements on a quarterly basis thereafter.

Permit Conditions 11 and 13 are, In part, related to ground water, but, since they

relate to potential upset conditions for the project, any necessary response actions go

beyond monitoring routine activities at the site. They require, in the event of shallow

ground water contamination being caused by the project construction or operation

(Condition #11) or the Green Lake Water Supply becoming contaminated as a result

of the project (Condition #13), that the source of the contamination be eliminated and

that an alternative water supply for Green Lake be provided.

PGV will immediately notify the County Planning Department and State Department

of Health in situations when a change in geothermal well conditions indicates there is

a leak or failure in the production or injection well casing. PGV will take the

appropriate steps to test the production/injection system and evaluate the related well

and casing downhole conditions. If leakage of geothermal waters to the shallow

aquifer is demonstrated, any wells leaking would be shut in accordance with GRP

Condition 11, and an assessment of the potential impact would be made by the

monitoring contractor. In addition, steps would be identified to evaluate the impact

as it relates to downgradient water users.

Equipment. Data Collection and Re,porting

Water level meters will be used to measure the depth to water at all monitoring

locations. Samples will be taken using pumps in wells equipped with these devices or

using bailers. Field analyses will be supplemented by laboratory analyses for

components that have been developed by PGV in concert with the State Department

of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch. All samples will be taken and field analyses

conducted in accordance with standard protocols approved by the EPA. An EPA or

State of Hawaii-eertified laboratory will be used to conduct the analyses for samples

submitted.

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(

The final locations established for monitoring will be sampled and measured quarterly.

Data from each site will be processed and checked. Quality Control/Quality

Assurance procedures will be in compliance with standards of practice for similar

programs relative to the acquisition, reduction, verification, and validation of the site

data.

In compliance with permit conditions, semi-annual reports of the data will be

submitted along with the project status reports on February 15 and August 15 of each

calendar year.

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PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTURE

HYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

HI. INTRODUCTION

This document provides the basis for the Hydrologic Monitoring Program (HMP) for

the Puna Geothermal Venture. The HMP is complementary to two additional

environmental compliance monitoring programs also being submitted by PGV for their

proposed activities at the site. The other two programs are the Meteorology and Air

Quality Monitoring Program (MAQMP) and the Noise Monitoring Program (NMP),

being submitted concurrently.

The HMP is organized into the following eight chapters, which make up the entire

program:

Chapter HI. INTRODUCTIONChapter H2. HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPTIONChapter H3. PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONChapter H4. SITE DESCRIPTIONSChapter H5. MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONChapter H6. DATA REPORTINGChapter H7. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMChapter H8. REFERENCES

Chapter HI, INTRODUCTION, presents the background, purpose, and scope of the

monitoring program. Chapter H2, HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT

DESCRIPTION, presents background about the geology, hydrogeology and

hydrochemistry of the site vicinity based on previous studies. Chapter H3,

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION, describes the activities associated with the proposed

program. Chapter H4, SITE DESCRIPTIONS, identifies characteristics associated

with the expected monitoring locations. Chapter H5, MONITORING EQUIPMENT

AND OPERATION, describes the type of equipment to be used in the measurement,

sampling, and analyses of the ground water. Chapter H6, DATA REPORTING,

presents the manner in which the monitoring program data will be reported. Chapter

H7, QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM, identifies the quality control and quality

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assurance procedures that will be incorporated as part of the program. Chapter H8,

REFERENCES, lists the references cited throughout the text, and in the Figures,

Tables, and Appendices. Appendices HI through H3 contain support documentation

for the proposed program.

H1.1 BACKGROUND SUMMARY

On October 3, 1989, the County of Hawaii Planning Commission approved a

Geothermal Resource Permit (GRP) GRP 87-2 allowing PGV to proceed with

development of a geothermal energy source in the State of Hawaii. PGV will build

and operate this 25 MW geothermal energy plant on the Big Island of Hawaii, about

25 miles south of Hilo (Figure HI-I). The project is expected to be producing power

in late 1990 from a central production facility situated in an agricultural and rural

setting about 3 miles southeast of the town of Pahoa (Figure HI-2). The area is in the

Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) of the Kilauea Volcanic Area, about 20 miles east of

the current eruptive center.

The site area is about 500 acres. Approximately 25 of these acres will be disturbed by

up to six drill pads, the plant site, and associated piping. Drilling will take place for

up to about two years with an anticipated 10 to 14 wells being required to produce

adequate steam and hot geothermal liquid to meet the required production capacity.

Well depths are expected to be between 4000 and 7000 feet. Steam and liquid coming

to the surface will be injected back into the geothermal reservoir using dedicated wells.

There will not be any emissions, other than fugitive, to air or water under normal

operational conditions. Well venting and pipe clean out are intermittent but necessary

parts of the development of the project. These actions will be scheduled to minimize

impacts.


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Hl.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

A Hydrologic Monitoring Program is a requirement of the GRP. The text of GRP

Condition #10 associated with the HMP is provided in Appendix HI. The general

objective of the HMP as stated, is to:

"... monitor the shallow ground water immediately prior to, and

during, all periods of well drilling, testing, production, and injection

activity approved under the Geothermal Resource Permit."

This objective will be met by implementing the proposed monitoring program which

is described in detail in the following sections.

The required scope of the HMP, as outlined in Condition #10 of the GRP, requires

that the following actions be conducted as a minimum:

• Provide quarterly monitoring of water levels and appropriate

chemical species:

• from existing wells completed in the shallow aquifer

in those areas downgradient of the project area,

• from the Green Lake water supply, and

• from a well located within the project boundary and

completed within the shallow aquifer.

• Submit the data obtained from this program on a regular basis

as outlined in the GRP.


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PGV's proposed scope for the HMP consists of the following seven tasks:

Task 1:

Task 2:

Task 3:

Task 4:

Task 5:

Task 6:

Task 7:

Review and update, with selected field measurements,

the well data files for existing, non-geothennal wells in

the site vicinity,

Identify where the two site monitoring locations will be within

the project boundary,

Rehabilitate the GTW ill well east of the project area,

Drill and complete two on-site monitoring wells,

Document background conditions for the selected wells

by conducting the initial round of water level

measurements and water sampling at all monitoring

wells and water supply locations prior to beginning of

injection of geothennal fluids,

Continue the proposed monitoring program by

conducting measurements and selected sample

analyses on a quarterly basis thereafter, and,

Provide data reports as required.

Two other Pennit conditions are, in part, related to ground water, but, smce they

relate to potential upset conditions for the project, any necessary response actions go

beyond the scope of the routine HMP. They require, in the event of shallow ground

water contamination being caused by the project construction or operation (Condition

#11) or the Green Lake Water Supply becoming contaminated as a result of the

project (Condition #13), that the source of the contamination be eliminated and that

an alternative water supply for Green Lake be provided.

PGV will immediately notify the County Planning Department and the DOH in

situations when a change in geothennal well conditions indicates there is a leak or

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( failure in the production or injection well casing. PGV will take the appropriate steps

to test the production/injection system' in question and evaluate the related well and

casing downhole conditions. If leakage of geothermal waters to the shallow aquifer is

demonstrated, the well would be shut in accordance with GRP Condition #11, and an

assessment of the potential impact on' the shallow aquifer would be made by the

monitoring contractor. In addition, appropriate steps would be identified to evaluate

the impact as it relates to downgradient water users.


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H2. HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPI10N

The purpose of this chapter is· to present an overview and summary of what is known

about the geologic, hydrogeologic, and hydrochemical setting of the near surface,

shallow ground waters at the site and surrounding vicinity. Local conditions, wells, and

related features relative to the site hydrologic system are shown on Figure H2-1.

Investigations related to the geothermal development of the area have been ongoing

in the site vicinity for about 20 years. Much of the work has evaluated the geologic

setting and hydrothermal characteristics associated with the deeper reservoirs below

the shallow ground water. Details of the background studies conducted in the 1970s

and early 1980s are included in several reports developed by Thermal Power Company

(TPC), the previous operators of the PGV project. Three specific studies done which

include much of the pertinent data and information related to the hydrogeology and

hydrochemistry of the shallow aquifer system at the site include Kroopnick (1978),

Weiss Associates (1983), and Thermal Power Company (1986).

m.l GEOLOGIC SEITING

The purpose of this section is to. present a summary of the geology that has been

described by other investigators for the site area.

The project site is in the southeastern part of the Island of Hawaii within the Lower

East Rift Zone (LERZ) of Kilauea Volcano. The area is characterized by vesicular,

young, sub-aerial basalt lava flows and high annual rainfall.

Weiss (1983, p. 4) reports the following related to the rift zone and the dike systems

that influence the areas vulcanism and geology:


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•(The rift zone)•..is a zone of linear fissures, faults, cones, dikes and other

volcanic features that extend from the Kilauea crater east...(to the ocean).

The basalts that originate along the rift form gently sloping layers

of several inches to more than one hundred feet thick. Along the

rift, the dikes feeding the flows form vertical walls of dense basalt,

and a structure of many closely-spaced vertical dikes results in the

near horizontal, less dense flows.·

The general geologic setting is, therefore, progressively younger overlying lava flows

at depths extending from thousands of feet up to the surface, cut vertically along the

rift zone by an east-west trending dike system. In the· immediate site area, a north

south trending transverse fault and potentially associated dikes cross-eut the easterly

rift zone trend and are thought to be directly linked to the upward migration path for

geothermal waters in the area (FigUre H2-1). .

m.2 HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING

The purpose of this section is to present a summary of the understanding of the

ground water flow systems active in the site and surrounding area.

The occurrence of ground water in Hawaii was summarized in general by Weiss (1983,

p. 13) based on the results of many earlier investigations by the U.S. Geological

Survey, Hawaii DOH, University of Hawaii researchers, and other local experts. They

identified four main types of ground water in Hawaii, all of which are potentially

occurring in the site and surrounding vicinity. They are basal, perched, dike-confined,

and geothermal. FigureH2-2 is a cross-section conceptually illustrating how these four

types of ground waters occur in 'shallow-aquifer' type zones.

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I

H2.2.1 Recharge Mechanisms

The site is characterized as being in an area of relatively high recharge, with ground

water flow occurring in interlayered low to high permeability sub-horizontal lava flows.

Ground water flow in the' site area has two primary and one potential seCondary

recharge mechanisms. The primary mechanisms are from precipitation and from local

upwelling of geothermal fluids. Downgradient flow from Mauna Loa may also occur,

but it is unlikely that this secondary mechanism, if present, is as important to the site

area. Perched waters may occur in the area, but their existence has not been

documented.

Precipitation

Precipitation is one of the three recharge sources to the .area. Average rainfall in the

area is reported to be from about 110 to 125 inches per year (Weiss, 1983, p. 5;

Kroopnick, 1978, p. 11). An estimated 73 percent of the rainfall percolates downward

to the shallow ground water table (Eyre, 1977). Recharge to the shallow ground water

system underlying the 500 acre site area would be on· the order of about 3400 to 3800

acre-feet per year based on the estimated range of rainfall and the percolation

percentage provided by Eyre.

IJpweIling Geothennal Fluids

The second primary mechanism for ground water recharge at the site area is from

upwelling geothermal fluids. The vertical pathways for the geothermal fluids are

believed to be first,· in fractures and fault planes adjacent to and associated with the

dikes and, second, in areas such as the transverse .fault that cuts across the site area,

between KS-l and the HGP-Ageothermal research well (Figure H2-1). The upwelling

is further suggested by the characteristics of the shallow geothermal-influenced ground

water (Section H2.3) that has been detected at the site to date.


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DQWDgradient FJow

A secondary mechanism for ground water recharge to the area is believed to be from

ground water flowing laterally towards the site area from the north and northwest,.

down slope from Mauna Loa. The dike systems act as local barriers preventing this

underground flow from continuing to move downgradient towards the ocean. Instead,

the majority of the ground water is believed to change direction moving to both the

east and west along the rift.

m.2.2 Discharge Mechanisms

Discharge from the shallow aquifer systems occurs from three primary mechanisms,

evaporation and evapotranspiration, subsurface migration or lateral underflow, and

extractions for drinking water and irrigation use. There are no surface streams in the

immediate area.

Evaporation and Evapotranmiration

Evaporation and evapotranspiration represent the principal consumptive use in the

area. About 25 to 30 percent of the water falling as precipitation is believe to be

consumed in this manner (Eyre, 1977).

Subsurface Migration Of Underflow

Flow occurs from the site.area and discharges down slope towards the ocean. Spring

and sub-sea discharge of wanD. water along the coast south of. the project area has

been investigated by researchers working in the area. Local precipitation that reaches

the shallow aquifer in the dike-controlled or .. basal flow areas will also move

downgradient away from the site, although the rate and direction of flow are not

documented.

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Consumptive Use

There ~e a few shallow· aquifer sources that provide ground water for drinking and

irrigation purposes in the area in or south of the rift zone. The amount extracted at

Green Lake is on the order of 50,000 gallons per day (County of Hawaii, Water Supply

Department, 1989, written communication). Volumes for the other wells, if they are

being used, are not known.

Discharges from private lands from springs and shallow wells directly along the coast

also occur, but the quantities are not known and are not going to affect, nor be

affected by, the project activity since they are so near to the ocean and will have local

recharge from precipitation to these areas.

H2.2.3 Flow System Description

Based on the work and site data analysis done to date, the following flow dynamics

are apparently associated with the site ground water movement:

• The net rainfall (precipitation minus evaporation and

evapotranspiration) flows downward into a dike-confined flow

system -underneath the site, recharging both- the shallow ground

water •systems in the dike-confined areas and into any adjacent

shallow basal ground water areas.

• Geothennal waters occur at depth beneath the site arid are

upwelling in the site area mixing with the precipitation recharge.

• Most ground water moving laterally down slope from Mauna Loa

does not reach the site area as it is blocked by the rift zone and

dikes. Instead, most is diverted and flows along the rift zone,

possibly to both the east and west.


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t. Only a few wells exist in the site and surrounding vicinity which are completed in the

shallow ground water aquifer and believed to be potentially downgradient from the

project area. Table H2-1 lists the wells currently identified as being completed in this

zone. No recent water level measurements are available for many of the wells. Their.-

locations are shown on Figure H2-1.

Table H2-1. Wells in the Shallow-Aquifer

Well Name/Number Elevation

Allison [A]GlW-mGTW-IVMalama Ki [9-9]Kapoho [9-6]Kapoho Shaft [9]

Footnotes:1. Data reported in Weiss. 19&3.Table 4. p. 26.

13256325927428738

Jk.pth

14069029031633741

Last Reported Use

IrrigationAbandonedAbandonedAbandonedAbandonedMunicipal

H2.3 HYDROCHEMICAL SETrlNG

The purpose of this section is to summarize what is understood about the

hydrochemistry of the shallow ground.water aquifer at and in the immediate potential

downgradient directions from the site vicinity.

The LERZ is believed to act as a hydraulic barrier as well as a divide for ground

water quality. Chloride concentrations north of the rift are generally low, and

concentrations south of the rift have been reported to be greater than 1000 mg/l.

Potable water supplies are obtained from the shallow aquifer at three locations:

Pahoa, Green Lake (Kapoho), and Keauohana [9-7]. All are more than 3 miles from

the site. Pahoa is north of the rift and has good drinking water quality. Green Lake

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PGV Hydrologic Monitoring Pro&nmPage: 14

( is in the rift zone and has marginal water quality. The Keauohana [9-7] well is south

of the rift zone about 6 miles southwest of the site and has good water quality.

