Petros RapidisNational Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’

The Institute of Nuclear PhysicsProgram, Goals, Vision

And a personal perspective

Why am I here now ? My presentation has been given by others … or will be given by others … i.e. • the CMS program in Greece is to a large extent a program of

the INP-D (Foudas)

• the Neutrino Astronomy program (NESTOR) and its recent expansion (KM3NeT) are also part of INP-D program (Siotis)

• furthermore the GRIDCC is also in our repertory and will be presented to you soon (C Markou)

• and, to boot, a great deal of the Nuclear Physics Program will be part of another presentation (Vlastou)

• My existential problem is even getting worse since the ‘only’ thing left is a description of the experimental nuclear physics program at Demokritos, for which I am not an expert, but we have the expert in the audience (Harisopoulos) who likes blue slides ! He will field questions if needed.

Thus I will give you my perspective, of someone that is a bit of an outsider – due to my background and my relatively recent arrival in my native country.

And it is good to see some old friends …

NCSR “Demokritos”• Demokritos from Abdera lived in 460 – 370 BC. The public thought him

divinely insane, but the best medical authorities had a different opinion. His city-state gave him an outrageous sum to conduct research.

• NCSR Demokritos is an agglomeration of 8 research institutes that evolved from a Nuclear Research Center (cf. Atoms for Peace) established in 1950’s. The Institutes are Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection, Materials Science, Microelectronics, Chemistry, Biology, Radiopharmaceuticals, Information Science & Telecommunications. This structure has been in place for the last 20 years.

• The Institutes are quasi-autonomous. Researchers enjoy quite a wide latitude and independence in choosing their research topics, even though the director has a major role in setting the goals for the Institute.

• Financing is public – salaries mostly – and a rather small amount for research.

HEP started as a bubble chamber analysis group – with digitizing tables etc. Evolved into a participation in ALEPH, and from there to CMS

silicon for the preshower, GTPE electronics, analysis effort (new hire). Also theoretical support – phenomenology effort led by Papadopoulos should be mentioned.

APP was, until quite recently, a low level activity. It has expanded recently and will expand more. We have taken a leading role in the design and governance of KM3NeT,

Will focus on simulation, my dream is also to establish an electronics development team (and not only for KM3NeT). A second pole to the effort at Pylos proper.

NuP has been on a downhill ride from its heyday in 1972 when the 5 MeV Tandem was installed. It is now on an upwards path (as Mark Twain would have said)

Used for basic research (nuclear astrophysics) and applications – and also has the XRF laboratory for surface/materials studies.

Theory HEP & Nuclear They are doing quite well – while drifting towards extinction … see next slide.

PermanentPost-doc Students

Exp HEP 7 1 3

Exp APP 3 1

Thy HEP 3 1 2

Exp Nuc 3 0 6

Thy Nuc 2 0 0

18 3 11

Electronics Machinist Operators Administr2 1 3 2

8

40 = Total (with students)

Manpower – see the table major problem is that manpower does not get replaced, thus by attrition due to retirement we have a somewhat aged population. (8+ retirements with only 4 hires). Also D as a whole is administration ‘heavy’ (880 employees total)

FinancesFrom matching funds mostly, ~170 000 € last year (perm salaries and many

post-doc salaries are paid by the state budget *** but shortfall …) (allows for discretionary funding – e.g. travel, but also a lot of other expenses including building maintenance ***)‘Aristeia’ (excellence) 3-year grant ~350 000 € from GGET used to finance an upgrade of infrastructure (mostly NUC) and support

expenses of HEP (travel, personnel, equipment, CPU’s for GRID).Other sources of money – the occasional grant, most notable ones are

KM3NeT design study related and LIBRA (nuclear). Also the theorists do quite well via the EU grants – e.g. HEPTOOLS …---------------------The perennial complain – travel for HEP (CERN) … A recent success – paid back arrears at CERN A recent failure – paid back arrears at CERN and got nothing more, i.e. a

dead-end investment in a sense.Features of CERN financing = conduit is M of Foreign Affairs. Also a rather

ineffective ‘CERN committee’.

And now for something more upbeat … the Nuclear Physics Program at INP-D

Experimental Nuclear Physics Research and Facilities @ the Institute of Nuclear Physics of NCSR “Demokritos”

The INP is one of the 8 institutes of the National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”. It was established in 1987 by merging the Nuclear with the Particle Physics groups. The Nuclear Physics group was already formed in the early 70’s around a 5 MV Tandem Accelerator Lab. The Tandem delivered the first beams in 1973. Research Directions• Nuclear Astrophysics • Nuclear Structure• Neutron Physics • Applications of Nuclear Methods• X-ray physics

Scientific Outcome (last 5 years) ≈ 120 papers in refereed journals• 5 PhD theses submitted, 5 PhD in progress

Current Scientific Personnel• 3 researchers (permanent)• 2 post docs, 6 Ph.D. students, 3 retirements (not yet replaced )

Collaborators in Greece

NTU Athens, Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki, NKU Athens, Univ. of Crete,

NHRF, Inst. of Material Science/NCSR “Demokritos”

International Collaborations

GSI, GANIL, JYFL, KVI, ISOLDE/CERN, LN-Legnaro,

U. Cologne, U. Bochum, U. Oslo,

CSNSM-Orsay, ULB-Brussels, INRNE Sofia

TU-Berlin, BESSY-II, C2RMF/Le Louvre Jozef Stefan Inst.-Ljubljana .

VINCA Belgrade .

The 5.5 MV VdG Tandem Accelerator @ INP / NCSR “Demokritos”

ION CURRENT

(source)

CURRENT

(analyzed

)

p 40 µA 10 µA

d 20 µA 5 µA

4He(*) 1.5 µA 0.1 µA

Li 1 µA 0.2 µA

12C 8 µA 0.2 µA

16O 10 µA 0.3 µA

19F 5 µA 0.5 µA

Ti, V, ...

