petrography of the jackfork sandstone at de gray dam

Louisiana State UniversityLSU Digital Commons

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School

1963

Petrography of the Jackfork Sandstone at De GrayDam, Clark County, Arkansas.C. Edward HowardLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Recommended CitationHoward, C. Edward, "Petrography of the Jackfork Sandstone at De Gray Dam, Clark County, Arkansas." (1963). LSU HistoricalDissertations and Theses. 845.https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/845

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This d i s se r ta t io n has been 64—148m ic r o f i lm e d exact ly as r e c e iv e d

HOWARD, C. Edward, 1 9 2 9 - PETROGRAPHY O F THE JACK FORK SANDSTONE AT DE GRAY I)Ai\l, CLARK COUNTY, ARKANSAS.

Ixiuis iana State U n iv e r s i ty , Ph .D . , 1963 Geology

University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, M ichigan

PETROGRAPHY 0? THE JACKFCfiK SANDSTONE AT DS GRAY DAM, CLARK COUNTY, ARKANSAS

A D is se r ta t io n

Submitted to th e Graduate F acu lty o f the L ouisiana S ta te U n iv e rs ity and

A g r icu ltu ra l and M echanical C o lleg e in p a r t ia l f u l f i l l s * n t o f the requirem ents fo r th e degree e f

Doctor o f R iilo sop h y

in

The Department o f Geology

byC. Edward Howard

B .S ., Duke U n iv e r s ity , 1953 M .S., North C arolina S ta te C o lle g e , 1955

June, 1963

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The w r ite r I s indebted to Dr. John C. Fern, A sso c ia te P ro fessor o f

Geology a t L ouisiana S ta te U n iv e r s ity , fo r h is guidance and advice

throughout the stu d y , and to Dr. A. E. Sandberg, P ro fessor and Chairman

o f the Department o f G eology, who c r i t i c a l l y read th e m anuscript and

made many u se fu l su g g e st io n s .

Dr. B. H. F arth ing, C hief S t a t i s t i c ia n , L ouisiana S ta te U n iv ersity

A g r icu ltu r a l Experiment S ta t io n , helped the author through much o f the

s t a t i s t i c a l s tu d y . Mr. John E. Rovlk, In s tr u c to r o f Geology a t

L ouisiana S ta te U n iv er s ity , helped w ith th e c la y 1 -r a y s . Dr. U lrich Jux,

o f th e U n iv ers ity o f Cologne, Germany, in s tr u c te d th e author in the

spore stu d y . Comments on the spore id e n t i f i c a t io n s were made by

Dr. Gerhard 0 . W. Kremp, o f the U n iv er s ity o f A risona, based on photo

micrographs o f th e sp o res.

The author a ls o w ish es to thank th e Geology Branch o f the Waterways

Experiment S ta t io n in Vicksburg, M is s is s ip p i , f o r making th e cores

a v a ila b le fo r study, and Dr. C harles R. Kolb and Mr. W. B. S te in r ie d e ,

J r . , both o f the Waterways Experiment S ta t io n , fo r t h e ir h e lp in the

f i e l d and in th e s e le c t io n o f th e c o r e s .

F in a lly , more than thanks i s due th e a u th o r 's w ife , who typed the

m anuscript, and who was a source o f h e lp and in s p ir a t io n during the

e n t ir e p r o je c t .

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................. i i

LIST OF T A B L E S .............................................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIG U R ES......................................................................................................... v

A BSTR A C T...........................................................................................................................v i

CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1

L ocation and purpose o f study ................................................. 1The Jackfork sandstone ..................................................................... 3

II GEOLOGY OF THE JACKFORK SANDSTONE ................................................. OR egional geo logy ................................................................................... 6Geology o f the De Gray dam a r e a ........................................................ 11

I I I TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS.................................................................... . 13

Methodology ..................................................................................................13M ineral c o m p o s i t io n .................................................................................... 21Grain s iz e and s o r t i n g ............................................................................. 26

IV ANALYSIS OF THE D A T A ....................................................................................30

M ineral compositJ o n ...................................................... 30Grain s i z e , so r tin g and stru ctu re .......................................... 43

D ifferen ce s between rock typ es ................................................. 52D ifferen ces w ith in rock typ es . . . . . . . . 59

V SUMMARY ..................................................................... 67

Source a r e a .........................................................................................................b7Environment o f d e p o s i t i o n ...................................................................... t>7

SELECTED REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 70

A P P E N D IX .......................................................................................................................... 76

Appendix A - M ineral com position and gra in s iz e data o f theth in s e c t i o n s ....................................................................................76

Appendix B - M ineral com position and gra in s iz e data o f thet o t a l cored s e c t io n and o f each rock type . . . 182

Appendix C - S tra tig ra p h ic d is t r ib u t io n o f the rock ty p es . . 195Appendix D - Recovery, co n cen tra tio n , and id e n t i f i c a t io n o f

s p o r e s ............................................................................................... 201

V IT A ...................................................................................................................................... 204

iii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I R x C Contingency Table o f A ll 11 Rock Types Basedon Four C om positional C l a s s e s ........................................................ 32

II Chi-Square Values and F T est o f A ll U Rock TypesBased on Four C om positional C l a s s e s .......................................... 36

I I I Chi-Square Values and F T est o f Sandstones v s . S h a lesBased on Four C om positional C l a s s e s .......................................... 37

IV R x C Contingency Table o f the Sandstones Based onS id e r ite v s . A ll O t h e r s ...................................................................... 39

V Chi-Square Values and F T est o f the SandstonesBased on S id e r ite v e . A ll Others , . 41

VI R x C Contingency Table o f the Sandstones Based onI l l i t e v s . A ll O t h e r s ............................................................................. 43

VII Chi-Square Values and F T est o f the Sandstones Basedon I l l i t e v s . A ll O t h e r s ...................................................................... 43

VIII 2 x 2 Chi-Square and 4 T est o f A sso c ia t io n o f w uartiGrain S ize and I l l i t e C o n t e n t ........................................................ 47

I I B a r t le t t ' s T est o f Thin S ectio n s M ithin th e E ntireC o r e ...................................................................................................................... 49

£ R esu lts o f B a r t l e t t ' s T ests on Thin S ectio n s M ithinEach Rock T y p e .......................................................................................... 33

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

F ig u re 1 G eolog ic maps o f th e O u ach ita M ountains andth e De Gray Dam a r e a ............................................................................. 2

F ig u re 2 M iss is s ip p ia n -fe n n sy lv a n i& n s t r a t i g r a p h ic s e c t io n ,c e n t r a l O u ach ita M ountains, Oklahoma ................................... 8

F ig u re 3 D iv is io n o f c o re s in to ro ck t y p e s ................................................. 15

F ig u re 4A G raphic lo g o f Core G - 9 ......................................................................16

F ig u re 4B G raphic lo g o f Core G-3 and G-9 co n tin u ed . . . . 17

F ig u re 5 Example o f g rap h s used to d e te rm in e th e numbero f g r a in s which shou ld be m easured in each th in s e c t io n .......................................................................................................29

F ig u re b Comparison o f th e average g r a in s iz e and v a r ia n c eo f th e 11 ro ck ty p e s and th e e n t i r e co red s e c t io n used in th e s t u d y .................................................................................. 5 +

F ig u re 7 R e la t io n s n ip o f d e p o s i t io n a i env ironm ent torock ty p e s ................................................................................................57

Figure 8 A comparison o f sandstone rock type v a r ia b le s . . . 60

F ig u re 9 A com parison o f s h a le ro ck ty p e v a r ia b le s . . . . 63

Figure 10 S tra tig ra p h ic v a r ia t io n s in energy e f f ic ie n c yo r d u r a t io n and energy i n t e n s i t y as i n t e r p r e t e dfrom s o r t in g and average g r a in s iz e o f th erock ty p e s ................................................................................................66

v

ABSTRACT

The Jackfork sandstone o f th e O uachita M ountains o f Arkansas

and Oklahoma r e p r e se n ts part o f a s e r ie s o f th ic k g e o s jn c l in a l

sed im en ts. In t y p ic a l developm ent i t c o n s is t s o f 5 ,6 0 0 to 5 ,3 0 0 f e e t

o f a lte r n a t in g sandstone and dark gray s h a le , sandstone b ein g th e most

abundant rock ty p e . The t o t a l th ic k n e s s , average g ra in s i s e , and

p ercen tage o f san d ston es in c re a se in an e a s t e r ly d ir e c t io n , toward the

in fe r r e d source a rea .

In I960 th e U. S. Army Corps o f S n g in eers began in v e s t ig a t io n o f

the De Gray Dam s i t e te n m ile s northw est o f A rkadelphia, A rkansas, on

th e Caddo R iv er . In t h i s area the Jackfork i s about 6 ,0 0 0 f e e t th ic k

and com prises about 70f> sandstone and 30% s h a le . During th e cou rse o f

e x p lo ra to ry d r i l l i n g in th e dam s i t e area a number o f c o r e s o f fr e sh

rock from th e Jackfork wore recovered and th e se co res were made a v a i l

a b le fo r stu d y . Two c o res con sid ered to be r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f the

sedim entary rock ty p e s observed in th e area were s e le c te d fo r a mega

sc o p ic and m icroscop ic stu d y o f s tr u c tu r e s , g r a in s i z e , s o r t in g , and

m in eral com position in order to determ ine s case th in g o f th e nature o f

th e source area and th e environm ent o f d e p o s it io n o f th e Jackfork s e d i

m ents. Organic ev id en ce was sp arse and l im ite d to a few sp o res and

broken p la n t fragm ents.

The c o r es used in t h i s study c o n s is t o f 2.1Jt con g lom erate , 5 6 ,A?

sandstone and 4 1 .5 £ sh a le and s i l t y s h a le . The conglom erates are

composed o f sms 11. orthoquart s i t e p eb b les and sc a tte r e d angular sh a le

vi

fragm ents and occur in beds up to 5 .5 f e e t th ic k . The sandstones are

composed o f a framework o f alm ost pure quarts gra in s w ith varying

amounts o f i l l i t e , s id e r i t e , and s i l i c a m atrix and cem ent. The sand

sto n e s occur in both s tr u c tu r e le s s maev^ve beds over 30 f e e t th ic k and

In u n its up to 3*6 f e e t th ic k showing p a r a l le l bedding p lan es and

o c c a s io n a l s c a le cro ss-b ed d in g . In d iv id u a l beds w ith in th ese

u n it s range from 1 /8 in ch to two in ch es th ic k . The th in n er sandstone

beds are coononly interbedded w ith the sh a le s and s i l t y s h a le s .

These sh a le s are composed p rim a r ily o f i l l i t e w ith varying amounts o f

s id e r i t e and s i l t s is e d quartz g r a in s . The more s i l t y la y e r s , l ik e

many th in san d ston es, o c c a s io n a lly show sm all s c a le cross-b ed d in g and

panecontemporaneous deform ation . The s i l t y laminae vary from approxi

m ately 1 /1 6 in ch to 1 /2 inch in th ic k n e s s . Graded bedding sh a le s

grade from la r g e r (or more numerous) s i l t s iz e d gra in s a t the bottom

to sm aller (or le e s numerous) s i l t s iz e d g ra in s a t the to p . These

la y e r s vary from approxim ately 1 /k to two in ch es in th ic k n e s s .

A r e la t iv e ly sim ple m ineral s u ite throughout the th ic k sedim entary

body and the presence o f o r th o q u a r ts ite rock fragm ents su g g est a

sedim entary source fo r the Jackfork ro ck s . D is t in c t iv e d if fe r e n c e s in

g ra in s iz e and so r tin g show th a t the energy system s a t the s i t e o f

d e p o s it io n were very e f f e c t iv e in reworking and so r tin g the sedim ents

in to d if f e r e n t rock ty p e s . The m assive sandstones are not as w e ll

so r ted as the bedded sa n d sto n es, but th e very high quartz con ten t o f

th e se m assive rocks in d ic a te s th a t even though d e p o s it io n was rapid

most o f th e f in s m a ter ia l i n i t i a l l y p resen t was e lim in a ted by winnow

in g . Bedded sandstones w ith saudl s c a le cro ss-b ed d in g , and a wide

range o f average g ra in s iz e s w ith e x c e l le n t so r tin g are probably the

vii

product o f normal aqueous curran ts o f varying v e lo c i t i e s ra th er than

tu r b id ity cu rra n ts. The in t ij sa te a s s o c ia t io n o f th ese bedded sand

sto n es w ith the sh a le s and s i l t y sh a le s l a p l i e s th a t d e p o s it io n o f a l l

th e se sedim ents probably took p lace in e s s e n t ia l ly the same gen era l

environment which was probably r e la t iv e ly shallow w ater.

viii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

I n I960 th e U. S. Army Corps o f E n g in ee rs began th e De Gray Dam

p r o je c t te n m ile s n o rth w es t o f A rk ad e lp h ia , A rx an sas , on th e Caddo

R iv e r . The dam s i t e i s in a gorge th ro u g h a r id g e o f th e Ja c k fo rk

san d s to n e which i s a p rom inen t r id g e b u i ld e r a l l a lo n g i t s o u tc ro p s in

th e O u ach ita M ountains ( f i g . 1 ) .