Geothermal waters have been believed to be influencing and mixing with the shallow

ground water in the site vicinity for some time. In 1986, TPC compiled much of the

background geochemical data for wells in the site area. This was done as part of their

request to the DOH to have the Underground Injection Control line moved so as to

exclude the site and surrounding area from continuing to be designated as a potential

underground supply source of drinking water. Results of their study suggested that

there was no potential for a potable water supply to be developed in the site area due

to the abundance of geothermal-influenced shallow-aquifer waters occurring over a

relatively widespread area near and downgradient· from the site.

The University of Hawaii (UH) Agricultural Station at Malama Ki and the Allison

wells are located south and east southeast of the site. They have elevated

temperatures and levels of chloride in excess of 7000 and 750 mgll, respectively

(Weiss, 1983, p. 26). Both wells may be influenced either directly or as a result of

mixing with the upwelling geothermal waters from near the site. The Malama-Ki well

is not in use. It is located just south of the transverse fault, about one mile south of. .

the .project area. The Allison well, previously used for agriculture as an inigation

water source,· is topographically downgradient, about two miles east, southeast from the

project area.

The GTWID well just east of the project area was drilled in 1961. The initial

sampling of shallow aquifer indicated a temperature of about 200'F and chloride levels

over 500 mgll(Weiss, 1983).

Water samples were taken from the shallow ground water during drilling at KS-l, KS

lA,.and KS-2 exploration boreholes on the property. Samples were taken in uncased

boreholes at depths of about 700 feet, well above the level of the target geothermal

horizons. Table H2-2 summarizes the ranges of constituents for these samples. The


PGV Hydroloeic MonilOring PropmPage: 15

( samples clearly indicate the geothennal nature of the shallow ground water in the

immediate site area.

Results of the sampling done to date indicate that the site vicinity has geothermal

influenced waters in the immediate area. Potable·water lies to the north of the rift

zone and, based on the existing data, will not be affected by the upwelling of

geothennal fluids in the area. The relationship of the waters at Green Lake to the

upwelling ill the site vicinity is not established, although some investigators have

suggested they are not connected or affected by the PGV site area. The area near the

Keauohana well is too distant and hydraulically lateral from the site and therefore will

not likely be affected by site-related upwelling. Potentially downgradient locations at

the Allison and Malama Ki wells have non-potable waters that may be mixed with, or

be the direct result of, geothermal waters upwelling locally.

Table H2-2. Shallow-Aquifer Water Quality Data from KS-l, KS-IA, and KS-2

Wells·

8.56002653111007480152200

CONSTITUENT

TemperaturepHNaKCaMgClSO.Si02

Total FeIDS

RANGE OF VALUES 2

115°Fto 9.5 pH unitsto 1000to 94to 65to 30to 1600to 210to 105to 70to 3100

fOOTNOTES:1 - Source of data from Ultem&! files from 'fPC Project.1 - Constituents values other 1ban pH reponed in mgll unless otherwise shown.


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( H3. PROGRAM DFSClUPTION

The purpose of this section is to outline the scoPe associated with the seven tasks

associated with PGV's Hydrologic Monitoring Program.

There are no anticipated project effluent discharges to the shallow basal or dike

confined ground water. These waters are believed to occur at depths between about

500 and 650 feet below the plant site and surrounding area. There may be a few wells

in the area that provide irrigation-type water supplies. One area near the Kapoho

Crater, ref~ to as Green Lake, will be part of the monitoring program.

The proposed monitoring program has been revised to reflect follow-up discussions

that have occurred with both the County ofHawaii Planning Department and the State

Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch. The revisions have been to:

1. Add an additional on-site monitoring location to the program so that two

monitoring locations within the project area are in place prior to

beginning of injection at the site,

2. Attempt to rehabilitate the GTW m monitoring well location just east

of the site, thereby providing a third data point upon which to evaluate

ground water flow direction in the site vicinity, and,

3. Increase the number of p3IalI1eter analyses at selected locations for the

initial year of monitoring.

The revised progmn now consists of seven tasks as follows:

Task 1 - Date .Base UpdateTask 2 -Locating On-Site Monitoring WellsTask 3 - GTW ill RehabilitationTask 4 - Completing On-Site Monitoring WellsTask 5 - Background .Sampling MeasurementsTask 6 - Continuing Sampling and MeasurementsTask 7 - Reporting

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POV Hydrologic: Monitoring PropmPlge: 17

( Details regarding each of these tasks follow. Locations, measurement and sampling

techniques, and data reporting associated with the monitoring program are described

in Chapters 4,5 and 6, respectively.

ID.I TASK I - DATA BASE UPDATE

This task will involve:

* getting permission to access the sites

* review and update the well data for existing non

geothennal wells in the site vicinity (with assistance

from DOH and County staff as available).

* make selected field measurements at selected

locations.

H3.2 TASK 2 - LOCATING ON-srrn MONITORING WEllS

This task will:

*

*

*

evaluate the feasibility of using existing

geothennal wells on the site to be completed as

a monitoring well in the shallow aquifer,

Finalize the location of the monitoring wells

to be located within the project boundary and,

Obtain permits from DLNR for drilling these wells.

H3.3 TASK 3 - m:w m REHABIIITATION

This task will include:

* Getting permission to access the site,* Sounding the well for depth,


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( *

*

Mobilizing a drill rig and cleaning out the well, and,

Sampling the well.

An alternative location for this third hydrologic monitoring point will be developed m

conjunction with the County and DOH if rehabilitation efforts are not successful.

B3.4 TASK 4 - COMPLEI1NG ON-Srrn MONITORING WEllS

This task will include completing two on-site monitoring wells. Ifone of the

locations involves use of an existing well, then the scope of this task will

include those related actions.

ID.S TASK S - BACKGROUND SAMPLlNG MEASUREMENTS

This task will include documenting background conditions for all selected

wells by conducting an initial round of complete water level measurements

and water sampling at all monitoring locations prior to beginning of

injection of geothermal fluids.

H3.6 TASK 6 - CON'IINUlNG SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENTS

This task will include implementation of the proposed monitoring program

by continuing measurements and sampling on a quarterly basis after start of

injection.

B3.7 TASK 7 • REPORTING

This task will involve providing reports on a semi-annual basis as required

by the GRP.

Version: :1April. 1990

POV Hydrologic MonilOrillg ProtrsmPage: 19

( H4. SITE DESCRIPTIONS

The purpose of this section is to describe the setting of locations associated with the

proposed monitoring program.

The locations for the monitoring of ground water conditions are to be finaJired based

on the results of the initial task activities. At this time, however, there are five known

off-site locations, at a minimum, that would be measured and sample analyses

obtained, at least for themst year of monitoring. In addition, two on-site monitoring

wells will be sampled prior to start of injection. Other locations may be included as

a result of the update of the data base for the area.

H4.1 EXISTING OFF-SITE LOCATIONS

There are five of-site locations that will be part of the initial annual monitoring

program. These, shown on Figure H2-1, are at the:

• Municipal supply in Pahoa [9-5A,B; 9-11],

• Municipal supply for Green Lake (Kapoho area),

• 'Allison' [A] well on the Pohoiki Road, and

• Unused Malama Ki[9-9] well on the University of Hawaii

Agricultw:al Station, and

• GTW m Monitoring Well

PAHOA £9-5A,B: 9-111

The town of Pahoa is served by three wells which tap the basal ground water at depths

of up to about 800 feet. below the surface. The supply is low-temperature, low

conductivity fresh water in a location about 3 to 4 miles upgradient from the site, north

of the rift zone.

Vel'$ion: 2April, 1990

PGV H)'drolo:ic: Monitoring ProgramPage: 10

( One of the wells at Pahoa is a proposed monitoring location since it will serve as a

source for documenting levels of constituents in non-geothermal ground waters.

Coordination with the Hawaii County Department of Water Supply will be maintained

so as to supplement, where required, their ongoing monitoring of this public drinking

water supply.

GREEN LAKE £91

This is a municipal water supply that County Officials report comes from a thin layer

of fresh ground water overlying brackish or salty water. The supply was developed by

excavation to the water level with a bulldozer, installation of piping and refilling the

hole, leaving a piping conduit for the water to flow from the source.

The location is included since quarterly monitoring of the Green Lake water supply

is a condition of Condition 10 of the GRP. Coordination with the Hawaii County

Department of Water Supply will be maintained so as to supplement, where required,

their ongoing monitoring of this public drinking water supply,

ALLISON WELL rAJ

The 'Allison' well is a private well that has been used in the past for irrigation. Its

current use has not been checked yet. It is located just off the Pohoild Road about

three miles east southeast of the site. Weiss .(1983, p.26) reports the well is about

140 feet deep and has a reported· temperature of about 110°F, chloride level of about

750 mgll, and conductivity of about 2000 micromhoslcm.

The location was selected as a proposed monitoring location since it may be

hydrogeologically downgradient from the site and in an area that is already influenced

by geothermal waters. Permission to access the site has been requested. To date, no

approval has been granted. When obtained, coordination with the current owner will

be maintained so as to supplement, where required, .any ongoing monitoring that the

owner may be doing for this well.

Version: :2April, 1990

paV Hydrologic Monitoring Pro&ramPage: 21

MALAMA KI £9-91

The University of Hawaii maintains an Agricultural Research Station in the Malama

Ki Research Forest Area just south of the site. A well, located at a ground elevation

of about 274 feet, was drilled to a depth of about 316 feet on this property in the early

1960s (Weiss, 1983, p.26). It was not used, perhaps because of its elevated

temperature of about 140°F and its chloride levels over about 6000 mg/l. Sampling

was done monthly at this location from January 1980 until June, 1981 as part of

background studies of ground water in the area (W. Burkhard, personal

communication, December, 1989).

The location was selected as a proposed monitoring location since it appears to be

potentially downgradient from the site and in an area· that is already influenced by

geothermal waters. PGV has contacted the University of Hawaii and obtained

permission to sample this well. Coordination with the University of Hawaii

Agriculture Department will be maintained so as to supplement any ongoing

monitoring that they may be conducting.

GTW ill MONITORING WELL

This well is currently abandoned and a blockage exists in the well at a depth of about

270 feet below ground surface. The well was drilled as one of four geothermal test

wells along theLERZ in 1960 and .1961. It was originally completed to a depth of

about 690 feet, about 130 feet below sea level. As noted in Section H2.3, initial

sampling done encountered high temperatures of about 200"F and chloride levels over

500 mg/l (Weiss, 1983).

PGV has obtained permission to access the property and clean out the well. A driller

has been contracted and should begin work in mid-April. Cleanout is expected to take

about one week. PGV will maintain access and -sample and measure the well as part

of the ongoing Hydrologic Monitoring Program.


PGV Hydroloric: Monitoring PropmPage: 22

H4.2 ON-srrE LOCATIONS

Two monitoring locations will be situated in the south and north half of the project

area. This will complement the GTW m location and allow a ground water flow

direction to be calculated in the immediate site vicinity. The location in the south part

. will be as close to the injec~on site (Wellpad F) as possible. The location in the north

part will be near Wellpad A if an existing well is used, or towards the Kapoho-Pahoa

Road if a new monitoring well is drilled.

Once the locations are finalized, applications will be submitted, the required permits

obtained, and the wells will be drilled, completed, and sampled. The wells will serve

as dedicated monitoring wells for the hydrologic monitoring program.

H4.3 ADDmONAL LOCATIONS

Any other locations identified beyond those described above in Section H4.1 will be

added to the monitoring plan and described, along with the rationale for their being

included.

•


PGV Hydrologic MonilOring ProgramPIge: 23

c. lIS. MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION

The purpose of this section is to summarize the types of equipment and techniques

used to perfonn the field-related measurements and sampling activities of the

monitoring program.

HS.l WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS

Water level measurements .will be recorded for those wells identified as an integral

part of the monitoring program.

Water level measurements will be obtained utilizing an electronic direct contact

detection probe with a calibrated cable/tape for direct measurement at the top of the

well casing. Calibrated cable/tape length shall be sufficient to measure water levels

in the deepest wells identified. The metering device shall be equipped with an audible

signal and light to indicate water level contact. Specifications for equipment similar

to what will be used for this type of activity are in Appendix H2.

Water level measurements shall be conducted at each individual well prior to any

additional testing or sampling of that particular well. All measurements will be

obtained utilizing standard protocols for the equipment described in a .separate

'Operating Procedures' document to be finalized as the program is implemented in the

field.

HS.2 WATER QUAUIY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Water samples will be obtained .from each of the wells identified for determination

of selected physical and chemical characteristics of the waters from those wells to

which access can be readily obtained.


paV HydlOlosic Monitoring PropmPare: 24

( Samples will be obtained from each well according to the characteristics of that well.

Wells equipped with pumps will be sampled from the most suitable ported connection.

Those wells not in use or not equipped with pumping devices shall be sampled with a

stainless steel bailer lowered into the well by winch line to retrieve the volume of

water required for each sample.

At each sampling location, standardized equipment cleaning will be carried out prior

to obtaining each sample. Ptotocols to be used for sampling will be provided in the

supplemental 'Operating Procedures' document to be finalized when the program is

implemented.

Selected parameters values will be determined at each site upon retrieval of the water

samples from the well. The field analysis will include measurement of:

• pH,

• temperature,i

conductivity,•• salinity,and

• chloride.

These measurements will be obtained· by using calibrated instruments specifically

designed to directly measure these physical and chemical parameters within the

operational constraints dictated by site conditions. Specifications for equipment similar

to what will be used for this type of activity are in Appendix H2.

Water samples will be submitted for the remainder of the analyses to an EPA or a

State-eertified laboratory. Samples will be transferred from the bailerlsample port

directly to appropriately prepared containers supplied by the laboratory. Samples will

be labeled, and stored and transported in a chilled state in insulated containers to the

laboratory.


POV Hydrologic: Monitoring ProgramPage: 1S

( Parameters for analysis by the laboratory will, at least for the first year, include

selected parameters that are related to underground waters that provide a public

drinking water supply. These parameters are listed in Table HS-l.

In addition, the initial year of sampling at all monitoring locations will include, as

requested by the DOH, analyses for other organics and other parameters

recommended by DOH. These are listed in Appendix H3. After the first year,·

sampling will not include all of these parameters since there are no sources for many

of these constituents associated with the project.

In addition, analysis will be done for the following five constituents which can be

associated with geothermal reservoirs:

* Lithium

* Vanadium

* Boron

* Silica

* Bromine

* Nickel

The results of the quarterly sampling will be reviewed at the end of the first yeM to

determine if there is a need to supplement the analysis or if the number of paxameters

can be reduced. Any recommendations for modification to the sampling program

would be included with the semiannual· report and submitted to the county for

approVal.


rov Hydraloeic Monilorine ProeramPa&c: ~

---------------------

(

Table HS-1. List of Water Sample Parameters for Routine Analyses

Drinking WaterMaximum Contaminant

Levels

Inorganic ConstituentsArsenicSeleniumMercuryCadmiumLeadChromiumBariumSilver

Secondary ConstituentsTotal Dissolved SolidsColorCopperFoaming AgentIronManganeseOdorSulfateZincpHCorrosivity

Other ConstituentslithiumVanadiumBoronSilicaBromineNickel

0.050.010.0020.0100.050.051.00.05

500.015. color unit1.000.500.300.053.00 ton

250.005.006.50 - 8.5 scaleNon-corrosive


PQV Hydroloeic MonilOr1ni ProgramPaie: 27

H6. DATA REPORTING

The purpose of this section is to summarize the frequency; content, and format for

the hydrologic monitoring program data.

H6.1 FREQUENCY AND CONrENT

In compliance with permit conditions, semi-annual reports of the data will be

submitted thereafter, along with the project status reports on February 15 arid August

15 of each calendar year. The initial submittal will include infonnation regarding all

well locations, and as-built diagrams relative to GTW ill and the on-site monitoring

locations.

Subsequent reports will be in letter format and will include activities conducted during

that period, laboratory results of sampling conducted, and recommendations as

required.