5 µA 0.2 µA

Sources: Sputter & Duoplasmatron

PTOLEMEOS: A 4π NaI calorimeter (12’’ × 12’’ 8-

fold segmented crystal) (Nuclear Astrophysics, 15N

profiling)

Mention geothermal neutrinos

GAS CELL : monoenergetic neutrons En

(MeV) = 0.1 ÷ 0.65 [ 7Li(p,n)7Be]

En (MeV) = 4.0 ÷ 12.0 [2H(d,n)3He]

Φn ≈ 5 ×106 n/cm2sec

Multipurpose Scattering Chamber (Particle Spectroscopy,

Irradiations)

Operation (no PAC) : 2000 – 2500 hrs/year, facility open to external users

4-axis Goniometer : Accuracy of 0.01o in detector and target

positioning (RBS, Channelling, NRA)

Experimental tools for applications @ the Tandem of INP / NCSR-D

External Beam Beam spot on sample: 1 mm (Cultural heritage analyses)

PIXE induced XRF chamber

The LIBRA project (Center of Excellence in Low-Energy Ion-Beam Research and Applications)• Funded by EC within the last “CAPACITIES – Research Potential” Program (2008)• Ranked at the 7th position out of ≈400 proposals (Score 14.5/15)• Budget : 1.45 M€. - Duration : 3 years (2009-2011)

OBJECTIVES: Increase the personnel of the INP group Transfer of expertise in forefront research and technological developments Active participation of the INP group in R&D activities at EU level Improvement of the existing infrastructure of the Tandem Lab. Promotion of the training capacity of INP. Enhancement of its international visibility.

... to be achieved through Recruitment of 4 researchers and 2 technicians. Mobility of researchers (trans-national two-way secondments). Development and/or acquisition of advanced scientific tools. Upgrade of accelerator components. Organization of scientific events. Dissemination activities.

RESEARCH AREASo Explosive stellar nucleosynthesis (emphasis on p process).o Experimental search for critical-point symmetries in nuclear structure, ando Development and implementation of novel nuclear techniques in cultural heritage studies, biomedicine research, environment monitoring and ion-beam micro-machining.

The LIBRA project (Upgrade of Infrastructure and Development of Scientific Tools)

INFRASTRUCTURE Acquisition and installation of a state-of-the art μ-beam system (dedicated new beam line, beam spot of ≈1μm, wide-range of applications)

Installation of the low-energy high-current accelerator PAPAP

(250 keV machine, ≈0.5 mA p-, d- & α-beams, from CSNSM-Orsay, nuclear astrophysics)

Upgrades at the Tandem (One new beam line, Pulsed-beam system, PC-based remote control, new DAQ,

ext. users needs...)

TOOLS A novel sum-spectrometer (16inch x 16 inch NaI calorimeter) A plunger device for the MINIBALL array @ REX-ISOLDE/CERN A new TPC based on MICROMEGAS technology A compact gas-cell target system for capture reactions in inverse kinematics Various multi-detector arrays for γ-spectroscopy, particle-spectrometry

and neutron physics

Plans for the future ... based on the community needs

The ECOS recommendations (endorsed by NuPECC)

Expert Workshop of the European Science Foundation on “The future of stable beams in nuclear astrophysics”

CONCLUSIONS

Plans for the future ... based on the community needs

A flagship facility for nuclear astrophysics studies in Europe is missing and, hence, there is an urgent need for Europe to create a new state-of-the art high-current facility equipped with advanced detection techniques.· Europe has opened a new era in Nuclear Physics: New facilities providing intense radioactive beams, such as FAIR, SPIRAL2 and HI-ISOLDE will soon be able to host ambitious nuclear physics programs including astrophysically important projects requiring unstable ion-beams. The operation of such facilities will be realized due to a severe number of technological achievements. Some of these are necessary to be adapted by the new stable-beam facility for nuclear astrophysics. Hence, a strong interaction with the RIB-related facilities, such as ISOLDE, is necessary.

INP has

An internationally highly recognized nuclear-astro group.

The basic infrastructure to host such a facility.

Plans for the future ... A high-current stable ion-beam facility for AstroNuclear physics

A high-current stable ion beam facility will contribute understanding

Big-bang, Supernovae, Cosmic Rays, Neutron Stars

Through the study of

Quiescent stellar burning reactions (H- and He-burning processes, s-process)

Advanced and explosive burning reactions (p-process, αp-process, rp-process) Machine / Infrastructure requirements

Energies: up to 3.5 MeV/u - Currents: up to 0.5 mA – Beams: from H up to Sn

Detectors: γ-multi-detector arrays – Silicon strip arrays – Neutron arrays - TPCs

Targets: Solid and gaseous

Instruments: Recoil separator

Another significant point to be made - the ONLY local facility to

train young people in nuclear/particle physics instrumentation and techniques.

The only local accelerator that operates (vs. IASA). (note the small participation of Greeks in accelerator science, even though the AGS was invented here)

The future ….CMS – Qvo vadis silicium ? Is silicon the way to go ? Is it too complex for the

periphery ? Will start a discussion as to what we should do?

Will support vigorously an accelerator based HEP program.Will support vigorously a neutrino astronomy program.Will support vigorously a competitive nuclear physics program.Will try to follow a proactive path.

All of this in the face of a harsh Greek reality, a somewhat indifferent society, an inadequate and episodic, or at best saltatory, support from the state.

Nevertheless we have a GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY to have a major scientific enterprise in our country – KM3NeT – which could raise the bar for all of us and lead not only to good (or great) science but also to an upgrade of the scientific infrastructure and culture in Greece.

We will appreciate your support.