D uring th e co u rse o f e x p lo ra to ry d r i l l i n g in tho dam s i t e a re a a

number o f co re s o f f r e s h rock from th e Jac k fo rx were reco v e re d and

th e s e c o re s were made a v a i la b le to th e w r i te r f o r s tu d y . A f te r th e

w r i te r examined th e co re s a v a i l a b le two were s e le c te d , w ith tn e h e lp

o f Dr. C h a rle s R. Kolb, o f th e Waterways E xperim ent S ta t io n in

V icksburg , M is s is s ip p i . These c o re s were r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f a l l th e

rock ty p e s ob serv ed and were s u f f i c i e n t l y o v e r la p p in g and c lo s e to g e tn e r

to be c o r r e l a t e d , g iv in g th e th i c k e s t c o n tin u o u s s t r a t i g r a p h ic sequence

p o s s ib le . The w eath ered to p s o f th e c o re s arxt th e o v e r la p p in g s e c t io n

o f one o f th e c o re s were n o t used in th e s tu d y . The s e le c te d b o rin g s

came from a aone s l i g h t l y above th e s t r a t i g r a p h ic c e n te r of th e

Ja c k fo rk i n th e s tu d y a r e a .

Tne purpose o f t h i s s tu d y i s to c o n tr ib u te in fo rm a tio n r e le v a n t

to an u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e env ironm ent o f d e p o s i t io n and th e n a tu re o f

th e so u rce a re a o f a s e c t io n o f th e Ja c k fo rk sandstone at, th e De Gray

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dam In A rk an sas , based on th e r e p r e s e n ta t iv e ro ck ty p e s c o n ta in e d i n

th e se c o re s . To t h i s end th e i n v e s t i g a t io n was concerned p r im a r i ly

w ith sed im en ta ry s t r u c t u r e s and t h i n s e c t io n s tu d ie s o f m in e ra l compo

s i t i o n , g r a in s i z e , and s o r t in g o f th e sed im en ts c o n ta in e d i n th e

c o re s .

THE JACKFORK SANDSTONE

The JackfurtL san d s to n e was named by T a ff (1902) f o r J a c k fo rk

M ountain, Oklahoma. I t i s exposed in th e O uach ita M ountains o f Arkan

sas and Oklahoma and r e p re s e n ts a p a r t o f a t h i c k s e r i e s of geosyn

c l i n a l se d im en ts . In t y p i c a l developm ent th e Ja c k fo rk c o n s is t s o f 5>b0u

to 5 ,300 f e e t o f a l t e r n a t in g san d sto n e and dark g ray s h a le , san d sto n e

be in g th e p r e v a i l in g ro ck ty p e . The t o t a l th ic k n e s s , average g r a in

s iz e , and p e rc e n ta g e o f sa n d s to n e s in c re a s e in an e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n ,

tow ard th e in f e r r e d so u rce a r e a .

The moBt in te n s iv e s tu d y o f th e Ja c k fo rk has been in th e w est and

c e n t r a l a r e a s o f th e O u ach ita M ountains, where i t has been d iv id e d in to

a group o f f iv e fo rm a tio n s . The d iv i s io n o f th e J a c k fo rk i n t o form a

t i o n s has n o t y e t been ex ten d ed th ro u g h A rk an sas. The age o f th e

Ja c k fo rk has been a s u b je c t o f c o n tro v e rs y fo r many y e a r s ; however,

th e Oklahoma G eo lo g ica l S o c ie ty has now ac cep ted C l i n e 's ev id en ce as

p ro o f o f a M ia s is s ip p ia n age (B ranson , 1 9 5 7 ), and i t i s t h i s age

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t h a t i s used in t h i s m a n u sc rip t.

In e a s te r n Oklahoma th e Ja c k fo rk i s d e s c r ib e d a s a s e r i e s o f d ark

g ray s h a le s i n t r i c a t e l y in te rb e d d e d w ith t h i n , even beds o f san d s to n e

i n a manner su g g e s tin g a rhy thm ic o r c y c l ic d e p o s i t io n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f f ly e c h f a c i e s (C lin e , I9 6 0 ) . Abundant so le m ark in g s , sp o ra d ic worm

4

t r a i l s , and co n v o lu te bedd ing a re a ls o p r e s e n t . D i r e c t io n a l p a le o -

c u r r e n t f e a tu r e s o f th e sa n d s to n e s such a s f l u t e c a s t s , g roove c a s t s ,

and bounce c a s t s in d ic a te t h a t th e c u r re n ts t r a n s p o r t in g th e Ja c k fo rk

sed im en ts flow ed from th e e a s t to s l i g h t l y so u th o f due w est (C lin e ,

I9 6 0 ) . C ro ss-b ed d in g i s uncoomon e x c e p t in th e Came Refuge f o r a a t io n

a t th e to p o f th e Ja c k fo rk san d s to n e where sm a ll s c a le c ro ss -b e d d in g

w ith r ip p le m arks, in c lu d in g some in te r f e r e n c e r ip p l e m arks, a re

common. Cole m ark ings a re r a r e , rfith th e p o s s ib le e x c e p tio n o f t h i s

upper p a r t o f th e Ja c k fo rk th e sed im en ts a re b e lie v e d t o have been

d e p o s ite d below wave base i n r e l a t i v e l y deep w a te r , th e norm al deep

w a te r s h a le d e p o s i t io n be in g in t e r r u p te d by t u r b i d i t y c u r r e n ts b r in g in g

in sands f o r e ig n to th e env ironm en t (S h e lb u rn e , I9 6 0 ) .

In w e s te rn A rkansas, b u t e a s t o f th e g e n e ra l a re a d is c u s s e d above,

th e J a c k fo rk i s d e s c r ib e d a s c o n s is t in g o f l a r g e ly n o n -rh y th m ic ,

sh a llo w w ate r se d im e n ts , w ith scxne rh y th m ic a lly in te rb e d d e d t h i n sand

s to n e s , s h a le s , and s i l t s t o n e s (Bokman, 1953}. Here r ip p l e m ark ings,

la m in a tio n s p a r a l l e l t o th e b ed d in g , and sm all s c a le c ro s s - la m in a t io n s

a re f a i r l y common. Large s c a le c ro ss -b e d d in g i s unknown. Bedding

p lane s t r u c t u r e s found in th e J a c k fo rk by Bokman (1953) a re c o n s id e re d

to be o f mixed o r ig in . He b e l ie v e s t h a t some o f th e s t r u c tu r e s

o r ig in a te d as r i l l o r d ra g m arkings in th e l i t t o r a l zone and t h a t lo c a l

and ephem eral s c o u rin g a c t io n by t u r b i d i t y flow s m igh t have been

p a r t l y r e s p o n s ib le f o r o th e r s . Bokman b e l ie v e s t h a t th e so u rce ro c k s

were p ro b ab ly m etased im en ts w hich were made a v a i la b le by th e fo ld in g

and u p l i f t i n g o f a p o r t io n o f th e e a r l i e r f i l l e d g e o s y n c lin e .

The d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d it io n s seem to

5

be based l a r g e ly on d i f f e r e n t f e a tu r e s observed in d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i

t i e s o f th e J a c k fo rk r a t h e r th a n on d i f f e r i n g o p in io n s co n cern in g

s im i la r f e a tu r e s . I f t h i s i s tim e th e n th e env ironm en t o f d e p o s it io n

o f th e Ja c k fo rk san d sto n e may be assumed to have been one o f r e l a t i v e l y

deep w a te r i n th e w est w h ile a more sh a llo w w a te r env ironm ent o b ta in e d

in th e e a s t , a t h e s i s which i s c o n s is te n t w ith th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t th e

sou rce a re a was to th e e a s t o r s o u th e a s t .

CHAPTER II

GEOLOGY OF THE JACKFORK SANDSTONE

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The Ouachita Mountains rep resen t th e moat northern exposure o f the

Ouachita fo ld ed g eo sy n c lin e which d isap p ears beneath th e c o a s ta l p la in

sedim ents to the w est, sou th , and east* The g eo sy n clin e has been

traced in th e subsurface southeastward in to southern Alabama. From the

w estern Ouachita Mountains the g eo sy n c lin e has been traced in tne sub

su rface south -sou thw est in to ce n tr a l Texas. From here i t curves west

and northw est in to w est Texas and th en tu rn s south , ap p aren tly passing

in to Mexico.

The Ouachita Mountains form a len s-sh a p ed area 50 t o 60 m ile s wide

and 220 m ile s lo n g , exten d in g from L i t t l e Rock, Arkansas, in the e a s t ,

to Atoka, Oklahoma, in the w est. The northern boundary o f t h i s physio

graphic and s tr u c tu r a l province i s the Arkansas V alley and the southern

boundary i s th e G ulf C oastal P la in . The area c o n s is t s o f r id g e - l ik e

mountains and interm ontane v a l le y s which p a r a l le l the r e g io n a l s tr ik e o f

the fo ld a x es , se v e r a l interm ontane b a s in s , and, on the sou th , a piedmont

p la tea u . R e l ie f in c r e a se s from about 250 f e e t near l i t t l e Rock to

n ea rly 2 ,0 0 0 f e e t near th e Arkansas-Oklahoma border, where the e le v a t io n

reaches 2 ,900 f e e t .

The stru c tu re o f th e O uachitas i s e s s e n t ia l ly th a t o f an a n t i -

clin oriu m . The in d iv id u a l f o ld s range from open to c lo s e ly compressed

6

7

a n t i c l i n e s and s y n c lin e s . Fan fo ld s a re a ls o p r e s e n t , some o f which

a r e norm al and some in v e r te d . The f a u l t s a re c h i e f l y re v e rs e and t h r u s t

f a u l t s .

Rocks o f th e O u ach ita M ountains in c lu d e a s e r i e s o f r e l a t i v e l y

t h i n L a r ly P a leo zo ic o r p re -S ta n le y d e p o s i ts o f b la c k g r a p t o l i t i c

3h a le s , bedded c h e r t s , n o v a c u l i te s , and f in e sa n d s to n e s o f O rd o v ic ian ,

S i l u r i a n , and Devonian age which re a c h a t o t a l th ic k n e s s o f 3*000-6 ,000

f e e t (K ing, 19 5 1 ). These ro c k s a re o v e r la in by a th i c k s e c t io n o f L ate

P a le o z o ic s h a le s and s a n d s to n e s .

The L a te M is s is s ip p ia n and i ia r ly P sn n sy lv a n ia r s t r a t a o f th e

S ta n le y -J a c k fo rk -Jo h n s V alley -A toka sequence have an a g g re g a te th ic k n e s s

o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2 2 ,000 f e e t i n th e h e a r t o f th e O u a c h ita s . These

ro ck s a re b e lie v e d to r e p re s e n t th e o ro g en ic phase sed im en ts o f th e

O uach ita g e o s y n c lin e . A s t r a t i g r a p h i c s e c t io n i s shown in f ig u r e 2 .

E x c e lle n t sunsnaries o f th e p re s e n t knowledge o f th e se sed im en ts a re

g iv e n by Bokman (1953)* C lin e ( I9 6 0 ) , and S helburne ( i9 6 0 ) .

The S ta n le y sh a le re a c h e s a th ic k n e s s o f a p p ro x im a te ly 1 1 ,0 0 0 f e e t

in th e C e n tra l O u ach ita s where i t has been d iv id e d in to th re e fo rm a tio n s .

The s t r a t a c o n s is t o f s h a le , grayw&cke, s i l t s t o n e , s i l i c e o u s s h a le , and

tu f f , in d e c re a s in g o rd e r o f abundance, th e san d sto n e s becoming prom inent

i n th e upper 1 ,5 0 0 f e e t . T y p ic a lly , beds a re a rra n g e d in a rhy thm ic

fa sn io n o f a l t e r n a t in g s h a le and graywacke w ith a few abnorm ally th ic k

s h a le and graywacke u n i t s . C ro ss-b e d d in g , a lth o u g h n o t cannon, has been

n o te d . The sed im en ts a re b e lie v e d to be m ain ly deep o r m o d era te ly deep

w a te r d e p o s i t s . The source ro c k s a re b e lie v e d by Bokman (1953) to be

p r im a r i ly c r y s t a l l i n e , n o t sed im en ta ry , a c o n c lu s io n reach ed on th e b a s is

8

System S e r ie s Group o r Form ation

P en n sy lv an ian

Atok&n Rocks o f A toka l i th o lo g y

Morrowan Johns V alley s h a le

M is s is s ip p ia n

C h e s te r ia n Ja c k fo rk se .

Game Refuge san d sto n e

Wesley s i l i c e o u s sh .

Markham M ill fm.

P r a i r i e M ountain fm.

W ildhorse M ountain fm.

M eramecian S ta n le y sh .

Chickasaw Creek s i l i c e o u s sh .

Moyers fm.

Ten M ile Creek sh .

From C lin e and S h e lb u rn e , 1959

F ig u re 2 . M is s is s ip p ia n -F e n n a y lv a n ia n s t r a t i g r a p h ic s e c t io n , c e n t r a l Ouachita M ountains, Oklahoma

9

o f a t h i n s e c t io n s tu d y o f th e e lo n g a t io n o f q u a r tz g r a in a . In

th e tie s t e r n and n o r th w e s te rn p o r t io n s o f th e f r o n t a l O ia c h ita s th e

S ta n le y t h i n s r a p id ly . The J a c k fo rk san d sto n e l i e s conform ably on

th e S tan le y s h a le w ith a g r a d a t io n a l c o n ta c t .