H6.2 FORMAT

Reporting fonnat will incorporate standard forms and reporting protocols established

for similar environmental compliance monitoring programs. The forms and protocols

may be modified to reflect the project specific conditions.


PGV Hydrologic MonilOring PropmParc: 28

( H7. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM

In any program thatreql1ires a substantial data base, the credibility of the data must

be assured before any derivations from it can be reasonably made. In monitoring

programs, the two types of activities necessary to assure the validity of the collected

data are Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA). Quality Control activities

are the primary avenue by which the data are kept within prescribed control

conditions. The field QC activities are carried out by the site technician while in

house QC activities are performed by experienced personnel involved with the data

reduction and analyses. Quality Assurance activities ensure that each QC activity is

performed and documented completely and accurately. A control loop is thereby

formed such that if a QA check indicates that an out-of--control condition has been

allowed to occur, then the related QC activity will be modified or strengthened to

eliminate future occurrences.

All activities of the PGV hydrologic monitoring· program will be conducted in

compliance with a strong and effective quality assurance program. This program will

be managed in accordance with other similar environmental compliance monitoring

projects to a standard similar to that expected by the EPA. Details of the QC/QA

plan established for this project's hydrologic monitoring program will be submitted as

a supplement after details of proposed sampling and measurement activities have been

finalized.

Quality assurance also plays a key role in data reduction and analysis and will be

performed .on a regular basis by a trained professional hydrogeologist. Activities of

the Quality Assurance· program are designed to ensure overall accountability,

traceability, and· repeatability.


PGV HydlOloeic Monitoring ProgramPage: 29

( H7.l QUAUIY CONrROL ACI1VI11ES

All equipment will be calibrated prior to use at the site in accordance with

manufacturers' specifications. Program technicians will be fully· trained in the use of

field equipment and performance of field measurement and sampling actions.

Quality Control activities shall incorporate the· use of the Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPs) for well measurement, sampling, and equipment cleaning developed

from U.S. EPA Sampling Protocols. These will be included in the supplemental

'Operating Procedures' document.

Calibration and use of equipment shall be conducted in accordance with Standard

Operating Procedures developed for each type of equipment and the manufacturer's

recommendation for operation and calibration of each unit.

Irl.2 DATA QUAIITY ASSURANCE ACllVITIES

Quality Assurance related to all project measuring and sampling activities will include

documenting that field activities were conducted in accordance with the required

procedures and recording all field data on forms in accordance with the monitoring

contractors standard internal Quality Assurance program.

Quality Assurance related to water sampling shall also include the use of blind

duplicates, field blanks, .and trip blanks as required to assure environmental control

and external laboratory quality assurance.

Data will be reported by the hydrologic consultant, and interpretations and calculations

will be checked independently.


pav Hydro.loeic Monitoring PropmPage: 30

• • -;.;:1'

( H7.3 LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE ACTIVITIES

The laboratory selected for analysis of the samples generated during this monitoring

program shall be certified by the EPA or the State of Hawaii Department of Health

to conduct those analyses required in this investigation.

Laboratory Quality.Assurance is the responsibility of the laboratory. However, the

laboratory may be requested to provide documentation of its QA procedures for any

of the required analyses at any time.

In addition, blind duplicates and field blanks shall be included in each quarterly

sampling for a to determine if the test results are reproducible. If required, duplicate

samples may be analyzed by a second independent laboratory for reproducibility of

results.

Duplicate samples will be provided to DOH for their independent analysis, upon

request.


PGV Hydroloric MoailOrinr ProiramPage: 31

H8.REFERENCES

Eyre, P.E., 1977. A hydrogeologic study of an area around the Hawaii geothennalprQject wen HGP-A. unpublished.

Kroopnick, P.M., R.W. Buddemeier, and D. Thomas, 1978. Hydrology and

GeochemistrY of a Hawaii Geothennal System: HGP-A,prepared for National

Science Foundation Grant GI-38319, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Honolulu,Hawaii, 64 p.

Theimal Power Company, 1986. Petition to Modify the VIC Line in the Lower East·

Rift Zone, Puna, Hawaii. Internal report submitted to Hawaii State Department of

Health.

Weiss Associates, 1983. Hydrology of the Puna Area, Hawaii, Unpublished Report

for Thermal Power Company, San Francisco, CA.


PaV Hydroloeic Monitoring ProgramPage: 32

(

FIGURES

SCALE0:. I 10 15 2D MJ, .

ISLAND OFHAWAUo

SOURCE: State cf Hawai. Depar'tment cf PIannlng ana e:a1Cmlc Oevelopment.STA1lS11CA1. BOUNOARlES A-15. 1980:14-

Figure HI-I. Key Location .Map


PGV Hydroloeic Monitoring ProeramPaec: 33

1000 0 2000 4000

SCALE.C:ONTOUR .NTERVAL.20 FEET

.5 0 1M.

i· .... -...-

Figure Hl-2. Site Vicinity Map


rov Hydrologic Monitoring ProgramPage: .34

oSCALE, tIM

PACIFIC OCEAN

Figure H2-1. Site Hydrologic Data Sources and Related Features

Vcrsion: 2April, 1990

PGV Hydrololic MonilOrinl ProgramPalc: 35

Stello'n dro"" to "', .. co'dero

~....(Jqc:a5~

t-i

U~G)