The Ja c k fo rk san d sto n e c ro p s o u t around th e core o f th e O u ach ita

M ountains th ro u g h o u t th e p ro v in ce and in c r e a s e s in th ic k n e s s from

ap p ro x im a te ly 1 ,7 0 0 f e e t n o r th e a s t o f A toka, Oklahoma, to a p p ro x im a te ly

6 ,5 0 0 f e e t i n e a s te r n Oklahoma. The av erag e s a n d s to n e -s h a le r a t i o

i s on th e o rd e r o f th r e e to tw o, b u t t h i s w i l l vary r e g io n a l ly and

w ith s t r a t i g r a p h i c p o s i t io n (C lin e , I9 6 0 ) . The av e rag e r a t i o o f

san d s to n e to s h a le seems to be somewhat l e s s i n th e u p p er p a r t o f th e

Ja c k fo rk th a n i n th e lo w er. Bokman (1953) r e p o r t s an average r a t i o o f

704 s a n d s to n e , 274 s h a le , and 34 s i i t s t o n e in m easured s e c t io n s t o t a l i n g

1 ,033 f e e t . S i l t s t o n e i s g e n e r a l ly in te rb e d d e d w ith s h a le . I n d iv id u a l

m assive sa n d s to n e s have a maximum observed th ic k n e s s o f 43 f e e t

unbroken by th in n e r zones o f 9 h a le . S h ale b ed s , unbroken by th in n e r

oeds o f sa n d s to n e , have a maximum observed th ic k n e s s o f 57 f e e t . West

o f t h i s a re a C lin e (I9 6 0 ) r e p o r t s a maximum o b serv ed th ic k n e s s o f on ly

e ig h t f e e t o f sa n d s to n e , unbroken by s h a le . The sa n d s to n e s o f th e

Ja c k fo rk seem to be somewhat c le a n e r th a n th o se o f th e S ta n le y , having

th e appearance o f q u a r t z i t e s , and a lth o u g h r e l a t i v e l y f in e g ra in e d , a re

c o a r s e r th a n th e S ta n le y s a n d s to n e s . An av erag e Ja c k fo rk san d sto n e

d e s c r ib e d by Bokman (1953) has a mean g r a in s iz e o f 2 .3 0 0 and i s c a l l e d

a sub-grayw acke w ith 0-24 f e ld s p a r .

The Johns V a lley sh a le o v e r l i e s th e J a c k fo rk san d sto n e in th e

n o r th w e s te rn and c e n t r a l O u a c h ita s . In c h a r a c t e r i s t i c developm ent i t

10

in c lu d e s 4-25 to 90C f e e t o f p r e v a i l in g ly s h a ly s t r a t a w ith some th in

in te rb e d d e d sa n d s to n e s in th e u pper p o r t io n . In a b e l t 25-30 m ile s wide

and e x te n d in g from n ear A toka, Oklahoma, in th e w este rn p a r t o f th e

f r o n t a l O u a c h ita s , eas tw ard f o r ab o u t 125 m ile s in to A rkansas, th e sh a le

c o n ta in s lim e s to n e e r r a t i c s ra n g in g in s iz e from p eb b les to b o u ld e rs

40 f e e t o r more in d ia m e te r . Of th e v a r io u s t h e o r ie s advanced to ex p la in

th e t r a n s p o r t a t io n o f th e sm a lle r e r r a t i c s to th e s i t e o f d e p o s i t io n

C lin e ( i9 6 0 ) c o n s id e rs ic e r a f t i n g to be th e m ost l o g i c a l . He b e l ie v e s

th e l a r g e r b lo c k s may have s l i d down th e s te e p w ss te rn and n o r th e rn

s lo p e s o f th e O u ach ita tro u g h on a bottom lu b r ic a te d by accu m u la tin g

b la c k muds.

The Atoka fo rm a tio n o v e r l ie s th e Ja c k fo rk san d sto n e in th e so u th

e a s t and th e Johns V a lley sh a le in th e c e n t r a l and n o r th w e s te rn CXiachi-

t a s . The Atoka i s ex trem ely v a r ia b le in b o th th ic k n e s s and l i th o lo g y .

I t re a c h e s a th ic k n e s s o f o,30Q f e e t (S h e lb u rn e , i 9 6 0 ) , b u t th e com plete

th ic k n e s s i s n o t p re s e n t in th e CXiachita M ountains, th e upper p o r tio n

hav ing been removed by e ro s io n (C lin e , I9 6 0 ) . The ro ck s a re m ain ly

l i g h t g ra y , s i l t y , m icaceo u s, and f la k y s h a le w ith le n s e s and beds o f

sa n d s to n e . The s a n d s to n e s a re g e n e r a l ly poo rly s o r te d , m icaceous, and

m o d era te ly a r g i l la c e o u s (G o ld s te in , 1959).

In summary, th e r e l a t i v e l y th in p re -S ta n le y ro ck s seem to r e p re s e n t

a p e rio d o f v e ry slow se d im e n ta tio n in an e s s e n t i a l l y s ta rv e d tro u g h

w hile th e v ery th ic k S ta n le y -J a c k fo rk -Jo h n s V alley-A toka sequence was

d e p o s ite d d u rin g a p e r io d o f very a c t iv e te c to n ism . In th e w este rn

O u ach itas th e re p e a te d a l t e r n a t io n s o f d a rk s h a le s and g ray sa n d s to n e s ,

la c k o f c ro s s -b e d d in g , and th e p resen ce o f f l u t e c a s t s , g roove c a s t s ,

II

and bounce c a s ts are in ter p r e te d as fe a tu r e s o f tu r b id ite s and the

sedim ents are b e liev ed to nave been la id down in r e la t iv e ly deep w ater.

The o r ie n ta t io n o f the bedding s tru ctu res and the eastward th ick en in g of

the sedim ents seems to in d ic a te th a t the source area was to the e a s t

or so u th ea st. In the ea stern O uachitas the ch aracter o f the Jackfork

sandstone has changed sou k*what. The sands are c le a n e r , cross-b ed d ing

and r ip p le markings are f a ir ly common, and m assive sandstones reach a

th ick n ess o f 43 f e e t in one observed s e c t io n . These fea tu res have led

bo<ruan (1953/ to tite co n c lu sio n th a t , in t h is area a t l e a s t , the S tan ley-

Jackfork sequence rep resen ts an o v e r -a l l trend from deep to snallow

water d e p o s it io n .

ijiOlXJG f uF THK J ti -Irliii DAI ARliA

Tne De Dray Dam i s in the south flank o f the Ouachita Mountains in

the extreme ea stern outcrop of the Jackfork sandstone c lo se to where i t

plunges beneatn the c o a s ta l p la in sed im en ts, a d isc u s s io n of the geology

o f th is area i s contained in the U. b. Army Waterways experim ent S ta tio n

Design Memorandum No. 3-1 (1961).

The S tan ley sha le crops out in the northern part o f th e area ( f i g .

1) and i s composed of a lte r n a tin g la y e r s o f sandstones and sh a le in a

r a t io o f about 60A sn a le to UOA sandstone.

The Jackfork sandstone conformably o v e r lie s the o ta n iey 3hale w ith

a con tact which i s g rad ation a l over sev era l te n s o f f e e t . The Jackfork

i s about 70 i sandstone and approxim ately o ,000 f e e t th ic k in the area o f

the dam s i t e . The sandstones are l ig h t to dark gray or brown and medium

to f in e grained with sporadic le n se s o f coarse quartz g r a in s . The

12

s h a le s a re d a rk gray to b la c k , t h i n l y bedded, h a rd , and f i s s i l e . The

s h a le s o ccu r as th ic k beds b u t more commonly as t h i n la y e r s between th e

more m assive beds o f sa n d s to n e s .

C o r r e la t io n o f in d iv id u a l beds over lo n g d is ta n c e s i s im p o ss ib le

and o f te n d i f f i c u l t over d is ta n c e s o f even a few hundred f e e t , a s th e

sa n d sto n es and s h a le s grade r a p id ly from one to a n o th e r . The beds a t

th e dam s i t e d ip so u th a t an average o f 45* and s t r i k e N 88* iV. Two

m ile s so u th o f th e dam s i t e th e d ip o f th e beds f l a t t e n s to 14*-18*

and th e s t r i k e v a r ie s from N 80* E t o N 90* £ .

J o in t s in th e san d s to n es a re up to 1 /4 " w ide, some being p a r t i a l l y

f i l l e d w ith s i l i c a . J o in ts i n th e s h a le s a re le s s pronounced and many

a re t i g h t l y s e a le d . T ra n sv e rse f a u l t s a re num erous. The Caddo K iver

gorge th ro u g h th e Ja c k fo rk san d sto n e fo llo w s a la rg e t r a n s v e r s e f a u l t .

Bedding p lane f a u l t s , ev idenced by s l ic k e n s id e s and c la y seam s,

p ro b ab ly o ccu rred d u r in g t i l t i n g o f th e beds.

The Ja c k fo rk i s conform ably o v e r la in by th e Atoka fo rm a tio n in th e

a re a o f th e dam s i t e . I t c ro p s o u t to th e s c u th o f th e Ja c k fo rk and

d ip s b en ea th th e C re taceo u s sed im en ts o f th e c o a s ta l p la in . The Atoka

i s composed o f ap p ro x im a te ly SOjL s h a le w ith f in e g ra in e d sa n d sto n es

o c c u r r in g m ain ly as th in beds a few in c h e s to a fo o t th ic k .

CHAPTER I I I

TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS

METHODOLOGY

The two co re s s e le c te d f o r s tu d y a re ap p ro x im a te ly 2 .1 5 in c h e s in

d i s a s t e r and were d r i l l e d v e r t i c a l l y . The t o t a l le n g th o f co re s tu d ie d

was 297 f e e t . At th e De Gray dam th e Ja c k fo rk has a d ip o f 45*, t h e r e

f o re th e 297 f e e t o f v e r t i c a l co re r e p r e s e n ts a t o t a l s e c t io n o f 210

f e e t .

The c o re s c o n ta in a s e r i e s o f re p e a te d s a n d s to n e s , s h a le s and s i l t y

s h a le s . F e a tu re s in a co re w hich would r e f l e c t th e in f lu e n c e o f th e

env ironm ent o f d e p o s i t io n , and in p a r t , th e n a tu re o f th e so u rce a re a ,

in c lu d e th e ev id en ce o f f o s s i l s , and th e ro ck pj i p e r t i e s o f g ra in s iz e ,

s o r t in g , s t r u c t u r e , and c o m p o sitio n .

F o s s i l s a re sp a rse i n th e J a c k fo rk . A lthough th e s h a le s c o n ta in

b la c k carbonaceous m a te r ia l , o n ly a few m egascopic bu t sm a ll p la n t

frag m en ts were found in th e c o re s . F i f t y - f i v e sam ples were t r e a t e d f o r

th e rem oval and c o n c e n tra t io n o f s p o re s . The re c o v e ry was s m a ll , b o th

in number and g e n e ra . The te c h n iq u e s and r e s u l t s o f t h i s a n a ly s is a re

c o n ta in e d in th e ap p en d ix . No s h e l l s o r s h e l l frag m en ts were i d e n t i

f ie d in th e c o re s .

The in v e s t i g a t io n was co n se q u e n tly concerned p r ima r i l y w ith th e

ro ck p r o p e r t ie s o f g r a in s i z e , s o r t i n g , s t r u c t u r e , and c o lo r . The co res

13

14

ware d iv id e d in t o 11 ro ck ty p e s based on th e s e v a r ia b le s as th e y were

observed by m egascopic e x am in a tio n ( f i g . 3 ) .

A d e s c r ip t io n o f th e ro ck ty p e s based on th e s e v a r ia b le s fo llo w s .

The cong lom erate i s p o o rly s o r te d and m assive i n s t r u c t u r e , d r a in s

w ith a p p a re n t long axes up t o -2 .6 6 0 were m easured i n t h i n s e c t io n and

s t i l l l a r g e r g r a in s were o b serv ed in hand specim ens, b u t none ex ceed in g

-4 0* The v a s t m a jo r i ty o f g r a in s a re rounded q u a r tz o r q u a r t z i t e . A

few a n g u la r s h a le frag m en ts were s e e n . In g e n e ra l th e low er c o n ta c ts

o f th e co n g lo m era tes a re q u i te sh a rp and th e u pper c o n ta c ts a re g rad a

t i o n a l over a few in c h e s t o a fo o t o r s to re .

The m assive san d sto n es were d iv id e d on th e b a s is o f c o lo r i n t o two

g ro u p s , brown and g ra y . K xcept f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e in c o lo r th e r e i s

no obv ious m egascopic d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e two g ro u p s . N e ith e r shows

v i s i b l e s t r u c tu r e o r v a r i a t io n s in t e x tu r e . H adiographs were made of

fo u r s l i c e s o f th e m assive san d s to n e s in th e manner d e s c r ib e d by Hamblin

(1962) on th e s t r e n g th o f th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e y m ight show some

o th e rw ise i n v i s i b l e s t r u c t u r e , b u t th e y re v e a le d no s t r u c tu r e o r v a r i a

t io n s i n t e x t u r e . The t h i c k e s t unbroken sequence o f m assive sandstone

i n th e co re s i s ap p ro x im a te ly 50 f e e t , b u t because t h i s u n i t o ccu rs a t

th e to p o f th e c o re , i t s t o t a l th ic k n e s s i s unknown. Of th e 50 f e e t

c o n ta in e d i n th e co re th e upper 1 4 .4 f e e t was w eathered and th e r e fo r e

i t was n o t in c lu d e d i n th e s tu d y . I t shou ld be n o ted t h a t th e s e c t io n

r e f e r r e d t o above i s composed o f m assive brown sandstone o n ly . The

t o t a l co red th ic k n e s s o f m assive sa n d s , p eb b ly sa n d s , bedded sa n d s , and

co n g lo m era te s , down to th e f i r s t ap p earan ce o f s h a le , i s ap p ro x im a te ly

115 f e e t ( f i g . 4 ) . These m easurem ents a re v e r t i c a l and r e p re s e n t

T o ta l Core Used In Study - 297 F e e t*

Coarse G rained Rocks

6 .1 f e e t (2 .1 * o ft o t a l c o re )

Conglomerate

Rock Type 07 6 .1 f e e t

(2 .1 * o f t o t a l c o re )

Medium G rained Rocks

167.8 f e e t (5 6 .4 * o f t o t a l c o re )

C o lo r

Brown36 .3 f e e t (2 9 .0 * of

t o t a l co re )

Gray8 1 .5 f e e t (2 7 .4 * o f

t o t a l c o re )

Massive Brown M assive GraySandstone Sandstone

&•Ht££O

Rock Type 01 7 2 .2 f e e t

(24 .3* of t o t a l co re ) £■H


(1 7 .3 * o f t o t a l c o re )

Bedded Brown Sandstone

£OCOUO

Padded Gray Sandstone

O&■Py££*3


(0 .7* o f t o t a l c o re )

uS30au-p


(9 .6* o f t o t a l c o re )

01Pebbly Brown Sand

stoneRock Type 03

12 .0 f e e t (4 .0 * o f t o t a l core)

toPebbly Gray Sand

s to n eRock Type 06

1 .6 f e e t (0 .5* o f t o t a l co re )

Fine G rained Rocks

123.1 f e e t

to£

ocnuo

o2

(4 1 .5 * o f t o t a l c o re )

Massive ShaleRock Type 03

2 .6 f e e t(0 .9 * o f t o t a l co re )

D is tu rb ed S tru c tu re Shale

Rock Type 093 2 . 6 f e e t

(1 1 ,0 * o f t o t a l c o re )

Graded Bedding Shale

Rock Type 10 3 3 .8 f e e t

(1 1 .4 * o f t o t a l co re )

Mixed D is tu rb ed St r u c tu r e ar:d Graded Bedding Shale

Rock Type 1154 .1 f e e t

(13 .2* o f t o t a l c o re )

"A ll measurements r e f e r to co re le n g th , n o t s t r a t i g r a p h ic th ic k n e s s . F igure 3 . D iv is io n o f co res in to rock ty p e s .

16

Core G—9E lev a tio n a t 20' Depth - 3 1 3 .1 '

Depth 20' ~i

f *Y

6 0 ’ -

y'sf,x\

I l l

■::s

1 6 0 ' - f

jjtiiiiuja

id

;w a T . -

01M assive Brown

Sandstone

02Bedded Brown

Sandstone

03Pebbly Brown

Sandstone

04M assive Gray

Sand stone

05Beddec Gray

Sandstone

06Pebbly Gray

Sandstone

07Conglomerate

OPM assive Shale

09D isturbed S tru c

tu re Shale

10Graded Bedding

Shale

11Mixed D isturbed S tru ctu re and Graded Bedding

Shale

100' JFigure 4A. Graphic lo g o f

Core G-9.

17

Core G-9 Continued

Core G-8E lev a tio n a t 1 0 9 .6 = 116 .3

DepthD e a t h

190 ' -

20 0 1 H' ■' i

TlTlllTTTlUJ

2 1 0 * -

2 2 0 ' -

ittU'..' t

2 4 0 ' -

260' J

NOTE: The co rr e la te d s e c t io n o fCore G-8 which i s s tr a t ig r a p h ie s lily below Core G-9 i s s l i g h t l y updip and was taken to p o g ra p h ica lly downh i l l from G-9, th e r e fo r e the core depth i s not in sequence.

F igure 4B. Graphic lo g o f Core G-8 and G-9 con tin u ed .

0887

6058

9491

4320

18

a p p a re n t th ic k n e s s . The beds d ip a t an a n g le o f ap p ro x im a te ly 45*;

th e r e f o r e t r u e th ic k n e s s can be d e te rm in ed by m u lt ip ly in g th e v a lu e s by

0 .7 0 7 .

The pebbly sand ston es were a ls o d iv id ed in to brown and gray groups.

The co lo r and gra in s i s e d is t in c t io n o f th e pebbly gray group was

d i f f i c u l t , and la t e r petrographic a n a ly se s in d ic a te d no s ig n i f ic a n t

d iffe r e n c e between th e pebbly gray and the m assive brown san d ston es.

The pebbly sand ston es are much l ik e the m assive sandstones ( in which

th ey are g e n e r a lly con ta in ed ) excep t fo r the presence o f p eb b les and

sporadic sh a le fragm ents in the form er. Both upper and low er co n ta cts

w ith the m assive sandstones are t y p ic a l ly g r a d a tio n a l.

The bedded sandstones were a ls o d iv id ed in to gray and brown groups.

Bedded sandstones are much more abundant in th e gray than in the brown

group. In d iv id u a l beds range from approxim ately 1 /8 to two in ch es

th ic k . The bedding plane i s u su a lly marked by a high percentage of

c la y . Some sm all s c a le cross-b ed d in g i s v i s i b l e , and some o f th e more

e x te n s iv e laminae may a c tu a lly rep resen t cross-b ed d in g which i s too

la r g e to be apparent in the c o r e s . Penscontemporaneous slump or flow

s tr u c tu re s are p resen t but not covaon. The bedded sandstones grade in to

th e d istu rb ed stru c tu re sh a le s as determ ined by the m egascopic c r i t e r ia

o f gra in s ia e and th ick n e ss o f s e t s o f beds. Consequently i t was

n ecessary t o e s ta b l is h o p er a tio n a l d iv is io n s o f the two ty p e s . These

d iv is io n s were based on bedding, which was a much more r e l ia b le method

than a m egascopic d iv is io n based on gra in s i s e ; however, d ecrea sin g

gra in s i s e seemed to be d e f in i t e ly a s so c ia te d w ith d ecrea sin g bed

th ic k n e s s . I f the t o t a l s e t o f lam inated beds was more than 0 .2 f e e t

th ic k i t was c a lle d bedded sandstone; i f l e s s i t was c a lle d d istu rb ed

stru c tu re sh a le .

19

D isturbed s tr u c tu r e sh a le i s a te n s used in t h i s paper to in c lu d e

a l l sh a le s or s i l t y sh a le s which do not show sim ple v e r t i c a l ly graded

bedding w ith no slump or flo w s tr u c tu r e s or s i l t la y e r s . The s tr u c tu r e s

are accen tu ated by s i l t y b ed s, some showing sm all s c a le cro ss-b ed d in g .

In tern a l slumping and lo a d in g s tr u c tu r e s are p resen t. Flowage fo ld s or

r o l l s are a ls o p resen t but r a r e . The s i l t y lamlnaa vary from ap p rox i

m ately 1 /1 6 in ch to 1 /2 in ch th ic k . S evera l o f th e se lam inae may occur

to g e th e r between s i l t - p o o r sh a le la y e r s . The s i l t y la y e r s are in t e r

bedded w ith s i l t - p o o r s h a le s g e n e r a lly in an a lte r n a t in g manner, but

u su a lly w ith one type or th e o th er dom inating in th ic k n ess by a v a r ia b le

amount. The s i l t - p o o r laminae vary In th ic k n e ss from approxim ately 1/4 in ch to one in c h . S evera l o f th e se laminae may occur to g e th er w ithout

in ter v e n in g s i l t y la y e r s . The s i l t - p o o r lam inae u su a lly show some in d i

c a t io n o f grading from coarser grained (or more numerous g r a in s ) a t

the bottom to f in e r grained (or l e s s numerous g r a in s ) a t th e to p . Any

s tr u c tu r e s p resen t in th e se s i l t - p o o r laminae seem t o be the r e s u lt o f

slumping or lo a d in g . G en era lly upper and low er c o n ta c ts between the

s i l t y beds and s i l t - p o o r beds are sharp. The co lo r o f th e d istu rb ed

str u c tu r e sh a le s v a r ie s from medium gray to dark gray or b lack .

The graded bedding sh a le s are composed o f beds th a t show obvious

grading by d ecreasin g g ra in s i s e , d ecrea s in g number o f g r a in s , or a

com bination o f both from th e bottom s to the tope o f th e beds. The

b ed s, or lam inae, vary in th ic k n e ss from approxim ately 1 /4 in ch t o two

in ch es and average about 1 /2 in c h . The bottom s o f th e beds or laminae

are norm ally in sharp co n ta ct w ith th e underly ing la y e r s . TM co lo r

v a r ie s from medium gray t o b la ck .

20

The m assive sh a le s are very dark gray or b lack and are probably

very c lo s e ly r e la te d to the graded bedding s h a le s but do not co n ta in

enough s i l t s iz e d p a r t ic le s t o make bedding e a s i ly v i s i b l e .

Throughout much o f th e core the d istu rb ed s tr u c tu r e and graded

bedding shaleB were so in tim a te ly a sso c ia te d th a t i t was im p ra c tica l

to t r y to sep a ra te them. The rock type c a l le d 11 mixed d istu rb ed s tr u c

tu re and graded bedding shale" was e s ta b lis h e d to in c lu d e th e se in tim a te

m ix tu res . The graded bedding sh a le seems to be th e more dominant type

in t h i s mixed category .

The s tr a t ig r a p h ic p o s it io n s o f th e variou e rock ty p e s are shown in

f ig u r e 4 .

In order to make a m icroscop ic exam ination o f th e se rock ty p es i t

was n ecessa ry to sample a l l th e typ es in r e la t iv e ly smal 1 in crem en ts,

i . e . , ch ip s or sm all hand specim ens from which th in s e c t io n s cou ld be

c u t . The o b je c t iv e s o f the th in s e c t io n study were b a s ic a l ly tw ofold;

the f i r s t , to determ ine m ineral ca sip o sitio n o f the rock s; th e second,

to determ ine t h e ir s o r t in g and mean g ra in s i z e .

To g a in re le v a n t in form ation concerning the source area and the

environm ent o f d e p o s it io n the sam pling plan should be o f a type such

th a t an e s t im a tio n can be made o f the com position o f the e n t ir e s e c t io n

rep resen tin g the sedim entary body as w e ll as the com p osition o f each

rock ty p e . The sam ples ( th in s e c t io n s ) should a ls o g iv e a r e l ia b le

estim a te o f th e gra in s iz e and s o r t in g so th a t i f th e rocks d i f f e r in

th e se p r o p e r tie s th e d if fe r e n c e s may be d e te c te d . In a d d itio n to

showing th e d if fe r e n c e s between rock ty p es (which g iv e a c lu e t o the

p o ss ib ly d if f e r in g environm ents o f d e p o s it io n ) the data obtained should

21

show v a r ia t io n s or d if fe r e n c e s w ith in the rock ty p es which would supply

fu r th er in form ation concerning tne environment o f d e p o s it io n and i t s

f lu c tu a t io n s w ith in each ty p e .

Further, th e sam pling method should be sim ple but o f a typ e such

th a t the in form ation obtained w i l l lend i t s e l f t o a s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta . The method which f u l f i l l s a l l o f th e se req u ire

ments i s one o f s t r a t i f i e d , sim ple (and p ro p o rtio n a l) random samples o f

increm ents o f approxim ately 22 x 33 am, i . e . , th e s iz e and th ic k n ess o f

a th in s e c t io n . The s tr a ta were the U rock ty p e s . Samples w ith in each

rock typ e were taken randomly. The number o f samples taken w ith in each

type was determ ined by the percentage o f th e e n t ir e core th a t the

p a r tic u la r type composed. The b a s ic plan was to take 100 sam ples so

th a t i f a rock type composed 2kJ> o f the t o t a l core 2k samples would be

taken; however, th ree o f the rock ty p es were l e s s than l i o f the t o t a l .

A s t a t i s t i c a l comparison o f th e se ty p es would have been im p o ssib le w ith

on ly one sample, th e r e fo r e in th ese th ree cases two random samples were

taken in each ty p e , m aking.a t o t a l o f 103 sam ples fo r the e n t ir e co re .

The th in s e c t io n s were ground to a th ic k n e ss o f approxim ately 0 .025 mn

and mounted in caedax which has an in d ex o f approxim ately 1 ,5 5 .

MINERAL COMPOSITION

M ineral com position o f the rocks was determined by the method o f

p o in t counting in th in s e c t io n as d escr ib ed by M ilner (1 9 6 2 ). On each

s l id e 20 p o in ts were counted on each o f f iv e t r a v e r s e s . The l in e s were

22

randomly h o r iz o n ta l or v e r t ic a l and d ir e c t io n o f movement a lon g th e

l in e s was a ls o random. The s ta r t in g p o in t o f each tra v erse w» b d e te r

mined by d iv id in g the th in s e c t io n in to coord in ates and s e le c t in g one

o f th ese co o rd in a tes by use o f a random number ta b le . The purpose o f

t h i s method o f counting was to make each th in se c t io n as n ea r ly a

homogeneous sample o f the rock type from which i t was taken as was

p o s s ib le . Each o f the 100 p o in ts thus lo c a te d in th e th in s e c t io n s

were d esign ated as one o f the c a te g o r ie s d escrib ed below .

Quartz: Attempts to d iv id e the quartz g ra in s in to su b -ty p es based

on e x t in c t io n were abandoned. Because o f the g e n e r a lly sm all g ra in s iz e

the gra in s could not r e l ia b ly be placed in c a te g o r ie s o f d i s t in c t iv e

e x t in c t io n patterns*

The g ra in s were d iv id ed in to two groups based on the r e la t iv e number

o f in c lu s io n s p resen t. I f the g ra in contained f iv e or more in c lu

s io n s o f any type in an area 0 .0 1 mu in diam eter i t was c a lle d dusty

quartz; o therw ise i t was c a lle d c le a r q u artz . Subsequent s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a ly s is in d ica ted th a t the e f f e c t o f grain s iz e was so grea t th a t the

d iv is io n was o f no v a lu e . A la r g e gra in was alm ost sure to have the

requ ired number o f in c lu s io n s somewhere w ith in i t s boundaries. The

sm aller the gra in the l e s s chance i t had o f co n ta in in g the required

number o f in c lu s io n s .