ac::3Q.

~~~

000c:

~:30~

~Q.

~t1~£!.

~ 0

'" '0

~3g-:::5'0

§.~jl' <Z ~~. ~

~ a'2: g ~.

w';1~"....

0I98~

~<-;'----lJ""'" ed • , Ii Ie ---------'..""11.01..<----

FRESIt WATEn/SALT WAlEn/ •••• !HTERFACE • a t _0 e....

----E'oded .'a'e'---------.""I

11'0'" ,,, poll.,o.'ofta' flo...perched on alluvlv",


APPENDIX HI

GRP CONDmONS RELATIVE TO THEHYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

( PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTUREHYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

APPENDIX HI

GRP CONDmONS RELATIVE TO THEHYDROLOGIC MONITORING PROGRAM

"lO.Prior to commencing any geothermal well drilling, testing, production, orinjection activity approved under this Geothermal Resource Permit, thepermittee shall submit to, and secure the approval of, the Planning Directorof a hydrologic monitoring program. The program shall, at a minimum,provide for the quarterly monitoring of water levels and appropriatechemical species from existing wells completed within the shallow aquifer inthose areas downgradient of the project area, including the Green Lakewater supply, as well as from a well located within the project boundary andcompleted within the shallow aquifer. The monitoring, sampling, andanalysis protocols shall be clearly defined in the program submitted to andapproved by the Planning Director. The monitoring and sampling shall beconducted by a qualified cOntractor, and the samples analyzed by a~ualified

laboratory, selected by the permittee but subject to the approval of thePlanning Director. The selected contractor and laboratory shall operateunder contract to, and shall be funded by the permittee. The program shallmonitor the shallow groundwater immediately prior to, and during, allperiods of well drilling, testing, production, and injection activity approvedunder this Geothermal .Resource Permit. The data obtained shall be

. submitted to the Planning Director in accordance with the requirementscontained in this Geothermal Resource Permit for submittal of all collectedenvironmental monitoring data. The County shall make random checks ofthe ground water supply no less than every two months. to


APPENDIX H2

EXAMPLE EQUIPMENI' SPECIFICATIONS

(

MODEL 101

Flat Tape Water Level Meter

For measuring the depth of water Inboreholes, standpipes and wells, theAat Tape Water Level Meter (dipmeter) Is the most reliable and accurateof the Solinst Water Level Meters andis easy to operate and read.Also available is the Model #102Coaxial Cable Water Level Meter foruse in applications with small sizetubes.

Operating Principle

The standard Flat Tape Water LevelMeter(dipmeter) usesa0.59-(15mm)diameter probe constructed of nickelplatedbrass. This is fitted to apermanently marked, mediumdensity, polyethylene flat tape which contains twostranded stainless steel conductors.The probe Itself incorporates an insulating gap around a central stainlesssteeleledrode.Whencontad Is madewith water, the ciraJit Is completed,sending a signal back to the cabledrum where a clearly audible buzzeris activated.The water level can then be determInedbytaking areadingoff thecable,at the topof the borehole,pipeortube.The cable is housed on ahigh qualitystorage and winding reel equippedwith a brake. The reel has a convenlentcarrying handleandasturdy stand·alone design. Standard controls include abattery testbutton. on/off switchand sensitivity adjustment.

(SOO) 648·9355

Features

ACaJratemarkings at em, 112- or 1120- intervals.sensitivitycontrolwhichadjusts to suitwater conductivity.

Reliablepermanent. hot stamped markings.

Long Liferugged, free standing reel.corrosion proof components.standard 9v battery.replacement probes and cables avail·able.

Aexiblelengths up to 1650 't. (500m).stainless steel probe and other.op·tlons available

e \1\

\,\

'l\t\

e \\\

\ \

@ ,-"'\... \

\

Measurement Options

The flexible, polyethylene flat tapegivesvery accurate readings becausethe permanent maridngs are at closeIntervals. The high strength stainlesssteelconductorsprovide strength andthe design prevents it from adheringto wet surfaces In boreholes andtubes.Markings are permanently embossedonto one side of the tape and areavailable Inyourchoiceofthreescalesor, if preferred. any combination ofscales, one on each side.

M1 Feet and Inches: with maridngsevery 112-M2 Feet and 10ths of feet: withmarkings every 11200.M3 Meters and centimeters : withmarkings every em.M4 Markings both sides: any combi·nation of scales.

\\\

\\

·20·

(

S-C-T MeterYSI Model 33

• Measurcs Salinity. Conductitity. Temperature• Direct Reading Water Quality Meter• Portable, Banery-Powered• Designed For Field Measurements

INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONSC....duClh·ky Ra1l1:"5:

U k, "'.lllXII""I1t,,,,~," ''''~e la..~"" ke.tJabllll~ l'i ," ..ale. litrl"'lc.. cba..: J".l .11 rC;Nlft~ .pl... I ~ ... '.

Salinil)' Ranlc:C~ Pl'T (n"" - ~ I.· ,~H·. ,c;,d.,btlil~ " Z),I'r..a:m... abuv<: "'C less Ill:tn

: 1.1 PPT al oil' I'I'T. : II 7 l'l'r .. 211 l'l'r. JII........obe.

Temperalure bnie:• ZIG • ~rc. """""blltl~ II !SOC" I/lNn - : I... n't' I;m... .:.11 I'C ..I -re.::11.f.-c llI·IS'C. "'U'III.~",

100 or 600 H. Uper:olivn:100 Hl rut $1111 """"ll""~< ...,lIkHl..1flllU Itl ...... , ..~""r•.........,IIYlly and .alinil)'

Qnl~·

Ambienl Temperalure:UPCnlQ (n"" • ~ Iv ,"~ 'to M••. oI"illl 1'4 ... 'c.....in!; pcr "(" .1Ianj;C inamlllcnI. Nea:lt~,ble "'III II 'col line I......IU~col.

Probe:InlCl",1 Cund"':II'·lIy"cllll""alUn: prubo: III· oIu'....1.: plaol.... 1","·oI;a. ~ r lone:13. 5cml. cl....l.nl ..,... • ~: 11.1 cm I Em" leu lhan :: ~'~"i ICatline:5lclI

~inilY and Co""...:II..1~. '. 1/ I''C (I'" h:mpc:talun: nlC:IO..rcmcnl ;d ere, ::O.)"CIII .atrC. Ptubo: ck:clIlkk, ,·.n bc'epiallnllcol b)' u.lne: I/Ic "",rumenl plus

plalinillnl w1..lIu"Power Supply:

Two EVCIC;Ny E95 """<rl~' u, clIuI.alcnl ....... klc 2\x, h...no ..per•• i...".lounamml Siu: . .

'I. 16 a ~S .:m: : L~ I."·: , h\~ , ICI In ." II.. I

Ordertac rarl Number.:'1'51 M...rc:1 \, s·(':r ~k.<,

Y51 3JIIl 5·<:·T I'r."..,. II" 1.: dill I

\'51 JJII S-C:.T 1'"obe.:\If "' ' ..11 1".., "NI~", 1.:...., 1.. 11 .... pl"".: ..n "X";dler pruhe numbo:r a.....I ,~ I.:n~lh I''''''''.~" .of h...~~, .uppl....... Wllh

>lUI':IIC red. fur k ....1- "'~I II .:.NII...II... " .. y

'"51 .""lll'l.unlllll~ ~.""''''". 1 ..,YSI 'lI~ll·.,.~.n~ l"a..:

T-L-C MeterYSI Model 3000

• Portable. Self·Conlained Water QualityMeter

• Measure Temperature, Level,Conductivity

• Groundwater or Surface Waler

,INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONSTcmpenIUR:

Ittuttt: - 5.0 10 +so.lre. A«urlK"/: :0.3OC melucline probe. It,SDlllliDII:O.IOC.

Lnd:. Ittuttt: 0 10 ISO Ct. AtnutM:7: : I" per SO' of cable.

CGaducdYltJ':N-uu./ Ittuttt: 0 10 2.000 IIUlUmllosIcm 10 to 1.000 1IJIl/lOSIcm1. 010 10.000IlIillimllOSlcm cO 10 20.000~cml. At:turIK"l: : 3'110 o( fullscaJc inclucl,ncpnIbc. Il,SDI..,Wn: t part In 2.000.

TClllpenlure-Compcasaud CllOductbflJ':

N-u.oJ It""tt: 0 10 2.000 millimhoslcm 10 II) 1.000 fIJI\hOsIcml. °to 20.000Illillimhostcm CO 10 20.000 JIom/lO$Icml.~: :.'110 of full scaJc incllldinCpn>bc. It,sulllliDII: I part In 2,000.Nor,: hnCC lICNaIIy ClIds lit 1.999 or 19.99.

Probe ucI Cable:I'rubc Iw cpve bod)' and n:moyablc awnless IlCeI _iCbe aIladlcd to dunblcpol)'lll'Cllwlc-jactcted cable. Probe Iw 1"1IOmiAaI cliamcr.cr, .v." len¢'. Cableis 150'lone willi dcpdIlllaItlnp every IT;a waIl:r-tielll MS connector anachcscable 10 lnsll\llllClll. Cell conswu is K-5.Otcm :0.1. Emx 1ess,IhaA =Z%o( JadiDes (or condUCllYiry, : O.I"C (01 tanpctallR.

AmbIcaI TCIIIJ'Cf'lIlIIR:oII) sere.

HumldilJ':0pcnIcs~ &IIy Ilumidily COCIIllIion if ICals arc iIIUct and desiccanl 1$ Inp~.

Cue:WaIct.alllleu MIL·T·2UIlIlC; lIICilbs 7.' puunds.

Power Supply:Si~ "C" .ue hcavy-duly caltlon••inc IwIenCS proYIde bcll.cl' dwI IZOO how,olpCl'aIion bI>Cd ... 4 huurs usc per <lay. Alkaline cells provide bener I/Ian 17'101I"",s. Luw.Jw1Cty 1ft<lio:1Itor wams when II) ,eplacc baacncs.

OnIcriac Par1 Numbct's:YSI Model 3IlOO T·LoC Mer.crYSI JO.lO TC>I Probe IIesIS calibnllOft'YSI JO~ Replac:cmcnl Probe, Cable and Rocl AssemblyYSI JI.-o !'IaulUanl Suluuon, 111•. C(or probe __nance,

YSI »4, l'Iallll't1nllnslNmcnllrut ptUbc nwnlC1WKe,

(

021000 SA 210 Ponable ptifmV MeIer lorhand·heldIbench·lop use. DIg.atLCD meter comes in carrying caseWith comllinallOllllH electrOde.anached ShOt!lng plug. Ihree fiOrnI solution bOnles. one 150 mlllealcet. electtoae lIOIder. SUDllOrtrOO. rOO gutde. one paCkel pH 7buller one 9V flanery. IllstrUClIOnmanual. aM lralllttllJ QUIOe

025000· SA 250 POIlable pH/mY/tempera·ture Meter lor ha/ld·hela/bendl-lopuse. Diolla!. LCD meter comes wrthcartying case. Model 81·56 ROSSpH eteetrode. ATC prObe. attaChedsnoRIllg plug. one 3M KO 2oz.boIlle 01 filfing sotUlion. Ihree 60mI solUlIOll llollles. one plastiCbeaker. e1ectroae hOlder. suPPOrtrOO. roo guide. one paCket pH 7llufter. one 9V llallery. IIlSIIUClionmanual. and trall1lllg l)IJIde.

OPflOl'ML ~CCESSOR/ES FOR SA 250. SA 230.AND SA 210 METERS.020041 ShOUkler strap and meter hOlder

tor IIanos·lree operation. Great torplant Of bela work

020045 SlaDle electrode stand with heavybase. rOd. and holder.

023(0) SA 230 POI1aDle pH/mVllempera.lure Meier lor hand·heldlbench-lopuse. DlIJllai. LCD meIer comes incartying case Mlh cornbinatlOri pHetectrooe. ATC probe. anachedShORing plug. three 60 mI solution DOllies. one 150 mI beaker.electrOde hOlder. SUllPOIt roo. rOOgUide. one paCket pH 7buifer.one 9V battery. IllSlIUClionmanual. ana lratnlng gUide.

. .

.. .

.. .

ADVANCED FEA TURES

pH Autocal. or'manual buffer entry.ChOice 01 olsplay resOlutIOn.AdJustable lsopolenliai point.Automatic temperature compensatIOn.-"0 slip' gnp lits comlOttably In one hand.Dutable. dust and splaS/l resIStant.LlIle or battery operated.

SIMPLE TO USE

Prompllng. by advancing to next step.ASSistance Cerror) codes.

THE SA 250 METER IS FORTHE CUSTOMER WHO WANTS:

An accurate and portable pH system.A pH meIer that IS supplied complete andre:2dy to use. WIth allihe accessones youneed 10 make pH tneasuremenlS III (hef,eld or lab.

ADVANCED FEA TURES

Automallc temperature compensation.'No slip' gnp lits comlortably ,n one hand.Durable; dust and splasn resistantRecessed control knobs prevent settings/rom being changed unlntenllonally.Line or battery operated

THE SA 230 METER IS FORTHE CUSTOMER WHO WANTS:

An economical meterwith the addedaccuracy and convenience 01 temperaturecompensated pH measurements.

Same fearures as the SA 230. bUI withoUlautomatIC temperature compensation orlemperature readout. With manual temper·ature compensatIOn.

rile SA 2:10 ....,., is ,.,ppUettwilh.o lleSl·pe,/..,.1lHI9 ROSS.comC_loon.•""-l'"lI«Ir pH• /eeltotte .lIa A rc /HOlle to,'••r. ecCUTlI. ,,,I. /10 ",.11.,

_llh. """uI. './IIIM'.''''.'

Til. SA 230 &/.,., 'S S/IOWII wilh.. COllveniell1 ,.../J..- UWIIa ..

•lUrar ~/Id tOi lI..llUltae•• '"""lie.....e* .".011 ,." ,../Id.-k.o.ap."",ioll.

BOllllh.. SA 23<1 ""'" SA 2'0"'.te,. IY••• .,.,.,. t I.tH ",vlange lal e&:o"....HC411f1JO' •

pot.""., CI",.""••.,.~"""

nil

(

./

,.Ii

II·.J1!4·tl

.~ :;

.l J

11'-" .t·J~i..

" .

.J')

. 0-1

"=> .

.~

j~"I·~' . .

· 31·

Regular Bailers for Well Purgingand Sample Retrieval

TIMCO'U bailers are available in Teflon", stainless steel. PVC and acrylic insizes from 0.84- to 4.5" (21.4mm-114.3mm) diameter and l' to 6'(31Cm-183cm) lengths. ,All are solvenl free. and have a flush "V" Ihreaded ball check for ease ofdecontamination. This design permits the addition of a body extension pieceto increase cap.1t.ily.

lhe ball check design allows for the inclusion of a Viton' "O~ ring in all butthe Teflon'opaQue model. The Vilon·· ..O.. ring provides a leak free joint. It isinert and will not compromise the collected sample.

The bail, an integral part of the bailer body, permits easy attachmenl of asuspension cord. Stainless steel models have a fixed bail.

(800) 648-9355


APPENDIX H3

UST OF ANALYSES FOR FIRST YEAR SAMPLING PROGRAM

Department of Health Laboratories Form Number _

(

SAFE DRINKING WATER BRANCHCHAIN OF CUSTODY & EDB/DBCP CONTAMINANT REPORT

Water System Name .Number _

Sample Location __

Well Log # - Sample Point" _

Type of sample: Routine_ Special _

Collection remarks __

Sample Chlorinated

Sampler(s) " __

Date: _____________ Time: _ Sample Location

Relinquished by: Date/Time Received by: Date/Time

Dispatched by: Date/Time Rec'vd for Laboratory by: Date/Time

Method of Shipment: Seal Intact: Yes _

Sample Lab URelinquished by: Date/Time Received by: Date/Time

Sample Lab " Locked in Refrig Date/Time Rem'vd from Refrig Date/Time

..

Regulated Compound ND NQ RESULT* Method Date Analyst Lab 11

Ethvlene Dibromide < . < • ABCD1.2-Dibromo-3-Chloroorooane < . < • A BC D

1/90

'* Measured in micrograms per liter (ug/l) unless otherwise specified.

HCL (Circle) Y N

Sample Preservation:Methods:A=Purge TrapB=GCC=GCMSD=Other _

Dechlorination:appx 3 mg Na2S203

Reported by: Date: QA Check: Date: _

Forwarded by: Date : _

.... maximum lab analytical date Jaben contaminants contaminant analystUJ results* method analyzed number.... Jevels*

Arsenic 0.05

Selenium 0.01

Mercurv 0.002

Cadmium 0.010

Lead 0.05

Chromium 0.05

Barium 1.

Silver· 0.05

Nitrate (as N) 10.

Fluoride

Chloride· 250.Total .500. - -Dissolved Solids

-

Sodium

*Measured in ~iJJigrams per ~iter (mg/O unless otherwise specifie~.

Analvti-:al Me~~A - Acomic Ab~PhO'\8 • Atomic AbSOt;l:iO"'l; Cllel.aciCl!\-cll1racdonC • Acomic Absor:nior\; 'lamell:sso • Acomic Absorpcio:-.; Ftamclcss CraphUc FurnaceE • Acomic: AlIsorp;iCl:'l;Casc;x,sF • C.a::lmium Rc~uc:ti~n