Grain boundaries are commonly d i f f i c u l t to d is t in g u is h because o f

w eld ing and cement, a few gra in s show secondary overgrowth and a very

few o f th ese showed rounding over th e overgrowth. Quartz pebbles and

la rg e gran u les are u su a lly com posite g r a in s . In se v e r a l o f th e se rock

fragm ents o r ig in a l rounded quartz g ra in s could be seen . More coemonly

23

the rock fragmente appear to be m etaq u artx ite w ith o r ig in a l gra in

boundaries d estroyed by su tu rin g or w elding to adjacent g r a in s . Chert

i s present in minor amounts.

I l l l t e (and other c la y m in er a ls ): The c la y s were id e n t i f i e d by

X-ray d i f f r a c t io n . Samples o f th e sh a le were crushed and ground, then

s e t t l e d from water onto g la s s s l i d e s . Three s l id e s o f d i f f e r in g

p a r t ic le s ix e s were used fo r the X-ray id e n t i f i c a t io n . The p a r t ic le

s iz e s contained on the s l id e s were determined by S to k e’s law to be:

1 - l e s s than 7 .65 0, 2 - l e s s than 8 0, and 3 - l e s s than 8 .6 5 0* The

X-ray peaks fo r i l l l t e were good. Peaks a s so c ia te d w ith k a o lin ite

were on ly f a ir to poor. From t h is i t was concluded th a t i l l i t e was the

dominant c la y m in eral.

The d i f f e r e n t ia t io n o f i l l i t e and s e r i c i t e i s d i f f i c u l t or im p o ssi

b le in th ir . s e c t io n s . In t h i s study on ly the gra in s sm aller than 0 .02

om in le n g th were c a lle d s e r i c i t e or i l l i t e , as opposed t o the la r g e r

g ra in s c a lle d b io t i t e or m u scov ite . I f the b ir e fr in g e n c e d id not

exceed f i r s t order red th ey were a r b itr a r i ly c a lle d i l l i t e . I f the

b ire fr in g en ce d id exceed f i r s t order red th ey were c a lle d s e r i c i t e .

Undoubtedly t h is method le d to m ia id e n t if ic a t io n o f one type fo r the

other in an unknown number o f c a s e s . I t can only be hoped th a t m is-

id e n t i f i c a t io n o f s e r i c i t e was balanced by the m is id e n t if ic a t io n o f

i l l i t e .

The c la y m atrix i s commonly mixed w ith varying amounts o f carbonate

(m ostly s id e r i t e ) and organic m a tter . In th e sh a le s the i l l i t e - s i d e r i t e

m ixture i s so in tim ate and f in e grained th a t i t was norm ally im p ossib le

to sep arate them and excep t in rare c a ses th ey were combined in to a

2U

s in g le c la s s .

S id e r ite : The s id e r i t e i s a prominent y e llo w ish brown, r a r e ly

c le a r y e llo w or c o lo r le s s . In the sandstones s id e r i t e coomonly occurs

as a m ic r o c r y s ta llin e m atrix form ing a very e f fe c t !Y e cement. In both

sandstones and sh a le s i t i s mixed w ith i l l i t e .

M uscovite and s e r i c i t e : M uscovite and s e r i c i t e were d if f e r e n t ia te d

on th e b a s is o f p a r t ic le s iz e . I f the m ica f la k e exceeded 0 .0 2 mm in

le n g th i t was c a lle d m uscovite; i f l e s s than 0 .0 2 mm in len g th i t was

c a lle d s e r i c i t e .

C a lc it e : This m ineral i s r e la t iv e ly uncommon. I t occurs as a

cement and a very minor ve in f i l l e r . I t i s a lso found rep la c in g

fe ld sp a r and mixed w ith the c la y m atrix .

F eldspar: A ll o f th e fe ld sp a r s are very r a r e . As an a id to

id e n t ify in g some o f th e fe ld sp a r s seven teen s e le c te d th in s e c t io n s

were sta in ed w ith sodium c o b a l t in i t r i t e in the manner d escribed by

Chayes (1 9 5 2 ). This i s a method o f s e le c t iv e s ta in in g whereby the

potash fe ld sp a r s are s ta in e d a b righ t y e llo w and the o th er m in erals are

u n a ffe c te d . 3y a s l i g h t l y m odified method one each o f a l l the sandstone

th in s e c t io n rock ch ip s and th ree s i l t y sh a le ch ip s were a ls o s ta in e d .

The ch ip s were suspended, cut face down, 1 /2 in ch above liq u id HF in a

covered p la s t ic d ish fo r one m inute. A fter rem oval, and w ithout washing

or d ry in g , th ey were covered w ith a sa tu ra ted s o lu t io n o f sodium

c o b a l t in i t r i t e fo r 15 m inutes. The ch ip s were then p laced in a co n ta in

er o f s low ly flo w in g w ater fo r w ashing. A ll but f iv e o f the sandstone

samples were returned from th in s e c t io n in g w ith two ch ip s showing a f l a t

cu t fa c e . T his second group o f ch ip s was a ls o s ta in ed by a somewhat

25

d if f e r e n t method. Liquid HF was placed on th e cu t face and allow ed to

stand fo r one m inute. The fa ce was then corered w ith th e same s ta in

d escrib ed above w ithout washing the rem aining HF from th e su r fa c e . The

s ta in was allow ed to stand fo r 15 m inutes and then the ch ip was washed

as d escr ib ed above. S evera l c o n tr o l samples (known to con ta in potash

fe ld sp a r ) were ca rr ied through the com plete s ta in in g p rocess a long w ith

th e sandstone c h ip s . These co n tro l samples showed th a t th e s ta in in g

tech n iq u e performed s a t i s f a c t o r i ly and c o n s is t e n t ly . The s ta in showed

th a t potash fe ld sp a r i s p resen t in on ly very minor tr a c e s .

The o r th o c la se i s alm ost com p letely a lte r e d to s e r i c i t e , k a o lin ,

or c a l c i t e . M icroclin e i s the r a r e s t o f the fe ld sp a r s and i s th e l e a s t

a lte r e d . F la g io c la se appears to be so d ic and i s commonly being rep laced

by s e r i c i t e , k a o lin , or c a l c i t e .

Rnr.k fraflmont.a• Rock fragm ents are r a r e . Most o f the fragm ents

are e i t h e r m etaq u artzite or o r th o q u a r tx ite . Shale fragm ents occur in

the sandstones and conglom erates. They are u su a lly angular and are

found near the base o f the sandstone or conglom erate u n it where i t r e s t s

on a sh a le bed. The fragm ents id e n t i f ie d as m icaceous are probably very

sm all sh a le fragm ents.

P y r lte : T his m ineral occurs as m ic r o c r y s ta llin e m asses in the

s h a le s , p o ss ib ly r ep la c in g both c la y s and carb on ates. I t a ls o occurs

in v e in s and co a tin g J o in t su r fa c e s in both th e sandstones and s h a le s .

Other a ccesso ry and heavy m in er a ls : Five sam ples, four sandstones

and one conglom erate, were crushed and a l l gra in s p a ssin g an 30 mesh

screen were broken in to heavy and l ig h t m ineral fr a c t io n s by standard

bromoform sep aration as d escr ib ed by M ilner (1 9 6 2 ). The heavy m ineral

26

con cen tra te was not clean ed w ith a c id . Part o f each heavy m ineral

con cen trate was mounted on a s l id e in Canada balsam and the rem aining

gra in s *ere kept fo r study in variou s in d ex l iq u id s . T his heavy m ineral

study was in tended on ly to supplement the th in s e c t io n study by id e n t i -

fy in g same o f the more e lu s iv e g r a in s .

A ccessory or heavy m in era ls occurring in s u f f ic ie n t number to be

picked up in th e p oin t count are leu co x en e , z ir c o n , l im o n lte , m agnetite

(or m a g n e tite - ilm e n ite ) , b i o t i t e , r u t i l e , and g a rn et, in order o f

d ecreasin g abundance.

M inerals id e n t i f i e d in the th in s e c t io n s or heavy m ineral concen

t r a te s but not picked up in the p o in t count are tou rm alin e, a p a t it e ,

co llop h an e ( ? ) , d a h l l i t e ( ? ) , h em a tite , h a l lo y s i t e ( ? ) , chalcedony,

sphene ( ? ) , to p a z , and s t a u r o l i t e , in approximate order o f d ecrea sin g

abundance.

The m ineral com position o f each rocic type and th e t o t a l core i s

g iv en in Appendix B. The com position o f each th in s e c t io n i s g iven in

Appendix A.

GRAIN SIZS AND SORTING

M egascopic exam ination o f th e core r e s u lte d in two major s tr u c

tu r a l c la s s e s , m assive and bedded, w ith se v e r a l s u b c la s se s , which have

been d escr ib ed p r e v io u s ly . These c la s s e s undoubtedly r e f l e c t th e e f f e c t

o f gra in s i z e and s o r t in g .

The m egascopic d iv is io n s based on gra in s iz e and s o r t in g , a lso

d iscu ssed p r e v io u s ly , are o f course very broad in scop e, the g en era l

c la s s e s being conglom erate, pebbly sands, sands, and s h a le s . The more

27

su b tle d i s t in c t io n s o f c la s s e s and in te r n a l d if fe r e n c e s w ith in the

c la s s e s must be determ ined by a much more s e n s i t iv e s iz e a n a ly s is than

can be a fford ed by a m egascopic exam ination . The rock s, both sh a le and

sand ston e, were too much indurated to a llo w d isa g g reg a tio n o f the

g ra in s fo r a m echanical a n a ly s is .

The s o lu t io n was to measure the g ra in s w ith the m icroscope and

then compute average g ra in s iz e and v a r ia n ces from th e se measurements.

A g rea t d ea l o f work has been, and i s being done in an e f f o r t to over

came the problems o f s iz e a n a ly se s and to make p o ss ib le th e comparison

o f m echanical a n a ly s is and d ir e c t measurement o f both lo o s e gra in s and

g ra in s In th in s e c t io n . No attem pt i s made in t h i s study to equate th in

s e c t io n s iz e a n a ly s is w ith a m echanical a n a ly s is .

The s iz e a n a ly s is i s based on the measurement o f tne apparent long

axes o f quartz g r a in s . The m atrix has not been in clu d ed in the a n a ly s is

s in ce the p a r t ic le s were to o sm all to ioeasure.

The apparent lon g axes o f th e quartz gra in s were measured w ith the

graduated o cu la r in the m icroscope and th e se measurements were converted

to 0 . The purpose o f con vertin g th e measurements to 0 was to norm alize

the gra in s iz e d is t r ib u t io n , thereby s im p lify in g s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly se s .

The g ra in s to be measured must be randomly s e le c te d fo r an a n a ly s is .

T his random s e le c t io n was accom plished by d iv id in g the s l id e in to coord i

n a tes and then s e le c t in g the coord in ates a t random by means o f a random

number ta b le .

The number o f g ra in s to be measured per s l id e was determ ined by

p lo t t in g th e average g ra in s i s e in 0 a g a in st the number o f g ra in s

measured fo r a s e r ie s o f g ra in s in randomly s e le c te d s l i d e s . An example

28

o f the graph used i s shown in f ig u re 5- nfhen the mean g ra in s i s e

s t a b i l i z e d , i . e . , no lo n g er showed a wide f lu c tu a t io n when a d d itio n a l

g ra in s were measured, the number measured was considered adequate. In

th e example shown the average gra in s iz e shows l i t t l e v a r ia t io n a f te r

16 gra in s had been measured. This was t y p ic a l o f th e t r i a l measure

m ents. A fter a comparison o f th e ch arts i t appeared th a t 18 gra in s

would be s u f f i c ie n t to g iv e a r e l ia b le e s tim a te o f th e average gra in

s iz e o f any p a r t ic u la r s l id e ; however, two a d d itio n a l g ra in s were

measured in each s l id e aa a sa fe ty fa c to r , b rin gin g the t o t a l number to

20 gra in s measured in each s l i d e . From th e se data average gra in s iz e

and variance were computed fo r each th in s e c t io n , each rock ty p e , and

th e t o t a l co re . A ll o f th ese data fo r th in s e c t io n s are ta b u la ted in

Appendix A, and fo r rock typ es and the core t o t a l s in Appendix B.

Ave

rage

A

ppar

ent

Long

A

xis

in

■Qi

3 .5

3 . A

3 .3

3 .2

3 .1

3 .0

2 .9

2.8

2 .7

2. 6

Thin S ec tio n 04/12

X X a. x X - 1 . I X X IJ _J__9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Munbor o f Grains Measured

Figure 5. Example of graphs used to de te ruane the number o f g r a in s which should be measured i n each t h i n s e c t i o n .

(OvO

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

MINERAL COMPOSITION

The o b je c t iv e s o f th e a n a ly ses were t o determ ine whether or not

th e rock ty p e s , based on M egascopic o b se rv a tio n , are t r u ly d if f e r e n t

and i f s o , how th ey d i f f e r . The d ata and a n a ly ses can then be in t e r

preted in term s o f provenance and environment o f d e p o s it io n . A ll d i f

feren ces and in te r p r e ta t io n s have been based on th e l e v e l o f

c o n fid e n c e .

The f i r s t o b je c t iv e was to determ ine whether or not the rock ty p es

d i f f e r in m ineral com p osition . To t h i s end se v e ra l standard c h i-

square t e s t s were used.

A p relim in ary r x c contingency ta b le was com piled o f a l l 103

th in s e c t io n s and th e fo llo w in g seven c la s s e s : c le a r q u artz , d u sty

q u a rtz , s id e r i t e , i l l i t e , i l l i t e - s i d e r i t e , a l l o th ers w ith a s p e c i f i c

g r a v ity g r ea ter than 2 .3 (heavy m in e r a ls ) , and a l l o th ers w ith a s p e c i

f i c g r a v ity o f 2 .3 or l e s s ( l ig h t m in e r a ls ) . The s i z e o f t h is ta b le

(721 c e l l s ) makes i t s reproduction p r o h ib it iv e and i t s prelim inary

ch a ra cter fu r th er makes i t s rep rod u ction unn ecessary . C hi-square t e s t s

from th e ta b le in d ica te d th a t th ere was a d iffe r e n c e between rock ty p es

but th ese d if fe r e n c e s were la r g e ly masked by com p letely random v a r ia

t io n s and in te r a c t io n s o f s e v e r a l o f th e c la s s e s . An exam ination o f

30

31

th e data contained in t n i s ta b le and th e data con ta in ed in t e s t s o f

a s s o c ia t io n (d isc u sse d la t e r ) in d ic a te d th a t c le a r quartz i s g e n e r a lly

found in sm all g ra in s and du sty quartz in la rg e g r a in s . In view o f

t h i s th e two c la s s e s were combined fo r fu tu re t e s t s s in c e the d i f f e r

en ces in quartz ty p es between rocks would amount to d if fe r e n c e s on ly in

gra in s iz e which can b e s t be t e s t e d d ir e c t ly . A fu rth er exam ination of

the in d iv id u a l c e l l s and the rock typ e groups, sand ston es and s h a le s ,

in d ic a te d th a t th e th ree c la s s e s , i l l i t e , s id e r i t e , and i l l i t e -

s id e r i t e should be combined in to one c la s s . S ince i t had been p o s s i

b le to d i f f e r e n t ia t e i l l i t e and s id e r i t e on ly in the coarse grained

rock s, w h ile in most o f th e sh a le s th e i l l i t e and s id e r i t e had been

lumped in to a s in g le c la s s , abnorm ally high ch i-sq u are va lu es r e su lte d

by confounding th e m ineral c la s s e s . The s o lu t io n to the e lim in a t io n o f

th e se extran eou s ch i-sq u a re va lu es was to combine a l l th e i l l i t e and

s id e r i t e in to one c la s s for a l l r x c ta b le s in v o lv in g botr. tne sh a le s

and san d ston es.

Some o f th e sources o f v a r ia t io n not due s t r i c t l y to true d i f f e r

en ces in m in eral com position were e lim in a ted by combining th e se c la s s e s

and i t was p o ss ib le to s e t up a much sim p ler ch i-sq u are t e s t to

determ ine whether or not d if fe r e n c e s e x is te d between rock ty p e s , and

whether or not th e se d if fe r e n c e s were o f such a type or magnitude th a t

th ey cou ld be d etec ted w ith reasonab le r e l i a b i l i t y . The t o ta l r x c

ta b le was made up o f 103 th in s e c t io n s and fou r c la s s e s : a l l q u artz,

a l l i l l i t e and s id e r i t e , a l l rem aining l i g h t m in era ls , and a l l remain

in g heavy m in era ls . This ta b le was con sid ered to be to o la rg e and not

n ecessa ry to in c lu d e in i t s e n t ir e t y . Table I i s an r x c contingency

Table I. R x C Contingency Table o f All 11 Rock Types Based on Four Compositional Classes

X Rock NType

C la s s ^ v

Rock Type 01 Massive Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 02 Bedded Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 03 Pebbly Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 04 Massive Gray

Sandstone

Clearand

DustyQuartz

0* - 1 ,9 6 3 .0 0B** - 1 .3 0 2 .5 3

(O-B) - 665.47 2

(W S) _ 339.992415S

0 - 159.00 E * 108.54

(O-E) « 50.46 2

(0=£) - 23.458740 &

0 - 362.00 E « 217.08

(O-E) - 144.92 2

- 96.746851

0 - 1 ,3 7 6 .0 0 E * 922.62

(0 -8 ) - 453.38

(O-E)2^ - 222.793159

I l l i t e -S ld e r ite

(A U )

0 - 219.00 £ « 812.27

(O-E) - -593 .27

(< h $ - 433.315637a

0 *= 17 .00 E * 67.69

(O-S) » -5 0 .6 9

( ^ I ) 2 - 37.959464 E

0 - 18 .00 E - I t f .

(O-E) - -117 .33

(£ l£ ) . 101.773263 £

0 - 181.00 E -

(O-E) - -394 .36

(O il) - 270.300002E

Others(H eavies)

0 - 43 .00 £ « 108.58

(O-E) * -65 .53(O^g)2 - 39.608919

E

0 - 13.00 E - > 0 ?

(O-E) - 3 .95(O il)2 *= 1.724033

E

0 - 3.00E - 18 .10

(O-E) * -1 5 .1 0A« 12.667222

E

0 « 44.00 E - 76.91

(O-E) * -3 2 .9 1

(<h£) - 14.082279 £

Others(L ig h ts)

0 - 170.00 E - 176.62

(C-E) " —6.62( 0 ^ . 0.248128

E

0 - 11.00 E - I4.72

(O-E) - -3 .7 2

- 0.940109£

0 - 17 .00 E - 29.44

(O-E) * -12 .44<°=I)2 - 5.256576

£

0 - 99.00E - 125.11

(O-E) - -2 6 .1 1(<h£)2 - 5.449062

E

Total 0 - 2 ,400 0 - 200 0 - 400 0 - 1,700

"Observed value""Expected value

Table I, (Continued) H x C Contingency Table of *11 11 Rock Type* Bated on Four Compositional Classes

" S . Rock\ ^ e

C last

Rock Type 05 Bedded Gray

Sandstone

Rock Type 06 Pebbly Gray

Sandstone

Bock Type 07

Conglomerate

Rock Type 08

Massive Shale

Clearand

DustyQuartz

0* - 5^3.00 B** - 542.72

(0-B)2 - 40.28

(£=p) - 2.989531

0 - 131.00 E - 108.54

(O-E) - 22 .46

(2=1) * 4.647610 E

0 - 193.00E - 108.54

(O-E) - 84 .46 2(0=B) . 65.722237

S

0 - 26 .00E - 108.54

(O-E) * -8 2 .5 4 2(<k£) « 62.768119

S

I l l i t e - S id e r ite

(A ll)

0 - 191.00* - 2 3 M ?

(O-E) - -147 .45(O-E)2 ■ 64.238447

E

0 - 59.00 E - 67. 6?

(O-E) - -8 .6 9(O-E)2 . 1.11'>617

E

0 - 1.00 E - 67.6?

(O-E) “ -66.69( o ^ ) 2 « 65.704773

E

0 - 154.00 S - 67.69

(O-E) - 86.31(O-E)2 . 110.051944

E

Others(H eavies)

0 * 77 .00■ , “ 4fcSa%

(O-E) - 31.76

- 22.296587

0 - 5.00 E - 9 .05

(O-E) “ -4 .0 5(OgB) . 1.812431

£

0 - 0 .00 E - 9 .05

(O-E) - - 9.05(2=B) - 9.050000

£

0 - 6 .0 0 E - 9 .05

(0-E )2 - -3 .0 5

( ^ ) - 1.027901a

Others(L ig h ts)

0 - 149.00b - 73-??

(0 -1 ) - 75. a

(O^B) - 77.275012 E

0 - 5.00 E - I4.72

(O-E) - -9 .7 2

(Q=B)2 - 6.418370 £

0 - 6.001 - 14.72

(O-E) - -8 .7 2(OhE)2 . 5.165652

E

0 - 14.00E - I4.72

(0-E )2 - - .7 2

(fl=S) . 0 .035217 E

T otal 1 ,000 200 200 200

♦Observed value■♦♦Expected value

Table I. (Continued) E x C Contingency Table of All 11 Rock Type* Based on Four Compositional Classes

N. Rock Type

C lass n .

Rock Type 09 D isturbed Structure

Shale

: ....................... ■' r -| Rock Type 10 [ Rock Type 11

Graded Bedding Mixed Disturbed Strue- = h »i, 1 ture and Graded Bedding ^ ! Shale

T otal

C learand

DustyQuartz

0* - 265.00 *** “

(0-B) - -3 3 1 .9 9(O-E)2 - 184.621736

E

0 - 199.00E - 596.99

(O-E) - -3 9 7 .9 9(O-E)2 - 265.324444

E

0 - 328.00 E - 976.91

(O-E) - - 6 4 8 .9 1(O-E)2 - 431.036828

E

c - 5 ,590 .00

(O-E)2 - 1 ,700.101720 E

I l l i t e -S id e r ite

(A ll)

0 - 657.00 E - 372.2?

(O-E) - 284.71

« 217.732907£

0 - 792.00 E - 372.29

(O-E) - 4 1 9 .7 1

- 473.170066£

u -1 ,1 9 7 .0 0E - 609.20

(o-E) - 537.80 2(2=®) - 567.151739

£

0 « 3 ,4 8 6 .0 0

(<h£)2 - 2 ,342.513860 £

Others(H eavies)

0 - 100 .00 E - 49 .7 7

(O-E) - 50.23(<h®) - 50.694252

B

0 - 47.00 s - 4 9 .7 7

(0-E )2 - -2 .7 7(& £ ) - 0.154167

0 - 128.00 e - 31.43

(0 -E )o - 46 .57(0=®)" « 26.633488

a

0 - 466.00

2(<hg; - 179.751279

E

Others( l ig h t s )

0 - 78.00 E - 80 .?5

(O-E) - -2 .9 5

( ^ ) 2 - 0.107505 E

0 - 62.00S - 30.95

(O-E) - -13.95(O-E)2 « 4.436103

E

0 - 147.00 E - 132.46

(O-E) = 14 .54

(O-E)2 - 1.596041 E

0 * 758.00

(O-E)2 - 106.927775 E

T otal 1 , 100 .00

...... .................... ................i

1 , 10 0 .0 0 1,800 .00 0 - 10,300.00- 4 ,329.294634

•Observed value♦•Expected value

35

ta b le fo r th e U rock ty p e s presented fo r comparison o f the ch i-sq u are

v a lu es o f the rock ty p es and c la s s e s w ith in rock types* Only the t o t a l

ch i-sq u are v a lu es fo r each c la s s and fo r the t o t a l ta b le are g iv en in

ta b le I I , which a ls o co n ta in s the ch i-sq u are v a lu es fo r rock typ es and

fo r th in s e c t io n s w ith in rock ty p e s , p lus an F t e s t o f ch i-sq u are o f

rocK typ es v s . ch i-sq u are o f th in s e c t io n s w ith in rock ty p e s .

A comparison o f the c a lc u la te d ch i-sq u are v a lu es w ith ta b u la ted

ch i-sq u are v a lu es a t the 95% con fid en ce l e v e l shows th a t , a t t h i s l e v e l

o f co n fid en c e , th ere are s ig n i f ic a n t d if fe r e n c e s between th in s e c t io n s

2 2 w ith in the core ( X ^ ) , between rock ty p es and th in s e c t io n s

w ith in rock ty p es C X g ^ j ) . The F t e s t shows th a t a t the 95^ c o n f i-2 2

dence l e v e l i® s ig n i f ic a n t ly g r e a te r than X 5^1 ; th ere fo re th ere

are d if fe r e n c e s in com position between rock ty p es which can be d e tec ted

by the methods used in t h i s study.

These t e s t s e s ta b lish e d th e fa c t th a t th e rock typ es cou ld be d is

tin g u ish e d on the b a s is o f com p osition . The next s te p was to determ ine

whether or not the major p o rtio n o f th ese d i f f e r e n c e s was a r is in g from

the d if f e r e n c e s between th e sandstones and sh a le s as th e c e l l va lu es in

Table I seem to in d ic a te . For t h i s t e s t (shown in ta b le I I I ) the same

com p osition a l c la s s e s were used as in the prev iou s t e s t . The r e s u lt in g

ch i-sq u are va lu es fo r rock ty p e s , fo r groups (sandstone and s h a le ) , and

fo r rock ty p es w ith in groups are *11 s ig n i f ic a n t a t the 95^ l e v e l but

th e F t e s t shows th a t a t the 9 5 con fid en ce l e v e l th e d if fe r e n c e s

between groups are s ig n i f ic a n t ly g r ea te r than the d if fe r e n c e s w ith in

groups. T his shows th a t the sand ston es are d i f f e r e n t in com position

from the s h a le s . I t a ls o in d ic a te s th a t th e d i f f e r e n t ia t io n o f the

36

Table 11 . Chi~Square Values and F T est o f A ll 11 Rock Types Based on Four C om positional C la sses

NSSource o f \ V a r i a -

C la ss \

X 2

T otal ( X 2 )

X 2 Rock

( X * , )

X .2 Thin Section/H ock

TyP® ^ S/RT " X T RT

C learand

D ustj 1 ,798 .311934 1 ,700 .101720 98.210214Quartz

I l l i t e -S id e r ite 2 ,597 .899483 2 ,342 .513860 255.385623

Others(H ea e ies) 450.374159 179.751279 270.622380

Others(L ig h ts ) 255.938695 106.927775 149.010920

2* X S'S i

X s/RT "T o ta l 5 ,102 .524271 4 ,329 .294634 773.229637

tf/306 d egrees o f freedom

d/30 d egrees o f freedom

V/276 degrees o f freedom

*C alcu la ted F

*X. ^^ RTX 2 S/RT

4 ,3 2 9 .2 9 5 /3 0773 .230/276

51.502

* „S ig n if ic a n t a t 95a l e e e l o f co n fid en ce .