C _ Colorimetric: wi:.'\ p'cU.-ninar)' distillation

H • Elccuo~c

I - Cas O!rom;uQ&ra?"Y3 - Cravime:rlc: Analysis" • Silver Diechyl-dic.'\ioc:arbonacc1. • Tltrimectic: Analysis:.t - _N - _

I.,

No. of Containers:'---------

----------- ---- - ----Container: No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4

Metals

Hg

N03

TDS/CL/F

Preservative Added (mJ) Signature Date Lab. No.

.-----

Reported by:. Date:. QA Check: Date:. _

Forwarded by:. Date:, ---

!CONTAl1INA.~T MCL*I lab analytical date analyst lab

results* method analyzed number

Trihalomethanes 0.10 A 3 C D

CliLOROFOR.'i A B C D.

3RO~!OFOi\."! A 3 C D

CHLORODI3RO~OMETIi~~E .~ 3 C D

DICHLOR03RO~O~!a~~E A 3 C D

A 3 C D

A :9 C D II ,.

3 C D."".'1\ 3 C D

I ? :9 C Dn

A 3 C D

A 3 C D

A :3 C D

A :9 C D

.'1\ B C D

*Measured in miligrams per liter (mg/l) unless otherwise specified.

Sample ?reservation:

ECL (circle)

Methods:A=Purge TrapB=GCC=GCMSD=Other _

Y N

Dechlorination:appx 3mg Na,s~o3added to satrlp_e

Y N

~eported by: Date: QA Check: Date: _

Forwarded by: ~Date: _

,

i

Regolated Compound MCL'" ND ~Q J\ESULT* Metht'd Date Anal~'st Lab i/

Vinvl Chloride 2 <0.3 <1.0 ABC Dl.l-Dichloroethvlene 7 <0.3 <1.0 ABC DI l.l-Trichloroethane 200 <0.3 <1.0 ABC DCarbon Tetrachloride 5 <0.3 <0.5 ABC DBenzene 5 <0.3 <1.0 A .8 C D1 2-Dichloroethane 5 <0.3 <LO ABC DTrichloroethvlene 5 <0.3 <0.5 ABC Dip-Dichlorobenzene 75 <0.3 <1.0 ABC D

I

Unregulated Compound

l. Chloromethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D2. Brocol!lethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D3. Chloroethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D4. Methvlene Chloride <0.2 <0.6 I ABC D5. trans-l 2-Dichloroethene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D6. l.l-Dichloroethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D7. 2.2-Dichloroorooane <:0.5 <:2.0 ABC D8. cis-l.2-Dichloroethene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D9. Chloroform <0.2 <0.6 I ABC D

10. 1.1·Dichloroorooene· <0.3 <1.0 ABC D I11. 1.2-DichloroDrooane <:0.3 <1.0 ABC D12. Bromodichloromethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D I13. Dibromomethane .. <0.5 <1.0 ABC D I14. trans-1 3-Dichloroorooene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D15. Toluene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D I16. cis-DichloroDrooene <0.3 <1.0 A S C D17. 1.1.2-Trichloroethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D18. Tetrachloroethene <0.2 <0.3 ABC D19. 1.3-Dichloroorooane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D I20. Dibromochloromethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D21. Chlorobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D22. Eth\'l benzene <0.3 <1.0 A SeD23. 1.1.1.2-Tetrachloroethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D I24. m-Xvlene }coelute <0.3 <1.0 ABC D t25. p-Xvlene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D26. o-Xvlene <0.3 <:1.0 ABC D27. St\'rene <0.3 <:1.0 ABC D28. Bromoform <0.5 <2.0 ABC D29. 1.1 2.2-Tetrachloroethane <0.3 <1.0 A 3 C D30. 1.2 3-Trichloroorooane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D31. Bromobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D32. 2-Chlorotoluene <0.3 <1.0 A BC D33. 4-Chlorotoluene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D34. 1.3-Dichlorobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D35. 1.2-Dichlorobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D

Unreg Compounds on List 3

36. Bromochloromethane <0.3 <1.0 ABC D37. 1.2.~-Trichlorobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D38. Hexachlorobutadiene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D39. Naphthalene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D40. 1.2 3-Trich1orobenzene <0.3 <1.0 ABC D

1/90

· . - ,; -_. ...

Analytical Method: .·G' - Colorimetric with preliminary distillationH - Electrodet .- Gas Chromatography:J - Gravimetric Analysis

.'

I- maximum lab analytical date labcontaminants contaminant analysten~esults" method analyzed numberw levels*I-

Endrin 0.00020

Lindane 0.004

Methoxychlor 0.1..

Toxaphene' 0.005'0·.

2.4- 0 0.1 .2. 4. 5 -T? SHve, 0.01 ..Total

.10Trihe,lomethaneso'

: " 0

..,.. ..

.

.' ...

... ..

. .

.

.' .' *Measured' in milligrams per liter (mgt!) unless otherwise specified.

K - Silver Diethyl-dithiocarbonateL - Titrimetric AnalysisM - Purge and TrapN - .

. ._- .......-.._-._._-.._-_._- .... R~portedb~;..,·' Date:~ QA Check: Date::..- _

· F!Jnv~ded b~~ __.;. Date:;....-. _

moviug fluid from the wells to theplant. a power conversion unit andtn most cases: Injection wells fordisposal of spent flUids.

Failure DataThe high temperature•. pressure

and chemical compOSition of geothermal fluids are conducive toequipment faJJure (Table 1). A geothermal reservoir Is usuaUy locatedIn an active geologic environmentcontaining faults and fractureswhich Increase thedifflcultyofdriUIng and the poSSibility of adverseenvironmentallmpacL

Detaileddataongeothermal sys-. tern CaJlures are generally not avail

able. The best-documented failureshave been those associated withwells. Unfortunately.even thesedataare often lacking In such Important

. Items as discharge rales. detectionmethod and causeoffallure. FaihJredata on eqUIpment such as surfacepiping and energy conversion components are also Umlled (Sung et aJ.1980: Summers et al. 1980),

On the basis of (allure data collected. a review of geothermal siteptans.and consideration ofpoSSible8uld release points. the follOWingcomponentswereconsidered for faU- .ure analysis:

• wells• weUheac1 assembly• surface eqUipment• diSposal system.

The ground-water quolity impact of geothermal energy systems has yet to be determined,Tnis article offers a discussion ot these systems and the reasons for their failure as they relate to. . future monitoring.

r:N forest L Miller Jr. and Sionor geothermal energy to elec-OOUglas e. Zimmerman triclty Is In a transitional stage of

developmentThe conversioncan beperformed ana~t-effecU~mannerand the types of equipment necessa:y to operate safely and consistenttyare known. but the operatingexperience accumulated to date IsInsufficient to assIst In estlmatlngfailure rates with reasOnable precision. Operating experience In theUnited States Is limited to the Ceysers Known Ceothermal ResourceArea(KCRA)whlchlsJocated 180kmnorth of San Fnnclsco. California.ThIs KCRA Is a vapor-dominatedsystem asoppo~ to the more common Uquld-domlnated systems.some ofwhich are being developed •dsewhere In the United States. Themost active areas of geothermaldevelopment In the United Statesare currently the Imperial vaUey ofCalifornia and sites In northernNevada.lntematlonally. power production at a significant scale from

.Uquld-domlnated reservoirs Is online at Cerro Prieto. Mexico.WaJrakel. New Zealand. and severalsites In Japan.

A number of technologies areavallable for the conVersion ofgeo- .thenna! energy to electricity. The~lecUon of the power conversionunit Is controlled primarily by the .

. chemIcal.and temperature characlcrlsUcsofthegeothermal reser)ooir.

Cenerally there are two basic.types of systems. The flash systemallows tJ1e geothermal flUid to flashtosteam.which Is then used to drivethe turbine. The binary system uUI- : Production WellsIzes a secondary fluid. such as freon Well failure can occur In two dis-orIsobutane. which Is heated by the tlnctJy different operational modes.geothermal flUid to drive the turbine. FalJurecanoccurduJ1ng thedrillingBoth systems are somewhat similar of the well or dUrlng geothermalIn that theyrequire production weUs. fluid producUon.Tocontrol.U~emove-

The technoJ0!tv for the conver- a system of pipes and valves for ment offormatlon nuldsaround the

t~C.A: l:J:- ......... t\ .,J,,·H;:' (I\o.,,:,\i~.•,,~ ~.., (.,I ...4::... _ " • 1\ . ...J.... & ftlm a ,,,,u"U'1' ~ _ A GWMRISOI'ino 1Q82 2:1..JD C? MI\ ~ t.' ")

Background

}.U.S. Environmental ProtectionA#ncy grant to assess s"tandard.and InnovaUve ground-watet monl,oring t~chnlques and sy~tems

_ppUc:d to geolhennaJ energy development Impacts on associated,:round-water systems Is currentlyundeaway. The research effort Isdln:cted toward Integrating monitorIng techniques. legal constraln"ts.production system fault-tree ariaJy,Isand comprehensivesolute transport and geochemical models.AnUclpaled results Will prOVide means toassess sue-specific ground-watergeothermal systems and to Identifythe opUmum monitoring methodology and network design to detectground-water qualltr Impacts.. Themodels wlU allow an evaluation ofpolenUal worst-case Impacts on the

! ground-water system. .

1:1'1 InfonnauononapproxJmate!y80

geothermal energy system fallures\l;'2S compiled and reviewed dUrlng

I. .~ co~e:flithIS study. faUures

I\'e ....'0 rom minor leaks In

pipes and valves to uncontronabledischarge (rom we11sresulung Inahc release of large quantities of

I geothennal OuidoSlaUstica1 analysJsorthe data toUected pro\1des a comparison of (ailure rates (or differentc:omponen.1!i of a geolhennaJ devel-opment Bqlh a review ofworldwidegeolhermal' weU- and plant-failuredata and a failure analyslsuUllzlngfault-tree techniques to assess thefocP' ~Jnts ofground-waler monlIOI)efforts are presenled In Ihlsanlae.

"

. 'J#! r .•~-'p,r..-: ...., . ~. '.

I,. ~~"."\

'~l~' GEOTHERlVlAL SYSTEM"';'~:I' FAILURES: IMPLICATIONS.~ ·FOR GROUND-WATER~I MONITORING'cJ

: ... , . *'

,

•

IIIi.

Ii ),I ..f

• ., ~=..v~ "'••••" ""oN ~wv .

Ing and production. the wen·bore61ze Is reduced with depth. At eachreducUon In hotediameter. theboreIS cased and cemented.An exampleofthecasingand cementingofwdlsat Walrakel. New Zcaland.1s s1'\ownInflgure 1.Numerous toolsand techniques exist (or physlc:aJJy locatingand defining the type and seventyofcasing failures. but onJy a modestamount of data concerning theactuaJ cause of the failure can beacqUired when the (allure occurshundreds of meters or more belowground 1C\'e1.

FaIlures during dnlllng operations can result In uncontrolled discharge from the well bore. ThIs condillon. known as a blowout, Is ofpartJcular concern as uncontroUeddIscharge can last a significantlength of ttme. The costs and difficulty of repalrs are high. Blowout ofa wen Is pOSSiblewhen thefonnatlonflUid pressure exceeds the pressureof the drilling fluid In the well bore.This condition can occurIn zones ofloslclrcuJauon.where the fonnatlonbeing driUed Is either very penneable. has an extensive fracture orfault system or Is cavernous.Blowout pteventers which seal againstthedriU pipe In theeventofaslgnlOcant pressure drop are reqUiredsafetyequlpmentdUring thedrtUlngofgeothennal wells. .

Many Individuals (rom both pn\'ale and governmental sectors bel1eve _that. drtUlng equipment andtechnology currently In use haveproven sufficient to prevent weBblowouts. The Incenttve to preventthiS type of (allure Is bc?me by thegeothennal devetoperbecause ofthehigh costsofdrtUlngoperationsandsubsequent costs of controlling aweD blowout. A typlcaJ well at theGeysersKGRA costs between6825.000 and 61.6 mUUontodrtlland complete. .

Because ofdifficulties In IdentifYing. production weU fallure. thepotential lor adversely Impactingassociated ground-wateraystems Isrelatively high. fallure ofa weB easIngcan range (roma mlnorfracture10" a complete coUapse. Dischargecan beveryUmltedorcanconstttute.the total flow ofthe welL resuiUng Ina blowout condlUon. Indications ofcasing failure can be as obvtous as\'1suaJ diSChargeat the surface orassubtle as a change In the chemlcaJconstituents ofthe Ould. OtherIndicators of casing faJlute Include areduction In flow or temperature.change In the sleam/water ratio. orInduslon ofsand orother(onnatton

24 GWMn/Spring 1962

matenal In the productton fluid.FaUure of the cement between thecasing and the fonnatton Is usuallyassoc1ated withcasingfaUures. Thiscan allow the geothermal ,flUld tomJgrate along the well bore andenter a lonriauon different (romthat In Which the onginal (aUureoccurred. .

A number offntem:Jatcd (actorsmay contr1bute to casing faltu~

• thennal stresses or thennalcycling

• Inadequate cementing of thecasing

•. corrosiOn.The ronowSngscenar1odescr1bes theinterrelationships of these (actors:

DunDg the driUlng ofa wen. formatJonsareencountered thatarehighly penneable.-¥lhen the weDIS cased and cerr,tnted.· a poor~mentbond between the casing

.and the (onnatlon'1s achJeved Inthese zones. aIJoWlng .thecaslDg10 differentially expand and contract. The WeD fs completed andput InlO productlon.1he casingIS subjected to high temperaturevariations causing thermalstresses. (The term thermalcycling Is used to descnbe theexpansion and contraction o(the

casing as It Is aJternately put onproduction and then shut In asenergy requirements or malnttnance of the .weU Of power plantdictate.)ThecasingsUbsequentJyfaUs In thezonewhere thecementbond Is poor due to the thenna!stresses assoclated with productJon. faJ1ure can occur very earl)·In the life of a wen or can occurmuch later when the t:aslng Isfurther weakened by both com>slon and thennaJ cyclIng.Analysis ofcasing failures In the

geothennaJ fields of Italy revealedthat failures were more likely tooccur after large temperature vart·aLJonsand that the lower part ofthe ..casing stnng was more likely to fall

. (eign! et aJ. 1975). .Agaln. thedlfficuJtyIn Identlfylng

the exact causes of casing falfureshould be recogniZed. Dae to thelimited amount ofdata that can becollected. It Is difficult· to precisely Idetennlne the cause o(fallure. Our·lng the time or data collection forthis report both the literature col- I

lected anddiscussionswith govern- Iment and private operators haW'stressed the rapid technological 1Jmprovements In both dnlUng an~cemenllng leChnlqu~s by the gee-

d 5l ' p. , m '"

Figure 1. Typ1cal casing aestgn at Watralcet. New Zealand. (a:tter De1terding.1980).

GNMR/Spring 1982 25

6-5/8" 00 SlottedProduction Casing

•

18"00 ConductorCasing

13-3/8/1 00 SurfaceCasing

Hot Water

~- 8-5/8" 00 IntermediateCasing

limited because ofthe experimentalnature.Umlted Umeperiod and wideWr1aUon In flUid chemistriesduringtht'Se studies. CorrosIon studies ofvarious metal alloyS In the ImperialValley have shown that steels containing either molybdenum orchromium and molybdenum withstand corrosion better than the~bon steel pipes most commonlyused(McCright et al. 1980). Because ofthe lack of operating experience In'Ih~ UnIted States:. esUmates of (allure rates (or surface equipment arebased on data from nuclear power .plants.

670,56m

24.38m

ures have been detected andrepo:1Jrulwith1n60 minutes. Unfortunately.data from the Geysers Is veryAtypicaLThis Isadrysteam reservoirwhich does not require fiashlngandthe Injected condensate has totaldIssolved IiOtlds values that range(rom 300 to 1.000 mglL In contrastto this are sites In the Imperia!Valley where brines are producedWith total dtssolvedsoUdsas hl~h as300.000 mgIL , - . .,

NumerousstudJeshavebeen conducted on corrosIon. abrasion andscale formation ratesat specificgt'Othermal sites. but extrapolation ofthese data Into failure ratcs Is

• 'llrnllaJ maUSll')'. Lr.llH lrom LUt"l1Lu(omla Dlvtslon of OU and Ciast ,dlc-atc there have been no serious~«\bICmswith gcolhennaJ weD drill-

)n that state since 1975~ IndIca11005 are strong that Improved tech

"o!tV has decreased fallure rateS .o('wly constructed wells. As more

• ii;lnls compiled. It maybe possible1&;\\"rify this hypothesiSand to Iden111\' \\'~lIs that are more likely to faJ!

I~: Ihelr age. .

wellhead Assembly .The basis for separation or the

,• \\,,,Ihead assembly from other com

rc"lC'nls of the piping s),stem Is tl}eIrllalaJ foruncontroUed discharge

::.'ahe e\'ent of failure. The wellhead:t!iS('mbly typicallyconsistsofseveral,~\"t'S which are used to regulate110'" (rom the well, In the event oftlilLare of other surface cqulpmenLIh~ valves could be closed to litop

t Do'" from the well. Failure of theseI ,'ah'eS to dose due to eIther COITO-, slOO orscaJe would then ~ult InI ..nrootroned discharge. Uncon-

I arolled discharge related towellhead. £allure alsO occurs If the entire well-i hrad beCOmes separated from theI ' \\TU casing. This happened at Cerro

I meto. Mexico. but could have beenI, a\'Olded byproper Installatlon ofthe

\\TUhead assembly.

~ Iswtace Equipment~ In contrclSt to the dIfficulty In, t identifying and repalrlng a weD fall-

. • ure. fatlure ofsurface eqUipment IsJ relatively easy to detect and repatr.

!ICostsofrepatrarerelaUvclylowand.g~nerally. technlcaJly ~tralght-Corwarcl. .

All components of the piping. system are susceptible to fallure as

a result of COlTOSlon. abrasion or) scale fonnaUon. Dissolvedgases.par-

I ucu!arly H:zS. also contribute to faU. .ute. ThennaJ stress and thennaJ

.',

. C)'CUngofabove-ground pipes Is not. as significant a problem. \khaped

'r-cllons of pipe are rouUnelyInstalled In the line to allow for

" Ih~nnaJ expanSiOn. CoJTOSlon anda abrasion pn be expected to be

Ihigher wjlere the flow Impinges

• I dlrcctlyor1theplpesurface.asatanI 'dbowwhq-ea directional change In! ftowoccurs. .

"

J. Data on failure ofsurface equIp-m~nt have come mainly from the

I': Ct-vsers KORA.The principal failure~ )ts of the surface equipment

'!, I have not been associated with theUjor components (ound In the

'!' '•. •• ...nverplantsbut With the pipesarid\'ahoes which transmit fluid between:.: I d\eSCcomponents.CeneraJJythefaJI-

.': ;1

Reported FloW Rates of Injection Wells in the: Ullit.ea ~UW:::i

Table5.Snmmaryof'ReportedFallures FromGeothennalSitesin the U.S., Mexico and New Zealand

Number of Failures

797638

ISS-14

InJectIon·Welll/s

250.000·330.00020.000- 70.000

100.00014.0002.5001.4007.soo6.000

.salinity

E'l *0 0 ->\'."(;20#'"' 6 I t"C"

with a depth to the top of the reservoir of820m. We assume that weDsdrUJed In this development wUlaverage 900m In depth. The prlnCIpal ground-water reservoir In theMilford area Is the unconsoUdatedwlley-ftll alluvium. wen Jogs revealthat this rnaterlalts betWeen 60and150m thick In the KORA and It Isassumed that each well passesthrougha verUcaIJyunconflned aquifer. AI' 110m In thickness. LoggingofweU OH14-2 revealed a cold waterentryzone. between 200 and 230m.which wlU be treated as If It were aconfined aqUifer. ~. of potentialImportance as asource ofdomesticor agrlcultural water.

Forconvenlenc:e we assume thatdlstrlbutlonoflocaUonofweUcasingfailure ,Is Independent ofdepth. Wefurther assume that an aqulter Isonly contaminated If the (allureoccurswithin theaqUifer.Therefore.If there Is a casing (allure In thezone ofaqUifer~ the probability(p)ofcontaminating aqUifer "-J. Is 1. Ifthe failure occurs .elsewhere. theprobabllltyofoontamlnaUngaquifer~ Iszero.TheprobabUityofcontaminating aqUifer A:z. given that thewell has failed. Is the ratio of thethicknessoftheaqUifer to the depthoUhe well. 30/900. or .03. LIkewise.

328

349

1None reported

GMIaR/Spring 1982 27

68-

22726332

200336680454

23

Prodw:tJonWdl

tonslhr

• 'u'.'tftttO'· tit' tt ,.....

• Average now ratc"Estimated value

KGRA

Salton Sea. CAWestmorland. CABraw1cy.CAHeber.CAEast Mesa. CABeowawe.NVRoosevelt Hot Springs. trrValles Caldera. NMRalt River. 10Oeysers.CANlland.CA

-

Drilling failureProduction wellProduction weDhead 'Surface pipingInjection wellheadInjection well

Fa!lure Point

piping would be considered separatelyslnce there are Ukely to bemore corrosion problems In theprQducUon piping than In lIle Injectionpipingwhile the reverse Is true withrespect to·scaling. The energy -c:on:'ve,rslon systemwould beconsideredas a unit since' a faflure In thissystem could result In release offlUid totheOoorofthebulldingand..-emedlaJ action would be the same.A fault-tree flgure (Figure 2) can beused to provide an overview of thesystem.

Fordemonstratlonpurposes.the .fault-tree methodology will beapplied to a modified conceptualdesign ofa double flash geothennaldevelopment presented by Sung etal. 1980. The modified design consists of28 vertically drilled produc-

, tlon wells With 12,2oom of associated'productlon piping which willdeliver the geothennal Ould to the 'power plant located 300m from theedge of the weD field. The systemutilizes 15vertlca11ydrilled Injection'

. wellswhich requlrcsS.800mofinJee-lion piping. _ r

For thepurposesofthJs example.the energy conversion system willbe placed on the Roosevelt HotSprings KORA. near Milford. Utah.This Is a liqUid-dominated system

:. :l' t~7;= ;n-~~ 'than so-(allures! ~, '('fable 5) were compiled dUring the, ' -tcnsrseof this Investigation (MilicI'! .". ,d Zimmennan. 19801. Although1• '•.J #t (allure reports provtded 1I1LJe, . :;.. nO detail on the amount offlu14i :r(11SC'd.lhc:ywerewluable Inestab-; • Ilshlng potential release points.; 'MaO)' of the (atlures occurred be-l ..olUSC' of Inadequate weD construc-

lion materials or lack of operatingf t~'JlC'rtencc. .The most difficult (alII ';1'("$ to control and the largestt rrk"~s of geothennaJ fluId have

fe-fulled from production well- I f,allure5. .ror Instance. well number Ther-

rn:d.4.drllledat theGe)'SCrsIn 1957.tll"'\' out during drllilng due to In,drquate casing and cementingIt'C'hnlques. Attempts at controlling,he well have failed and the weD Ispfl.'Sdstlydlschar~lng to the surface.

. $ , In 1976. the uncontrolled discharge

I\\'35 C'sUmated at 80,000 kg/hI' of

I = stram. A casing break occurred In, \\"C,'u number 26 at WairakeJ. New! 0 11..eaJand' InAprlI1960.The weD was!~ 'drilled In 1954 and had producedI ~ J1uld normally up to the time of the1n : rasing failure. The failure occurredI d I at a depth of1'83m.Due to flaws andIt I piobabledeterloraUonofthecement

Ingaround the casing. flowwas able; ~ )' 10 move upward and laterally. flowa discharged at. the surface approxl-:r mately240mfromtheweU.lnNovem-

,n I tler 1960. well 26A was deviatlon1: drilled Into wd126 below the casing• break. stopping thedischarge.Total

l~'1\.' J uncontrolled discharge was esU-.., I mated at G.17 x 105 tons.rIFault-TIee Methodology

The purpose of app1ytng fault-tree methodology to geothermalI energy d~lopment Is to Identify

I both the possible failure modes,,'hlch would result 'In release of

I geothermal nuldand the possible~.IO Iftesoffailure(BariowetaJ.1915).lt!l • Is convenient to treat.asa unit. parts

II.. f ofthe mechanisms that arestructur-

all)' Identlc:a1 or parts In which fallr ! ures WOUI~'lead to a common effect., \ For examp e. the above-surface pip~ . ,Ing used t, move geothermal flUidi I could be cOnsidered on a meter-by- ,9.7 meter basis since a (allure couldI • occur at an" point. However. the3G I piping from production wells to the1 : fOnverslon plant Is designed to com-r-- '1On specifications and measures! , .dken at any point to connne a leak

"''Quid probably be taken throughout,,-ahcpiplflgsystem.so the production. piping can be considered as a unit.I The production pipingand Injection

1

)

ngure 2. Prototype fault·tree Jor a geothennal energyconvemon sy1>tem.

I ·fh" ,.s

Sung, e£ aJ. to be .001, Makllll~ tilt"assumption that these failures ;ll'l'dlstlibuted unlfonnly over the ..0'year lifetime. the probabl1lty of fatl'ure In·a calendaryear Is esumalc,'dto be .00003.

Fault-Tree SummaryWhUc It Js Important to acqulrt

more (aJluredata. IncludingdaUlUJlCaJlures of the same types ofequiPment In similar environments. It lliunlikely that this wtJllead to saliS'(actory preclstonofestimatesoffllJl'ure lUtes soon because conversloll

Release of t1uld due to

Casing failure In region of lONerconfined aqUifer~

-

Malfunction of injection valving

Failure in the power plant

Casing failure in region of upperunconfined aquifer A 1

Malfunction of production valvi~

Casing tailure in region of upperunconfined aquifer A1

Casing failure In region of lowerconfined aquifer~

To the geothermal reservoir area

Break in surface piping

Break in surface piping

I .. '

Source

Release

1 _ 'uI" 'W,M dt+t"r t:

t 1M' 'r 'dtae b" -W'e&' .'0 .0 ...,'! .

. 19S0) then the probabUltyofat leastone fallure an 12.200mofproducuonpiping In a calendaryear Is .00004while the probablUty ofat least onefaJlure In8.BOOm oftnJection pipingdUring a calendar year Is .00003.These numbers are appllcabJc toptplng In a nuclear reactor. buUt tomore strlngent speclncations thangeothermal pIping. and, the 'esUmated probabilities of (aJlure maybe too low. On the other hand. thestresses may not be as severe.

Theprobabl1lt)'ofa maJorfailureofthe conversion system durtng Its40-year design Ufe Is estimated by

. , t.

the probability of contaminatingaquiferAI.glvena failure In thewelLIs 110/9OO.or.l2.Theprobabllltyofnot contamInating aquifer ~ byone or more of the 2S productionweUs In a given calendaryear~ p28.where 1-p Is the product or theprobability that~ WID be contaminated given a failure •.03) and theprobability thata 900m well win fallIn a year. Data from the Walrakelfield Indicates that the probabilityofa 900m production well falJlng Ina ca1endaryear Is about.o14.Therefore,the probability thata givenwenWiU faU In acaIendaryearand that ItwlU contaminate aqUifer ~ Is.00042, The probabUlty of one ormore production weD (allures In acalendar year which contaminatesaqUifer A..z Is 1-.9995S28 or.o1.Thisanalysis Is tentaUve and furtherwork Is reqUired to reOne the e:it1mated probabUltyoffaJIure ofa well.By Identlcalloglc. the probablllty offaJlure In a calendaryear ofat leastone Injection well which Impactsaquifer A..zls .000,'

Using the above reasoning. theprobabllltyofcontam1natlngaqulfer~ durtngacalendaryearbyproductJon well fallure IS esumated to be.oS and the probablllty ofcontaminating AI by failure of an Injectionwell Is estimated to be ,02,lnjectlonof geothermal flUid Is not done atWalrakc:1 and probabilities computed assume the same Ufe expectancyoflnjecUon weUs as forproductlon wells.

Probabilities of fallure of aboveground componentswere estimatedbySunget aI. 19S0. from data compUed IRthe ReactorsafetyStudyof1975(also knownasWASH-l400 orthe-Rasmussen Report~ TheyesU·mated that the probabtUtyoCa majorweUhead rupture In thisgeothennalenergy conversion design dUringthe 4Q.yeat design life Js .ooa. Further. they Indicate."Minor leaks areto be expected, .Each gasket In thesystem would be expected to fall atleast once during the assumed 40-

Iyear design life." If we assume thatthe probablUty of a major weUheadfallure 's constant over Urne. then

. the probability of a partiCular well·, headfalllnglnaglvenca1endaryear

Is estimated to be .•000005. theprobability of there befng at leastoneproduction weUhead (allure In acalendar year is estimated to be.000 I.and the probabUltyo(at leastone Injection weUhead (allure In acalendar )'ear Is estimated to beJ:J0007.

Irthe probabUltyoffalJureorplp.ln~ Is 1x10' lo/hr/300m (SungetnI.

28 GWMR/Spring 1982

~'." 't' ..,

. ...

er

: .

sung. It. W. Murphy. J. Reitzel. LLeventhal. W. CooclwJn and L.Friedman. 1980. Surface conta1nment for geothermal brtnes.u.s. EPA publication no. EPA60017-80-024.

Biographical Sketch

Forest Miller is a researchpro-fessorattheDesertResearchlnsti·tute. Unluersity oj Neuada.. .H~

receivedaBS andMSftomPwdueUniversity and a Ph.D.ftomNorthCarolina State Uniuersity. aU instattstlcs. By projessiDn he is aconsulting .statistician. withresearchlnterests inspatialanoJysis. reliabilityojcomplex:systems.

, and model euaLuation. '.':