37

Table I I I . Chi-Square Values and F T est o f Sandstones t s . ShalesBased on Four C om positional C lasses

Source o f V aria-

t io nC lass

X 2 - X2 b,

Beck Type

v 2 m * G

A ll Sandstonesand Conglomerate

v s . A ll S h ales

X Bock Types/Greups *

X 2 * X 2 - X 2 bt/ g t ^ g

C learand

DustyQuarts

1 ,700 .101720 -1 ,5 8 2 .0 9 8 2 8 5 118.003435

I l l i t e - S id e r ite 2 ,342 .513860 2 ,257 .360542 35.153313

O thers(H eavies) 179.751279 73.553575 106.198204

Others( U g h t s ) 106.927775 0.357549 106.570226

-v 2*A ,p ■* X 2* « ^ 2* «^ RT/G

T ota l 4 ,329 .2 9 4 6 3 4 3 ,913 .369451 415.925133W/30 d egrees

o f freedomW/3 d egrees

o f freedomW/27 degrees

o f freedom

C alcu lated F#X 2 BT/G

, L Z V -M /} U 5 .9 2 5 /2 7 - 84 .677

S ig n if ic a n t a t 95it l e v e l o f co n fid en ce .

38

bedded sandstones and d istu rb ed stru c tu re s h a le s , based on bedding

th ic k n e s s , as d iscu ssed e a r l ie r , was o p e r a tio n a lly and s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s a t is fa c t o r y , fo r otherw ise the d if fe r e n c e s w ith in groups might have

been equal to or g rea ter than the d if fe r e n c e s between groups.

The d iv is io n o f the sandstones in to two groups based on co lo r

im p lied a d if fe r e n c e in com ;position. Examination o f th in s e c t io n data

in d ica ted th a t i f a d if fe r e n c e in com position e x is te d i t should be

e ith e r in the percentage o f s id e r i t e , th e percentage o f i l l i t e , or a

com bination o f both m inerals contained in the two groups, s in ce the

brown sandstones seemed to be r e la t iv e ly nigh in s id e r i t e and the gray

sandstones r e la t iv e ly high in i l l i t e . Examination o f the th in s e c t io n s

and sandstone rock typ es a lso in d ic a te d th a t whether or not the d i f

fe r en c es between the two groups were due to i l l i t e or s id e r i t e content

the type c a lle d pebbly gray sandstone a c tu a lly belonged in the brown

sandstone group s in ce i t had the h ig h e st percentage o f s id e r i t e o f a l l

th e rock typ es and a very low percentage o f i l l i t e . Table IV i s an

r x c contingency ta b le o f the sandstone rock ty p es (e x c lu s iv e o f

conglom erate). An exam ination o f t h is t a b le , which i s based on s id e r

i t e con ten t v s . a l l o th e r s , shows th a t the m assive gray and bedded

gray sandstones are r e la t iv e ly low in s id e r i t e co n ten t. This in d i

c a te s th a t the group con ta in in g rock typ es 01 , 02 , 03 , and 06 may be

d is t in g u ish e d from the group co n ta in in g rock ty p es 04 and 05 . Table V

co n ta in s the ch i-sq u are va lu es and F t e s t fo r th e sandstones based on

s id e r i t e v s . a l l o th e r s . The ch i-sq u are v a lu es fo r t o t a l rock ty p e s ,

groups, and rock typ es w ith in groups a l l in d ic a te th a t s ig n i f ic a n t

d iffe r e n c e s e x is t ; however, the F t e s t in d ic a te s th a t th e d iffe r e n c e s

between the brown and gray sandstone groups are no g r e a te r than the

Table IV. R x C Contingency Table of the Sandstones Basedon Siderite vs. All Others

X \ Rock \ r y p e

C lass

Rock Type 01 Massive Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 02 Bedded Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 03 ffebbly Brown

Sandstone

Rock Type 04 Massive Gray

Sandstone

S id e r ite

0* * 171.00 E** - 111.71

(O-E) = 5 ^ 2 9

T ~ ) 2 * 27.622338

0 - 12.00 E = 9 .56

(O-E) = 2 .4 4

» 0.622762

0E

(O-E; - (O-E)2

E

16.0019.12-3 .1 2

0.509121

0 *= 10.00E - 31.25

(O-E) “ -7 1 .2 5

(^ }2 - 62.480759

A llOthers

0 - 2 ,2 2 9 .0 0 E = 2 .285 .29

(O-E) - -5 6 .2 9

(^ 2 - 1.336501

0 - 138.00 E - 190.44

(O-E) - -2 .4 4((M£)2 ^ c .031262

0E

(O-E) =(O ^ )2 _

E

33A.OU380.88

3.12

0.025558

0 -1 ,6 9 0 .0 0 E - L 618.75

(O-E) - 71-25( ih § )2 - 3-136100

£

T etal 2 ,400 200 400 1,700

•Observed value. ••E xpected value.

Table IV. (Continued) R x C Contingency Table of the Sandstones Basedon Siderite vs. All Others

\ Rock \T y p e

C lass v

Rock Type 05 Bedded Grey

Sandstone

Rock Type 06 jFtebbly Gray

SandstoneTotal

S id e r ite

0* - 21 .00 B** - 47.80

(O-E) » -2 6 .3 0

= 15.0259UE

0 - 52.00 a - ? .j6

(O-E; = 42 .44

(£ t§ )2 - 183.405188 E

0

(O-E)2E

m 232

« 294.666168

A llOthers

0 - 979.00 E - 952.20

(O-E) = 26.80

- 0.754295E

0 - 143.00 E = 190.44

(O-E) = -4 2 .4 4

(O-E)2 3 9.457853 E

0

(O-E)2E

- 5,618

14.791573

Total 1 ,000 200

0(O-E)2

Vj

- 5 ,900

- 309.457742

•Observed value.♦•Expected value.

41

Table V. Chi-Square Values and F T est o f the Sandstones Based onS id e r ite v s . A ll Others

Source o f Varia-

t io nC lass N .

X ? - X 2 by

Rock Type

X q " Groups 0 1 , 02 , 03 , & 06

v s . 04 & 05

X 2 Rock Types/Groups m

V 2 B V 2 y 2^ T ^ G

S id e r ite 294.666169 137.35257B 157.313591

A llOthers 14.791573 6.894515 7 . 89705a

x 2* .T -v 2* _ ^ G ^ RT/G “

T otal 309.457742 144.247093 165.210649W/5 d egrees o f freedom

t f / l degree e f freedom

W/4 d egrees o f freedom

C alcu lated FX ^A G

V 2^ R T /0

J A b -a w A165. 211/43.492

• S ig n if ic a n t a t 955t l e v e l o f con fid en ce

U2

d if fe r e n c e s w ith in the groups. Therefore the two groups cannot be

d if f e r e n t ia te d on the b a s is o f s id e r i t e co n ten t w ith the methods

employed in t h i s study.

The p o s s ib i l i t y th a t the brown and gray sandstone groups could be

d if f e r e n t ia te d on the b a s is o f i l l i t e con ten t was th e su b jec t o f the

next t e s t . Table VI i s an r x c contingency ta b le o f the sandstones

based on i l l i t e v s . a l l o th e r s . As in th e prev iou s t e s t th e conglom

e r a te i s excluded s in c e i t i s con sid ered to be a rock type o f s u f f i

c ie n t d is t in c t io n th a t i t can be d i f f e r e n t ia te d w ith ou t r e so r tin g to

d if fe r e n c e s in com p osition . A comparison o f the observed and exp ected

va lu es o f i l l i t e shown in t h i s ta b le in d ic a te s th a t ty p es 01 , 02 , 03 ,

and 06 should be p laced in one group, and the m assive gray sandstones

(04) and bedded gray sand ston es (0 5 ) , which are high in i l l i t e , should

be p laced in another. Table VII co n ta in s the ch i-sq u a re va lu es and

F t e s t fo r the sand ston es based on i l l i t e v s . a l l o th e r s . As in the

t e s t fo r s id e r i t e the va lu es are s ig n i f ic a n t fo r t o t a l rock ty p e s ,

groups, and rock ty p es w ith in groups in d ic a t in g th a t s ig n i f ic a n t d i f

fe re n ce s e x i s t a t a l l th ree l e v e l s . The F t e s t in d ic a te s , however,

th a t th e d if fe r e n c e s between groups are s ig n i f ic a n t ly g rea ter than the

d if fe r e n c e s w ith in groups, th er e fo r e the two groups can be d i s

tin g u ish ed on the b a s is o f i l l i t e co n ten t.

Apparently the co lo r o f th e brown sandstones i s due to the presence

o f th e s id e r i t e , but where i l l i t e i s p resen t in s u f f i c ie n t q u a n tity , as

i t i s in the gray san d ston es, the brown c o lo r i s masked by the c la y .

The pebbly gray sand ston e, which has been shown above to belong in the

brown sandstone group, was in c o r r e c t ly c la s s i f i e d a t the m egascopic

l e v e l because the s id e r i t e was e ith e r e x c e p t io n a lly dark or was presen t

Table VI. R x C Contingency Table of the Sandstones Based onIllite vs. All Others

'V Rock\T y p e Rock Type 01 Rock Type 02 Rock Type 03 Rock Type 01

Massive Brown Bedded Brown Pebbly Brown Massive GrayC lass N. Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone

I l l i t e

0* « 18 .00 0 5 .00 0 2 .00 0*** - 161._33 £ 13.66 E 2 1 & £

( o - s ) - -115 .93 (0 -£ ) - —8.6 6 (0-E ) - -2 5 .3 2 (0-E)(0-B )2.

E81.981779 (0-E )2 ,

s5.190161 (O-E)2 .

£ 23.166113 (0 3 )£

- 171.00 * U 6 .1 2- 51.38

- 25.937086

A llOthers

0 - 2, 352.00£ - 2 .2 3 6 .0 7

(0 - f i ) - 115.93 (0-B)2 - 6.010110

0a “

(0-E) - (0 -E )2 «

195.00I86.34

8 .6 60.102166

0E

(0-E) - (0-B )2 “

398.00372.68

25.321.720219

0 - 1 ,5 2 9 .0 0 £ - 1 .5 8 3 .8 8

( 0 - S ) - -5 1 .8 8(0-E)2 - 1.901512

T otal 2 ,100 200 100 1,700

♦Observed va lu e . ♦♦Expected va lu e .

Table VI. (Continued) R x C Contingency Table of the Sandstones Basedon Illite vs. All Others

RockType

C lass

Rock Type 05 Bedded Grey

Sandstone

Rock Type 06 Pebbly Gray

SandsteneTotal

I l l i t e

O* ■B»* ■

(0-B ) « (0-B )2.

£

170.0066 .31

101.69

151.361292

0£

(0-B)(0 -E )2

E

7.0 012s66. - 6.66

3.247116

403

(£ = ^ 2 - 291.506647

0 » 630.00 0 - 193 .00 0 = 5,497a h E * 931.69 K ■ 166.34

Others (0—E) ™ -101 .69 (0-B) ™ 6 .6 6

(o-S )2 - 11.099031 (OzE)2 * 0.236036 ( 0-E )2 , 21.371764B E £

0 - 5,9002T otal 1 ,000 200 - 312.878611

♦Observed value.♦■Expected value.

45

Table V II. Chi-Square V alues and F T est o f th e Sandstones Baaedon I l l i t e t s . A ll O thers

I l l i t e 291.506847 245.108958 46.397389

A llO th ers 21.371764 17.969542 3.402222

x f - X 2* - ^ 2* .* * RT/G

T ota l 312.878611 263.078500 49.800111W/5 d eg rees o f fr e ed an

W/l degree o f freedaet

tf/4 d egrees o f freed a s

C alcu la ted F* - X G 7 7 2 .........^ RT/G

263 .079 /149 .3 0 0 /4

- 21.131

S i g n i f i c a n t a t 95)£ l e v e l o f co n fid en ce .

kf>

in a s u f f i c ie n t co n cen tra tio n th a t the brown c o lo r was to o dark to

recogn ize the brown tone and the rock wae erron eou sly c la sse d as very

dark gray.

A f in a l ch i-sq u are t e s t appeared d e s ir a b le when a comparison o f

average quartz gra in s iz e and i l l i t e con ten t was made. I t was su s

pected th a t quartz gra in s iz e and i l l i t e co n ten t might be r e la te d .

Table V III I s a 2 x 2 ch i-sq u are t e s t fo r a s s o c ia t io n o f quartz gra in

s iz e w ith i l l i t e c o n ten t. A c o e f f ic ie n t o f a s s o c ia t io n value i s rep re

sented by a*

The ch i-sq u are value in d ic a te s th a t th ere i s a s ig n i f ic a n t r e la

t io n s h ip between average quartz g ra in s iz e and i l l i t e co n ten t. An

exam ination o f the in d iv id u a l c e l l s shows th a t as average quartz gra in

s iz e in c r e a s e s i l l i t e co n ten t d ec r e a se s . The c o e f f ic ie n t o f a s s o c ia

t io n shown by the 4 value i s 0 .3 5 , in d ic a t in g th a t the a s s o c ia t io n o f

in c r e a s in g g ra in s iz e w ith d ecreasin g i l l i t e con ten t i s a r e la t iv e ly

stron g one. I f t h i s i s th e case then th e d if fe r e n c e between the brown

and gray sandstone groups may be la r g e ly due to gra in s iz e w ith a

r e s u lt in g change in com p osition , o r , more s p e c i f i c a l l y , the d if f e r e n c e s

may be due to changes in th e energy system a t or near th e s i t e o f

d e p o s it io n .