Douglas Zimmerman is a research associate at the DesertResearch Institu.te. Unwersltll qfNevada. lIereceiued htsBS ingeolog!l.fromBanDiegoStateUniversity in 1976_ His prl.ma.rJJ pro-

fessional emphaSis has been inthe design. construction and testing ofmonftoringandproductiDnwells.

Production weD (aJlure contaminating aqUifer~Production weD (allure contaminating aqUifer A•Production weDhead (aJlure (major)Production piping faJlure (major)FaJlure In conversion system (major)Injection piping (aJlure (major)Injection wellhead (aJlure (major)Injection well (aJlure contaminating aqUifer AlInjection weU faJlure contaminating aqUifer A;z

Cause

Table e. Relative Annual Probabilities of Failure ofMajor Components ora DoubleF1ash Geothermal

Conversion System

.01

.os

.0001

.DOOO4

.00003

.00003

.00007IYi..000

p

ReferencesBarlow. R..J. FusseDand N. Slngpur

walla. 1975. ReUabtlttyand faulttree analysis. Society for Industrial and AppUed Mathematics.Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.

Cigni. U.. F. Fabbrt and A Clovan-noni. 1975. Advancement in

. cementatlon techniques In the

I Italian geothennal weDs. P.roceed-ingSecond UN Symposium on

[

the Development and Use o(Ocothermal Resources. San FrandSCo. C8!lfomia.

Deffcrdlng. L (editor). 1980. State-

~of-the-artofUquld wastedlsposa!

I for geothennal energy systems:

.1979. U.s. Oept.of Energy pubU-cation no. DOElEV-0083.

• Mcerlght. It.w. f'reyand. G. Tardut-, 19ao. LocaliZedcorrosionofsteelsht ;,' In geothennal steam/brine mlX-art tures. taeothermal Resources.0- CounCil Transactfons. v.4.lil- I Muter. F.~ D. Zimmerman. 1980.(d Compi tlon of (allure data and

fault-tl< analysis forgeothermal• energy conversion systems.

I Desert Research Institute, ProjectNo. 41071.

i~ "nmers. It. S. Gher1ne and C.Jrt i· Chen. 1980. Methodology to cvaJ-,p- uate the potential (or groun~-IS.., Water contamination (rom geo-

&5'1 thenna! nuld release. u.s. EPA-JI' ;, Publication 'no. EPA-60017.,rt . !8Q.1l7•.

AcknowledgmentsTheauthors wish to acknow!edg~

suppon under Crant No. RB06457from the U.s. Environmental Pr0tection Agency. EnvtronmentalMonltortngandS~pportLaboratory.Las Vegas. Nevada: Roy Evans. pro-,Jeet officer. The authors would a:Jsolike to thankJohn Hess (or hIS helpIn vat10us aspects of this project.

: 0; \

'I of heat (rom geothermal fluids toelectricity 15 a relatively recent

.' ~tlvtty,Becauseoftbat.determlna,n of reasonable coefficients of

. "1 ..tr1atlon (or the small probabilitiesof (aUure estlmated In Table 6~

. _ unlikely untU considerable operat-~ ling expertence has been acquired.

Table 6 does demonstrate in a relative Sense that the highest proba-

• blUty of ·Ca11ure Is assoc1at~ wUh- ar IweDs. SinceweD faJluresaredlfficuJt

to detect. can Involve large volumesof auid and can directly Impact

I ground-water resources. the (ocaJpoints (orground-water monltortng

. should Involve both production and'Ing . Injection weDs.

Ceohydroe!Metea1 ..ttill. ot tho 1_1' laat I1fc !oM with .,eelAl.-p1luta lID C!Ie nlAclOMbtp betvea1S I ••cbe~l· ntd4 I_Joetto" a1Ill"'11 Dep~e-ftt. of lI.alth. 11IlderJZ1"lllll IIIJ"clotl, Coftcrolhl\l1Acl_.

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nrn- ~la _to~ t:T!".: C_dtee-l. !'P.ta _ -tse4;,.... beeft tdellelfl04 tftt'- ohall_ aftII Ifteol'ae41oca lIUhlnIrl_ of m. lew'f tut Iltc Ze_. PIma.S-U. "'11. e-t!Jerial ...con __ tOllft4 .,....lu1 ca • ..JO'f oft'laecuallaCeZ'HCttea ot the luc. lite %oM with • "_no t ...b. 'nita oCfteCUolffttuo..tio. la 1Ilu-rpnu4 te ,h9iM tM ceadld~ fO'f apvud lIleredaft ofpodlene1. n1llcla fTea· c!lo T8Hn0tr l..oce4 1ft eM doop ~fMo. Tha~ fC"" U __ p-reJ.... tt..'.!ft dd. "Ites ot ....11!J11 '"thana!n1ll.,.. 's!I _ten·ant _c eenh ot t!lo rift ... ed dtc1ft eM.'tWA OUt:hVi~ of· IInjeee. votuL ant 1_t04 v Ili!!! dUO QftJipobo CraE.i' \i61cii 1t.~ .... &'fedtaftC t'fft a reston ofupwUlq loothorul fluia. .

t2lo .hanet.riaotlett of tile.. vacar C)'POo has be. CoMllel:04 t!mMIch onleaFetad l.o~.ol rrtl_ of t!Io I ....\" !He alit Z_. Vclll,O« tndIU .~. wro all 1Ift11a1tt. l"techldeo1 ate. etoebelcal and ,occamneopttt_ toebnl~. IIl4 o.c~.

''!!ldut 'wor e-par;,. belt..... wc c!Iooo en.. e"- co ._r.la ,ootMnal O'f.ssed _COl'o e1lcN14 tIOC 110 ctuslflo4 as 8!t __I'~ lOUfto of drlllktni"aur. CllftonC .tfavoll Sut. Departlletlt: .t Ife.lth ~trulNll4 J"'.t:.t1!9Coftcrot nne) toptatt_ dodpato • tarpportln 01 the 1_r !He IlltcZoao nllon .. ... Uftda~ooveo ot 4rtft1tllll votor•. Aeco'fdlnlly. Thanal,.tltl_ dlo DopUt:llOftC to OIOdtfy dloll' etIl'ntIt: Ole 11_ Oft tho III b1all4 ofBnall to lftc11l40 tho.. antU dHotutUoco4 tJ' thto report co eontolnpotllene1 atd/ot ....4 ".ton.

J]IftOl)11C'ftOll

Thanat .....'f e-pllfl7'. opoueO'f of tho PIma aoee~~l 'eftftlP (PC'I) whtchIncludo. Ald.e bot",. 1M. ...s ,tlltll&haa C.oth.rul, IIMI•• 11...uhotn.4dletc doaod,Clett of t!Io PC'I IS !'tV '"JO'I III ru- to Suc. ~ Co\lftCYai_I... 'tbto ,roJect Ie loeoeo« Oft dlo ItI te1an4 of HaWU til tho 1....1'Eaae lite io- (UU) ofn~ Vot...,. ("aun 1). IftJ..tt.. of I.oeh.ndnuldo Ie e!I SIleoSTat,.n of lIfl7' I"thanal alecnt. .-r I_r.donproJoce. Conc_tUfte tflth tMo "qut~t Ie tha ftopoftll1ttUcy .r choI.oth.nat 4....10p0t to 'I'oe..e the .-111:1 of andor.~ .<NnO. of ddnklftlv.ur (tJs'llV) 11'011 poUllet.. b1 euh_t••• dbpoul of nut4e.

Pncocelon of VStlII· 1ft "_.U to ftl'l".u4 b1 Tha safe Ortnltlftl Vaeor AcC.~lfttoc.e.4 1Iy t1Io tnvtroneoftu1 Prococclon Aloney. Tho ScaCa of Havalt ha.adopt.d Chapr.t 23 of Tttl. 11. Adolnt.tract•• lul0., -uad.rlrOUft4 tlljoeetonCollerol- (VIC) of H.veU StoCo OO,ertllOllt of H...lth (1U)01l) to neel"'odol.locton of r.d.rol .u:hortcy co .dmtnt.c.r tho utc ,rosr...e tho St.t.10....1. Ii. 101'1. porctOIl of tho 1_1' Eoac UtI' ZeM to cunollt1y d.Ufto4 e. ..n\lft4.rlroun4 .ourc. of ddllkllli vac.r 1Iy!ll)Olt, utc npbttons. TIll. roporrcoY1ovo tho _roll 1001011., hydrolosl. ~ cho.lc.l eotdnl of rho tpZ. ttf_.. on tho lIydroch••teol chonctorlutten or I'ho .bAll" C,lIXfoc. coUOlt) ll1I4 1~t"MdS4!j1 (1500' co looo'>, .ourfoco. I"J.ctl"" of 100t1l.rmnulh Into tho ••othond ro..nol" fl''' ""tch thoy OI't.lnau4 01' trIto •I'.Slon O\Itl'OI&ftdtrl& tho l'eloNOh at coop..ubl. d.ptho to a _rlclvld.~,ueetco. Choractor' .ctOft of tho d.., (Iro.tor the" lOOO') OlIIloul'f... 11 MC ?)varrmu4 horotll ' .out. th. l.oth.l'Ul eyota. "Cllplo. thte poattl"". •"".u....r u,var4 _ .....nr of tllJocr.4 nut4 to"" ,loco _14 ,.. IIOS11lt1l1o

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tJtlll1.4 ttl thla otudy are all ..otle1l10 I.otoc""tcol doc. et.rloclcalMl4 pett.m toCO...tttOll tec""tquoo aIl4 ••e thoo 'AM1 1.....".tll. Ie ..t"to1ft04 throvS,,"t tho _ly.lI. 'rI. yclea

Tha c.n 4tb.cOftttoU.4 1o.r.41ce" to 1ft. D. Prot.a of if-aU Dop.r_ftc0, !'.dth tItl... ..1...1110 41ocuooto,,0 0" di. bjdnlol1 of ell. HavallonIe eft4e ....1.t.4 tho ''tOpatattOll of tht. doc~ftt.

, ...'. .

the IMotlot\ .f all t!lA ..11.' la tM tnJ ar. pr••entad lD fll'ln 4 olenlwltb ••lecta4, b7 ~aatca1par_t.n:

1. Teta1 41..01~ ••llde _tanto2. Vater 1...1,3. T.,.raevre,•• C1/!fI. aft45. '!D1 eer.tdt:.

fttyaleal data ot\ die.. _lla DIS tMl1' ...11&1110 wac.~ ~bU7. are_d.... la Tabl.. 1 aft4 Z. T.tpeetl'ftl,. Tabl. 1 lMleat.. that thec1lOldcal ..11 data pertains t:o the top or the buol wac.r DOrth aM ...th oftho rift:. Vlt!lla the nte, It: ."U.. b the bp of the dlb·cenuoUod_ear. 1'7la _170 .-quI_l ftCapt:l_ Ie v.n ~.A, ('rabl. 2) ""lebCOftOopotldat. the lftc.na4l.ta 1_1 ~c.r 81'Ic-. 1'7la loutIe. depthaa4 c1l..lat'r,> of V.11 9 ftUOlU that: It: la pnduellli fI'M A ,.Rhed.qutfar.A,lt!lou&h A nlael_l, _11l1Ul1ber .f ..tta (1••• ~,,11 data ,.lata) .abt."Ilonal ,..~eal 81'Iuuclea ~ .-rl&lllt wle" ~lrt cdticall"'l&hC. to the lBJamea T.p1aclea b_•

lforth of tM tzU, JI'O'IIlI!ftt.r .t....tl__1t1 lNIIleat ~cer nn la a..,I~i\. DOrt!l·.outb dlrect:lot\ e-ude the oe... H_r••1_ tha llalu4 &Ita

." ..-Uohlo, I la lnf.fted that: a at ttleOllt porcl n In.. II 0 rth...e 0 ow nl the topoaraptl)' • unA Lee aM

\ th. UI% (nJU1'O 4). Vlt!ll" • .lnor ,41b ~Ilt hu 11.."r.,.rca4 '" ~1taua .t: 01 (1"0) 0Ild la abo oh••rvod _o~ DOtah11 lft v.na·lA (tabla 1). Vater new la pdnclpaUy puattol Co the rife (!.beak! aMItlllk, US5). ....t!t of the t!!tZ. Jroundv.ea'L' ol_cl_ lie Mt atlov A....btallt: ,.tt.l'Il. Cnuadv.tar p~ably n.... la 0 _thad, to.outh.an.d" 4lroetlea fan_till topop'aptl)' t..,.rda the oe.an.

Kut.- _cer taaparaClllrO la t!ta 1.Ill% _lb lMlcata that _lont cendltlOftl..l.t co the ..rth. 11...te4 cuparatur.. ua pro,ellt throu&h-t tho rtft._ ~..t: ter "011 , at JtapotMt ~otor. thla _11 at tho ba.. of t!ta ItapohoCrater tap. "atar tlrMl .. .ah tonacl_ (tl."h aM Taaonasa, 1968). It laball..od that:~ of Ita nn Ie dad".4 frOII Cro.ll 1A1t. loeocod up ara410llcwtthlll the erac.r ""lcll Ie the ot\11 .tandllli bod7.f ..atar la the .ntlr.LElZ. lca ..l.c.lle. la accrlbut.d co ttlo ••h l.".r actllli .. an aqultAr4.V.c.r now frea Creo" Laka 11lco v.ll , la lat.rpretod co alcer hoth th. vall'.CNe c• ..,.r-cur••nd ch..leal charactarbclc.. V.ll••outh of tha t.EIl% .ho""arlahl. co..,er.tar.. wtth .lrnlflcantl1 Iro.c.r thon ..blont t ••per.ture..outh and aouth...t at th. !'C'l,'A ('l~. 4).

Th•••laec.d h,4roeh..lcal daca 111u'trat04 In 'lSUro 4 alld th. doealled "a~orcheml.try tor tha.. vall. pro.olltod In T.hl. 2 .vI4.nc. a ".rlahll1C1 Oil bochan ln41vldual vall h.ol. (e.I., V.l1 •••• throuSh ••••• T.bl. 2) and on .nar••l 11••1. (a ••• , V.ll. ltS·t. ltS·lA, 1tS·2 and crv·lll. flSUr. 4). Th••• dacarapr•••nt anal,.... cOftduec04 h7 41ff.r.ne Stac. .nd '.d.ral .Ionelo. .tdltfar."t cl.... Th...rlaclOftl can b. accributabl. to:

f

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..tmtlal fnobv.ta~ rec".... 1ft die UI% !a dlousht te 1M d.d.... froa bothtH an& •.,rift: at die fGOI.PA.(ftpn 1) aM teeat .. l'alllfaU tt1nulhlBfUcr.tl... ~l rab,f.ll 1ft IZIl% b .!MNt 120 behe.. 1'7lla v.c.rt-dlac.ly IlllllClr.t•• latlt the J"Uftd .. Yl~111M .Cadllli vaC.1' Mdl..at.t:. A .ecen4U7. aeu'ft. of petftltlal nellar,. tit ttIa UI% la~ taa t.0. DOrth and DOrtbwut. n- fre. thb lorso. _le_lo .4lflea _14~t..n,.1M poa4a4 a..blat: the leper-abl•• 1lOfth_ bewldary .r ttIa rift.Vaeatr wald ,.notat.-.!!Ito and throa&!t dla rttt: a_ IIftt1 alOllI rebtt".11dbonea -hlp ,.~UlC1 aeetl_ (a.,. feala) 1INJ1n: '" ",,.deaU,, L 'ff~~Oftdtevtns the dlb.. the Eut: •. 'Rtft %eM f.l'lU all auaUnt: baITt-r co ".~f.~tar n_ (1)f'aeebr aM 'an. 1971:. t_4a, 19S4). cr-dvac.rr..14_.· '" ....~

n tUa ta t:!le 1.D%. npe~ by ~ek .t: .1 (1'78). b I!!\ t!l. order at~ ~. 1'7la hi'" _1 nlaral1 aft4 abort: nd4aMa tl.- .-rl4aM. a TlJOroua

jJ:'oImc!nc.r n_ ayat.. ?'7. .S_ deep ..,toratet')" _11. ~ '- drilled b dat. ",",rtl tit.aaat.IlOfth t: tnadtaa rttt __ !lu bHft at1'UCtlIraU" .ff.et '" aftOft!l.eert:h t: t:l'eadlll' "_ra. t.lc (ftpn4)•. tha a.othanal .,-casta t!Joqlht: b 1M toealbed by chi. ..Jar tntt: llltanNtl"". Four of t!ta._ _11. 1YIft baaa_...ftal. A ._..tual 1IOCIa1 at the principal•1_u of the .oobydnlo.le ••tt:bl. of the' PaM. JOOthar-l .,-tas. latno.nted fa ncure 3. Bd.ny. ttIa Plana r _tr b • "'ry Itt,,,e..,.r.eur., ar.nar t!utft ,COO!'. ne.pba.. llqul4 lnata4 81'It.. cenul1l11l1A ••rylll' .t... tractlot\. and brUt: cOllflaa4 ..capt: ",",rill bn1tall '" favlea.1'7la n,.nolr ta ..latalaa4 la thb tIt.ne~lo .~c. '" a wry 1l1&h 1Ia.tnn vlchln the rUt: an4 by aD .tt.cthe ...1 lnblbltllll dsnlflcant W1ltllll.f the r..anolr b 0. .-face. ta .,lc•. of tM " 1ldoWl b.et napMrn.4 b" t:!le rtft __ .-lr_at, DO. llU1&ed ot!tarul aurfac._lfettatl_ (••1•• TaUMtoao type) .ra pra,ant "Upt fo~ a.".rat bec.,rl1lsa dl.eba~llal atOlls tha .outheaot.1'Il •••,t: of the III 1.1alld ot RavallaM for bolac.4 no_ "e"U vlthla the rife ""lch .,,".1' c. 1M .or. ct...l,.T.l.c.d to r.c.llt17 acel.. tla.ut.o. Th. lack of aurfac• .-nltooc.cleat 10AtClrI1tuc.4 c. a "lsor_••Ml Jroundvater ."ocaa ""lch -h,."~...Ucall,, ...kothe I.oth.nal "o.rvol~ adA .relacl_l, lepenaablo ..al arCMlll4 theratOrYalr. thl. cevpllllS .ft.ccl_1" t ••p. the ,.otllaraal rao.rYalrnppre".4. Vb.r. the .eat la locoll, brok." b1 atl'llCClIlrO, ~r, to.kaS. of,Mth.rul nulds doe. occur. lAakale ahoW4 dlaillbll _r cl.. '".lflOralosleel ••If·•••l1as .t the p.rae.hl. .trueevr.. unl... r.oecurrlllSfaule _e..llt: ..1.caIM the.. nuld colldutta. VbU. thl' ••U·...UIlS'~1lOI'l doea occur Iii 0 ••0toSlo tltH tr_, lt vlll 1la .hown thaccu=ro"cl,.. I.otb.~l fluid 1.akas. frea th. r•••rvoIT laco tho .hallow an~tat.r-.dlac. 1...1 Iroundvat.r .,.co. 10 .ufflel.nt to totall1 alter l~

orilinel fr••h vat.r charaec.r. ---

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eoa and Ttloua (1'7') conducc.d a cho.leal r.vlev of '011. '00 &roundvator• ..,1.. In tho Staco.f ft.".ll an4 b... d.tor-ill.d thr.. p.rea.eoro whichldaacU, th.pr•••llee at l ..th.Z'lUl "aCu: ta..,.r-tare til Alle... of 8,,0,.chlorld. co .alft••lus raclo (CIIMI) Jr••cor thlll or oqual to IS. .n4 .111eaconc.nt ••eo.dllli 30.IS _s/l dopandlnc on loealle". Th.lr 'Cud1 provlde. thocholileal h.ala tor thl. r.vl.".

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( ) approval ( ) a. r&qUested( ) 4S dlacasaed () aetton

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t!r•.James "oOUlds

PintA G!O'r!I!ltKAL V!RTUJt!101 Aupuni' Street SUtte 1014-8, 8110, Rawall 9d7Z0Telephone: (808) 9dl-2184 Tel~taz: (808) 'dl-3531

Keferenee Ro.: 9OOS8

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We are sendln~ via ~ mall ( )(XX, attached

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Copy of the Geotechnlcat R!jlOrt dated July. 3. 1986.

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c.,.~ ot "prea • atl4,. Sll_trn.a that tr..b "aUt' all lie ~lu111dttl• ...,.tt.ated t~ ...ttlerut _tna, .lpitl...tl,. ftlheftcf.!l& tha ~e<rl...._1..1_. 'lha ..-the,..t fluid eeetalM _r~, hlpr _..efttrad_dlm fresh _tat' tfW .at or the 1_ ft'lrlewcl. !!l.,. eft, abo _1-. laIlt. .10z. IfC03 MIll Cl IIOftt"t, C1J!!& ntte _ pIS .. a~ la Pip" • whtellSl1Datrat.. die elMJlleat "latlOMbt, &eeweaceethenal and Ir.1!l ..tera IftMr ~dtlllS orten Sa the 1~,..1 ..ta"la -"-ad,lI)t _ '0$1' ofMpibD.

,i;;.. -'e. at1~ t:h"·'d-.eteduUtlllS of dine _tat tntaa; I"t:!lee-t,8l-a tnllh 1_, ..11a Sa t!llt t!I% (T"10 S). t'tt -totals _lttl..t__tf ~ ,..the~t_e.-ra _n eel, dH1CMted ..,oft _1..1'" -.MoW..ltW!lletle.. !be blIpantaft aa4 ~..t atptlaft. 0"'.1'"4 la b.l, a.tA,1:1-2. _ C'!V.111 wtthl,. t!le rUe aa4 ,-, lID4 A __th aNl _tbeue .f theftft (rtPft 4) are Stttot"l'"ta4 te rente rre. "latl...l)p 41r-et ledace atpothenal nul4 1M- die 411uJ-_ne\1a4 _1IMot_tara. nll1""t!..l,. ~_jet fntc lllt.l'a..tle. sa _I_ad' ~ prlMl,.1 ..... tal' apwllllll .fpot!lenal nulc!a free t!Ie ,..t!lental ".-.olt' toeata4 1ft dle c!eef~aeo. Thla ,..tu1atiee Sa cerre~"ted b7 t!le~ peteethl

• _U.. l4atlelflect b7 %ableekl (1977).. Vel1 ,., laf\'OlllJlal ta theer-ree fault. ".11 A S. • _l_abl. dlaemee ...., fn. dll. f ..ev•.... Ita dUuted ..car e!Iealah7 and nduead tetlpOt'acve b __lnetIC trlth~ of S.odl_l nulda trlth fraab _tal'. f're'rt_ .eudl.a (hort.a IIftdT_S., 1961 an4 t'''4~ I)ruecbr e4 Faa. 1971:~ at at, 1m: IIftdtude. 1984) .ttrl~ta th••a11t1e IlIltlaft al die _ten _th .t dI. l.D% to liet!la rantt at taUt ta puc, co • daen... Sa 1',eIla1''' ..ato ea the , ...1_tat'. The t..,.rat:ure _1,. cl..dy llefteUl.. De ...dM,..1 ehal'Htn .tt!Ie....can: V.lla ,., 411I4 cnr·t'I UWl • IdDd ••t:at' ~. 1>ecaun t!tetdlql., • "I'tlal ,.ot:!lftul charMCU. ~•• _11. eeeur whbln the I.!I%&lora the hJdnlolio credleftt: f..- the Prlaa7 l4atltltl.4 u... .1 peeMrulnuld .,-111111. Ie .. pen_helll diu petherul n ..lb eleratlftl deowft diedlt lib aa4 pe.dbl, raaet rich f ....b· "lIt.t' ".tlltllli ill the .<Ufl.dchule.l alcnaturo. It: It, ata. ,...lhla dlat .,..at'd ledace af .Hdlerulnuld la .ta. eceurriftl t-Idllta to ,., llII4 GN·t'I he ta a -" 1••••t'atetIC t!ld In the 91'lIIllry area. 9<Illl' i. atae __lden4 a eba4 ".tot'~tor 1'..._ dlaeu...s aboft. 0nl1 Villi ,., and ,., leutall IIOftb and_thve.e, r"9"tl..l, of the prla.ary afta ol.Htberul nut4 apw1.1lnC.~I&'*l'l, cafteal,. fr.." ..tal'. '

'l'hla _baI'eeterbulaft. ""It. IJ'Oclflc Co the top at die "...1 wt.1' or dllte....uoU.4 _ur la dI. Ull% <-"aUov lIu!Inrl...), batt. dll'••tl,. tppU.ahbta the llltlra.dlae. "l1Ir(a.e. 11_•••1', til. ,.ude,. of data on the ,!ftur.:1041au d.ptb &eolly4roe"aaleal '7.t••, 11ll1tt a det.U.d 1'..1..,. !'lsur.9 .hov. tII.e .a • .,.eta4, tile coeal dlu.lft<! .0U4a eoncllIt al til. ftt.1' 111the t.b% an4 tellp.l'nure ar. 'I'oportlonal. V.llt Rcp·A, "·1, lS·lA 04 XS·Zh... dl '''II fOUlld eo lnel'.... In t.~.rtcur. vtth d.,lth. It can b. 1'114117aap.etad that vitb Incl'.o.lnl dapth and coapel'atur•• the I.oth.raal ch.l'.et.1'of the .at.r viii be ,roS,a••l"17 efthane.4 until the I.ochareal r •••t¥Oll'lUlU It ll1ter..eead. Tha llIco.....l.co lNh.ut... til the .1". of "'11 ,.,aM to a ,r.atar axtellt V.n A. "7 Mt .entalll roth.rut .atara. Thl. _14dap.ft4 upon tho .,odUe deane aM d.pth leeoU" , .t ,"ttl.rut nul4vpwel11ns In that portion of ch. atruetural Int'l'.aetlon evtalda .f tho rift(flpro .,. '

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(') abed ftClIl' trP _11. md.ac. die dyJwIlc Ntut'. .f die, ••hydrol.llu1 ••ttlna.

(') ttl. ! ..e utt to- b tlDt • t)'pl.al ,HI.,I. ..etllli t.r hlnkllllvatlr 1ft tho Sttt••r Kawalt.

COlI~JOM AIm ~nollS

!!Ie &o~"'et..lh'lS_ d' dI. ,baU.,., atI4 Int.....4bte Mnrt... la tileUll% .t 111_. ".1._. a-U. 1I_11 Iftdt••t ••:

(I) tnth ..t.~ .. be thenoelani..U7 tlltt~...tlated te- , ..tbe,..1...cen.

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~. 1970, All lmetatot1 .t Jul. Vatlr It••O\Il'c., Dau. 1.18114 .t "-11.If-.U Stat. I>ep~t .t tend atId lfa~.1 luourc•• I.,.n • 34•

ea. II. B•• _ nt-u~ D. " •• 1979. Cblorldo/IUsned.. retl••f ahaU..,~ten .... n&l-l ..otJloru1 WI••tot' la ~1: lIft_Ulucltlrt••f CeophyIlea lopon 3.

te.t•• D. A. I!l4 T_sa. C•• UU. Prdlel",l'1 report 011 ebe ".1'.1' ra.OIIrc••.t dMi 1111•• ".. An•• I!I¥IIU. uses Clre. 45 •

te.t., ~. A. atId T_••• A•• 1973, Vater reHUl'e" 1UIIlUl'1. Stat. ot II_.U,VSCS ..,.n 1.47. .

Drueebt. II. I!l4 r.... P., 191'. irydrotOI3' ODd e!IftIbty .t arllUftdv.t.r In Puna.a.w.U: Cnuft4vat.r, 'f. 14. It•• 5. ,. 321 • 338.

rw, D•• and lfal_. A. J •• Jr•• 1"'. T• .,.l'Itlft'.I' ,rofU•• III volls .f th.I.blld .t Rav.U: IIavlltl,lMtlC11tt .f Cao,h,d.. "port 7.

"'-"-to, S. D•• t'''.If_cur••f tile "pi .otIdI&le under the !an tUft tOM of111__• • 11._. RaW.U: hU. "ol.ano•• 41.4. ,. 435.4n.

•t-da. J. A•• 1984. tflaerleal IIOdaUIII ef tho ar-.!Vater In th. ton tUfe

Zoee af 111_ Vol_. 1!1¥111l: Unpub. If. S. Thada. t1tIl..~dt)' ofKaw.U. '_lub•

I_nlttl. J. 1.•• ancJ II·OU.r. V. L. un. ProUal,..l'1 t.lUlt••f ddlUIISatId e..tllli In the PIma potJlonal .,ot._. Ravatl: Proc••dllli' of fanthVoruhop on Caotll.nal ...._11' !nain••rlns. St.ftflr4 t1tIlYlrdcy.

ItauthUt..... J •• lfattl.e. R.• an4 Jackson. D•• 19S0. Ifh••••l.·Ita.....,plnl ottil. I!C1'·A I ••thel'llll r".f"I'Olr. Hav.U: Caoch••••• CO-cl1 fl'lM •• 4, p.,,-. ca•

,.b••kl. I. J ••tId Ifltlk. J. r .• 1915. !vatuaUoII of ..JOt' dlke.l.,oundad~~~.e.r r ••arvolra. I.lead of Oahu: U.S.C.S. Vator.Suppl, Pap.r 2217.

~..ptll.~. P. H•• Wd_Ir. I. V•• ItId Th.... D•• 1978. lIydro1017 .tIdl_h..b t t1 If • 'H_dltn ••otbel'llli .,.e.a: IlCP·A: Hav.ll IlIStituel ofCaophyolee laport HtC 78.'.

lfd!urt l'1. r.n. P. and eo.,len. T. I •• 1977••b.aleal Illd b.t.pl.ItIYI.tll.tIOtII .f sroundv.tar III potlllel.l sa.eh.rael arol. III Havail:AMrl.ln Jour. Sclln••• V. 277. p. 431 • 451.

Hoor•• R•• 1913, Dl.erlhutl.1I of diff.r.lltlatod thol.llel. b••llea 011 thet_t' tan .Ut %ona .f lU.u••• V.lc.no: J. Volc&nol. C••thel'll I ... , 16, P11'·204.

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_11. -blaJita ,"dle.-1 ..t.n eeeu la tbe f"tIlele:,> .t • -J.t'.,netunl I~n-ti_ I... tho U2Z.

epw.Ulftt, ,eothefta1 n.l& tnlt dI. , ••the,..1 ro••_Ir la tho "ep1I\1b~lee an !at.-rp'tOted to be bJWl. ,lae. .1Oft. the .oee .t• uvetval laten-tIOll.

(l) ...~,..t n1d4 1.0.1. tnlt the ",._It' II nffldoatl, Ithlll t....rvbe1a the dla....tu .f trub "1'." la tlla __ .t ftl'~

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Th. ..1'1'.11" .t aft ~ cJ.tlll.. the .x.optld .qulf.r .1'" III • h.rlz.llt.ldle'lISlon. Th.· ..rtlc.t dl••nllon I' r.pl.t.d by S.ctlon 11·23·05 If thoKOOH. ute: r.SUI.tloll. (Appclldlx C).

Itr. Fr." .f ImOH II.. lnf.naed Th.tINt P..,.t e:•.,atIJ (p.ra_t ._lIleotloll."" 19") that tha oc.urr.nc. ot "UIl' In tile tD% to 11011.11'1'..1111. A. •COtII.qu.nc.. the .lItlr. 1••t.SI••otuaft In • v.rtl••l dl..IIII.1I I. tr••t.d ••M ....,1'.4 l4'llf.r.

Ie la r ••_.nct.ll dI.t tflo tne: 11110 !Ie ...tltlod.. t!lqvft. In rlpr. to. 'nla1I04111ed 11" .nenp..... th. ~b.. C..th.nal Sulaa_ 'ldlMt.4" tileleaI'd .r t.atId .tId tt.tur.l I.lour••• tltldar An 29'. SUI 19." a, voll •• V.U.,., atI4 A ....ch etId .lNtIle..t .t th. pey·PA. Ifadltlld utC UII. sa 'OfIaI'tlllttrlth tile 1"ft'PO'. 0Itd.'"fa .t 1mOI!. urc repletiON. th••b••"leln tIlet tholnt.nedbt. -..blUrf... la tile .ro. .f Vt1b ,., ancJ A (npre to) _, Mt_toln 1••tII.nat ¥IItU. dea. tlDt I.,.CIC tho petltln t. II04lf, tho utc Una.. db_••4. The re".a t.t' t!ll. 1. t~t tho ute: liM 0111, dll.rlM. viler.InJ••tlon "11 Mll\Ir In • horllOtlttl dIM,..I.n. n.o "rU.d lIl..tIIl.1I IIre&'llated b,. Sletle.. 11.2).0' .f the tmoIt. urc r.ptltlOfls (Ap,.tIc!l. C).

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HIGat DENSITY 0' DUCES WITHINRIft ZONE INCREASING INfREQUENCY WITH DEPTH. <M.YA fEW ARE SHOWN FOR CLARln

1\oS:~

CONCEPTUAL MODEL 0' THE PUNA GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM. SECTION IS NORMAL TO THE TREND 0' THERln ZONE. THE GEOTHERMAL 'SYSUM IS RIFT CONflN.ED EXCEPT IN AREAS 0' CROSS-FAULTINLIMPERMEABLE SEAL IS THOUGHT TO BE DUE TO UTHOI.OGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATIONS.

FIgw,. S

...... Itn HYOIIOCtClUCAL DATA 'OR WILL'lit THe LOWIR un lUn ZONI 0'IULAURA VOLCANO. .....W.w.

..,..........,........,........................"....." ,.•• N .. ' _._

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I

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- ,

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10,000

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'"::xaPIoC1ftZn-e

--

TOTAL DISOLYED SOLIDS CONTENT (mg/l)

',oq...o, DI.',1...,:O.~~~TO. COIlten' e,,~u,. 'e)Codod '0' To.,.,.'u,••

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TEMPERAT"'RE F)_ if 100

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I

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1

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TOTAl. DISOLVED SOLIDS CONTENT (mg/l)

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1,000 10010,000 1,000

TOTAL DISOLVED SOLIDS CO'1 .

100.000 10,000

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SIOa CONTENT (m II)

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100,000 50.000 10,000 1,000 t,OOO 100 100

TOTAL 'DJSOLVED SOLIDS CONTENT (mgll)

.._.__....- .._---_ .. -"CONCENTRATION tmg/lJ .. ; :.. 11 0

p .. 0 0 0.- .. 0 0 0 0

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TEMPERATURE (F)

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W!ATER ~~PE I• ·,,,e....AT.. r~ ---J~"if;-.-f~-~I-I•----'. OeOT""'-AL WAft

- 0,.- I

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..._--_.T.blo 2. Voto~ ch....try fo~ vol" ill tho LEU. All data 18 111 qI1 WIle.. otherwba lJ141cltaci.

S.. 'llun 4 f.~ locaclona; no data b avanal. Oil leotherNl valla A-I. Lol, aIllI Lol.111. tont voila fOl' tho purpo..a of thla rapo~C alae lnduclaa .hafta. Data .DURa laU.ted bdov.

•

•

1lEU.

aN- aN- aN-' ........ter l!! ,Slt l!!! n·t a." n·2 HCr·A !!1:! J.!.1:]lln-, !::!!.. !:.§!!.. ,." m:l!T•.,(o1) n 74 n IU :>100 :>100 300.350 U' '.A. 1" t1 t2 " '.A.'pit 7.' '.n '.S ".A. '.S '.S , I.as ••A. 1.' 7.U 7.n 7.1 7.'Na 36.0 19.' 16 61. '21 1000 200. 2050 2000 1740 231, 2U. 2U 4'.2 !,.-Il 2.n 2.7 ,., 46.1 ~I.O 94 245 190 US 15. 1'.1 16.' 'lS.2Ca 1.St I.' l' n.2 n.' " 44S 71.' 11 71 21.0 u.s 1I.S 11.2"I 2.7 1.' 5.1 30.2 2.71 O.S 14 52 " 62.5 2. 27.2 24.1 7.5Cl U.S , .• 4 1150 1091 1600 4720 327. 3410 29'0 303.5 311 450 72S04 41 44 11 16'

,. 210 I.A. 314 JJS 317 204 211 101 11.4Hco, 21.1 27.' 71 ••A. I.A. I.A. I.A. 30 '.A. 20 41 44 41 I.A.SlOz 50.0 II.A. 12 10 104.1 n 432 111.1 I.A. ..A. 71.3 I.A. I) 44, 0.0' 0.1) II.A. II.A. I.A. II.A. II.A. •001 .071 0.053 0.04 0.071 I.A. I.A•Faa I.A. It.A. ••• lS It.A. 70 It.A. II.A. I.A. '.A. I.A. I.A. O.! .1TOS 17' 107 120 215. 2292 3140 7I1t 6014 6010 S34' 92' '$1 1001 220Cl"'l S.O S.16 0.7' 3••0. 4OS.17 3200 "7.14 12.111 57.' 47.6' 10.' 11.1 1'.17 ,.1

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t..,...,I,

Pahoa Stacl_, 6 J... '15 ...,1. fro. Vato~ la.DURO. h ••areb caqta~ (VIlC), UD1.,.~alt7

or Havall. Hanoa (UN-II).Paboa Statton. 21 July '15 •..,1. fr.. \/UC. W·N. _'ahoa VIII... rra.h V.ta~, OCtoba~ 11llS, ....1. fr.. Tbar-al rova~ Coep8".1.Caotharu1 Van. Kapoho Stato I, to, of dike tllpO\lllcla' vltn analr.lI, 191) trOll JIaullDept. of Larul and Natural la.ouRo. (DU!a).

X5·1o\ CaotharNl van, Kapoho St.to 1.A, to, of 41ke bpoundad vatn ana1,.lI, 19I5 frOll OWl.1lS.2 coothorNl Vall. Kapoho Stata !, to, of 4tke tllpOllIIcIad vltar analyall, 1111. fro. DlJ(I.IICP·A CaotharNl van, HCP·A, analrata frOll 2270' fro. KeGopntek !lC al (1971).erv·1Ua Caothecaal hola, 7 Jail. 'n 1. frOll Il1lJtC, U11·M.erv·1I1" Caotharul hola. 21 Jul, '15 pl. fro. VlUlC, W·It.CTV·llla Caotharael holo. (Thlar), 21 July '75 •••pl. frO. VlUlC, W·M.'·'a KapOho hola, • Jan. '75 a..pl0 frOll VRRC, tnl·lt.'·'b Itapobe hola. 21 July'" aa.,l. froe Il1lJtC, UN·II.'·4e Itapoho hola. anal7.ta fro. Co. all4 Tho.aa (197').CTV·1V Caothanal hola. 21 June '11 •..,1. frota HavaU Daputa.ftC of Health (HDOH).

a • Total Feb _ Not Av.ll.bl•

'"'"

'er...t.r -!!... -.2.!!.. 9c --!L --L !:!L '.?b ,.,. 9.94 !:.!!.. ~ fa..- --- - ,T•.,(Ol) 77.9 11.' If.A. ••A. 99.S 125 ••A• ••A• 121 B.A• n.s 69.4pit 7.• 7.1 7.7 7.2 7.U 7.02 7.4S 5.92 7.1 6.'2 7.61 7.0JHe IS•• 16.5 97 13' 216 2105 2190 -Z93S 269S 3090 19.6 71.1It 6.' 6.2 14 'n 10.1 10' 149 151 121 S.2 J.O ;Ce 42.4 23.2 47.7 14 13.4 ".1 U7 112 122 112 S.J J.' --"& J7 n.7 26.S 17 15 210 US 324 267 324 ••• S••CI 16.9 n.7 125 3n 211 Jill SUO 5.'0 '"7 5150 132.2 1295°4 20 22.7 S.S 65.4 69.2 471 5,. 611 5., 611 37.' 31.'IlCO) J72 32. 2n n 132 144 12. 262 17S B.A. I.'. ••A. .5102 n.6 If.A. 4010 70.S 24.1 100.7 ••A. 5' n.2 " 44.S ••A., 0.2]3 0.261 If.A. If.A. <0.002 0.006 0.013 •••• ••A. ••A• 0.051 0.194F.a ••A. It.A. If.A. 0.2 ".A. ..A. ••A• ••A. S.16 S.16 ••A• ".A•TDS us 581 643 723 762 7011 un 10450 10'69 11700 '" 291CI/Ka 0.46 3.72 4.7 19.47 11.73 U.1S 17.47 11.06 25.7' 11.06 20.0 21."9a r.pobe Shaft, 'J••. '75 ...pla froe \IRJtC, W·II.,It ltapohe Sheft. 21 Jul, '75 ...pl. frae \IRJtC. W.II. •,. lC.poh. Shafe. U lIerch '51 •..,1. froe H.vall Ioant of V.tel' Suppl,.'el ltapoh. Shefe. • ..pl. froe DUla... .A v.n Allbon, 7 J.n. '15 ...p" froe 1l1UlC, W.If.'·9. lI.l...·ltl v.U, 7 J.n. '75 •..,.. fro. WlUtC, W·If.,·tIt 1I.1...·ltt II.U, 22 Jul, '75 .upl. fraa \IRJtC•. UK.If,,.,. f1a1....1tl V.U, 6 S.pt. 'U, ...pl. froe uses.'·tel f1a1...·ltt V.II, Coa .nel Tho... (1'7').'·9. f1a1...·ltt V.ll, 2. S.pt. '6Z fro. DUla.'·7. ltalapa... Sc.clon. 'Jan. '75 ...pl. fro. VRRC. UN.If.,.11t IC.I.p.ne Sc.tlon. unap.clfl.eI det. for ...pl. fro. \IRJtC, UN•••

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