T ests fo r the a s s o c ia t io n o f i l l i t e and g ra in s o r t in g , s o r t in g and

average g ra in s i z e , and quartz and i l l i t e co n ten t, su p p lied no new

in form ation concern ing th e sandstones or sh a le s and th e r e s u lt s o f t h i s

t e s t in g are not in c lu d e d .

In summary, ch i-sq u a re t e s t s in d ic a te th a t the rock ty p es and

groups can be d is t in g u ish e d on the b a s is o f d if fe r e n c e s in com position

47

Table V III. 2 x 2 Chi-Square and Q Teat o f A sso c ia tio n o f Quartz Grain S iz e and I l l i t e Content

C ategories 0 - 4* I l l i t e 4 - 26* I l l i t e T ota l

0 .7 3 to 2 .4 0 ?

0E

(0-B )(0 -B )2

B

- 23-- 8 .3

" 4 .686

II

I

1

o-

sa

-6

A k i- 8 .3

4 .8 1 7

29

2 .4 b to 4 .3 3 2

0£

(0-E )(£d5)2

E

- 7-- - 3 .3

- 4 .503

0£

(0-E ) -(£ “E)2 «

E

23U u J

8 .3

4 .6 8 6

30

T ota l 30 29 59

X 2 - T ota l(0 -E )2

g - 18.692

W/l degree o f freedom and i s s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 95% con fid en ce l e v e l .

Q - 7 . W W . - o .8529 (2 3 )(2 3 ) + ( 6 ) ( 7 )

C onclusion: As mean g ra in s iz e d e cr e a se s i l l i t e co n ten t in c r e a se s The Q valu e in d ic a te s th a t t h is a s s o c ia t io n i s a r e la t iv e ly stro n g on s.

43

and th a t the o r ig in a l ty p es determ ined by m egascopic d if fe r e n c e s are

v a lid w ith the ex cep tio n o f the type c a lle d "pebbly gray sandstone."

This type was found to belong to the brown sandstone group. The d i f

fe ren ces in m ineral com position o f the brown sandstones and gray sand

sto n es were found to be d ir e c t ly r e la te d to average quartz g ra in s iz e ;

th erefo re th e se two groups can probably be d if f e r e n t ia te d on th e b a sis

o f grain s iz e a lo n e .

GRAIN SI4K, SORTING *ND STRUCTURE

Many s t a t i s t i c i a n s f e e l th a t b efore an a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n ce , which

d e te c ts d if fe r e n c e s in mean s i z e , can be s a t i s f a c t o r i ly performed i t

i s n ecessary th a t the p op u la tion s be norm ally d is tr ib u te d and th a t

th e varian ces o f th e p op u lation s be homogeneous. In t h i s study the

gra in s iz e d is t r ib u t io n , based on measurements o f the apparent lon g

a x e s , has been norm alized by co n v ertin g the measurements from m i l l i

m eters to 0 where 0 3 -lo g ^ ran (krumbein and f^ tt iJ o h n , 1 9 3 8 ). That

the v a r ia n ces o f gra in s iz e s o f sedim entary u n its are homogeneous i s

c e r ta in ly open to doubt. A B a r t l e t t ' s t e s t fo r homogeneity o f variance

(O stle , 1958) should be and was made in t h i s c a se .

Table IX i s a B a r t le t t ' s t e s t made on th e e n t ir e co re . The r e s u lt s

in d ic a te th a t the var ia n ces o f the th in s e c t io n s are not homogeneous,

i . e . , varian ces are heterogeneous between th in s e c t io n s . This pre

c lu d es t e s t s by a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n ce , but the in form ation gained from

th e t e s t can be o f g rea t v a lu e .

The knowledge th a t d if fe r e n c e s in mean g ra in s iz e e x i s t between

sedim entary rock u n its i s norm ally o f no g rea ter importance than an

?“ ?"> /> ^ ^ ^ K1 A* iC ^ k /V A n k\ k k\ lk\ L_l LJ l_i LJ LJ LJ UK P B 8 8 3 8 8 £ 8 8 ' S' F' 8 ' 8 ' 8 ' S' g £ 8 S P t f S S B B S B C K P S 3 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 ' °

0 < M M » ' J O ' C » > J N U a » ff'ViWi

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Table IX

. B

artlett's Test

of Thin

Sections W

ithin the

Entire

Core

fc* h-1 H f H O Q O Q O Q Q O Q Q h) >£ V 'C ^ \C >o

r o N H H HB) ff'ff'NJU) Vi O'-O'©,'O'-O0'0ftO''*-0ftt-'-0V*V*;a m K A A B B a a * * * & A a a A A A * o o V*> O ' t~> h-1Oft O' O- *-■ O' K> Oft

s eV«*> VH 0 ' 0 ' ^ f _ y j ’< 0 V i o n H - 4 U ) " J

t e- O O ' O '

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W M M a > H ^ ^ N ) p 0 » U V » j O ' O ' O ' ^ H ^ v i U ^ M K ) O l'K)'4) - -j -*j *g \n *-■ \jft Oft h5 so vn W ^ -J '■*> \* -O V*) O' Hu o ' O ^ U ) - j y # s s - ^ o o w f f " f p ^ H ^ ----------> Cj HCD'Jp'O'Ui . Oft O ' NJ *■- '-M O ' \Ai

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M SU i K M

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y i u w l M W H . O ' l f f ' i U) M ff-

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(Continuod)

Bortlott's

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rfithin tho

Bntiro

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5)1

Table IX. (C ontinued) B a r t le t t 'a T est o f Thin S ec tio n s M lthin theE n tire Core

Sample Sun y 2

D egreeso f

Freedom1

d . f . 2s. 2 ^ * 1 0 “

( d . f . )2

^ io 8

1 1 /02 13 .5431 19 0 .0 5 2 6 .7123 - .1 4 7 0 -2 .7 9 3 711/03 9.1335 19 0 .0 5 2 6 .4336 -.3 1 5 5 -5 .9 9 4 711/04 5.0551 19 0 .0526 .2661 - . 5 7 5 0 -10 .925511/05 3 .2919 19 0 .0526 .1733 -.7 6 1 3 -1 4 .4 6 4 71 1 /06 9.3968 19 0 .0526 .4946 - .3 0 5 3 -5 .3 0 9 7U /0 7 6 .3179 19 0 .0526 .3325 - .4 7 3 2 -9 .0 3 5 411 /03 4 .7219 19 0 .0526 .2435 -.6 0 4 6 -1 1 .4 3 3 111 /09 3 .2350 19 0 .0526 .1703 -.7 6 3 9 -1 4 .6 0 8 311 /10 6 .2967 19 0.0526 .3314 -.4 7 9 6 -9 .1 1 3 11 1 / 1 1 4 .6463 19 0 .0526 .2445 -.6 1 1 6 -1 1 .6 2 1 211/12 3 .1906 19 0 .0526 .1679 - .7 7 4 9 -14 .722811 /13 4.3755 19 0 .0526 .2566 -.5 9 0 7 -1 1 .2 2 4 011/14 7.2642 19 0 .0526 .3323 - .4 1 7 6 -7 .9 3 3 711/15 4 .5 4 2 7 19 0 .0526 .2391 - .6 2 1 4 -11 .307411 /16 3.3653 19 0.0526 .4666 -.3 3 1 1 -6 .2 9 0 11 1 /1 7 7.3139 19 0 .0526 .3349 - .4 1 4 6 -7 .3 7 7 41 1 /1 a 3 .7736 19 0.0526 .1939 - .7 0 1 4 -1 3 .3270

T ota l 1 ,124 .6763 1957 5.4173 — — -661 .0370

*P " ^ 1 9 5 7 ^ * ° * 5746942

B * ( lo g 10s p) d . f . T o ta l - -0 .210565 (1957) * -4 7 0 .7 3 2

X .2 - lo g e 10 [ B - T o ta l d . f . lo g 10a2 ]

X 2 - 2 .3026 [ -4 7 0 .7 3 2 - ( -6 6 1 .0 8 7 ) ] - 433 .191

C orrection fa c to r *■* -» r -

C - 1 + [3( th in s e c t io n - 1 ) J [ d . f . To't*1 ~ ( n - l ) T otal J

1 + f 3 ( K 5 j J [ 5 -“ 7 8 - w ] ■ 1 -01771U

C orrected - 430 .564 w ith 102 d egrees o f freedom^ 1.0177114

oC orrected X *■» s ig n i f ic a n t a t th e 95)* co n fid en ce l e v e l

C eneluaient The varian ce between th in s e c t io n s i s not homogeneous.

52

understanding o f how w e ll the g r a in s have been s o r te d . In e s tim a te o f

th e variance o f a p op u lation i s an es tim a te o f how w id ely th e in d iv id

u a ls o f the p op u la tion are s c a tte r e d around the p op u la tio n average.

More s p e c i f i c a l ly an estim a te o f the varian ce o f the grain s iz e o f a

rock u n it i s an estim a te o f the so r tin g o f the g r a in s . The B a r t le t t ' s

t e s t in Table IX has a c tu a lly in d ic a te d th a t th ere are d if fe r e n c e s

between th in s e c t io n s in the degree o f so r tin g o f the g r a in s . This

in form ation suggested th a t th ere m ight be d if fe r e n c e s in the degree o f

s o r t in g between rock ty p e s .

a sep arate B a r t le t t ' s t e s t was made on each rock type t o determ ine

i f the d if fe r e n c e s in variance were e n t ir e ly due to d if fe r e n c e s between

rock ty p e s . I f th e d if f e r e n c e s were due on ly to d if f e r e n c e s between

rock ty p es the varian ce between th in s e c t io n s w ith in each rock type

should be homogeneous. Table X co n ta in s the r e s u lt s o f th e se 11 t e s t s .

The th ree rock ty p e s , m assive brown sandBtone, m assive gray sandstone,

and mixed d istu rb ed stru ctu re and graded bedding s h a le , have h e te ro

geneous v a r ia n ces between th in s e c t io n s . The rem aining e ig h t rock

ty p es have homogeneous v a r ia n ces between th in s e c t io n s .

In order b e t te r t o understand th ese r e s u l t s the mean gra in s ix e

and varian ce o f each rock type nas been p lo tte d in f ig u r e 6 so th a t a

comparison o f d if f e r e n c e s between ty p es can be made. The im p lic a t io n s

and in te r p r e ta t io n s are d isc u sse d in the fo llo w in g s e c t io n s .

D iffer en ce s between rock t y p e s .

A comparison o f th e rock typ es by average gra in s iz e and s o r tin g

as p lo tte d in f ig u r e 6 shows a wide range o f d if f e r e n c e s o f g ra in s ix e

and s o r tin g between rock ty p e s . These ty p es may be b eet understood in

53

Table X. R esu lts o f B a r t le t t ' s T ests on Thin S ec tio n s W ithin BachSock Type

Rock Type Corrected PC D egrees o f Freedom

M assive Brown Sandstone(0 1 )

59.3820* 23

Bedded Brown Sandstone (0 2 )

.6605 1

Pebbly Brown Sandstone(03)

1.4813 3

M assive dray Sandstone(04)

54.0656* 16

Bedded Gray Sandstone(05)

14.6659 9

ftb b ly Gray Sandstone (06)

.2867 1

Conglomerate(07)

1.1942 1

M assive Shale(08)

.4442 1

D isturbed S tructure Shale(09)

17.1750 1C

Graded Bedding Shale (10)

7.0745 10

Mixed D isturbed S tru ctu re and Graded Bedding Shale

(1 1 )

60 .8521* 17

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t th e 95^ l e v e l o f con fid en ce . The varian ce between th in s e c t io n s w ith in th e se rock ty p es i s n ot homogeneous.

E ntire©

Core

1 -

0 — -2

F ig u re 6

07x

03X

01 06 0/

02x

05X

09X

08X

11

------------ ,------------------- 1------------------- 1------------------- 1------------------ x ~ ----------------- 1------------------ r------------------ 1- 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A v e r t go Grc.ii, Si so i n ,0

Comparison o f t h e aver ace g ra in s i z e and v a r i a n c e o f the- 31 rock types and tho e n t i r e cored s e c t io n used in th:> a t 1.ay.

55

term s o f the energy system from which th ey were d e p o s ite d . Other

t ilin g s being eq u a l, the ex ten t t o which a sedim ent i s w e ll sorted i s

dependent on th e e f f i c ie n c y or d u ration o f th e energy a c tin g on the

sedim entary system . S ortin g would be expected to improve w ith

in c r e a s in g energy e f f ic ie n c y or d u ra tio n . Other fa c to r s which may

in flu en ce s o r t in g are the s ix e s o f p a r t ic le s a v a ila b le fo r d e p o s it io n ,

th e d is ta n ce tr a v e le d from th e source area , and th e s p e c if ic g r a v ity o f

the p a r t ic le s being a cted upon. Other th in g s being eq u a l, g ra in s iz e

i s a fu n c tio n o f th e in te n s i ty o f the energy a c t in g on the sedim entary

system . Grain s iz e would be expected t o in c re a se w ith in c r e a s in g

energy in t e n s i t y . As i s th e ca se in s o r t in g , d is ta n c e tr a v e led from

th e source area , s iz e o f the p a r t ic le s a v a i la b le , and s p e c i f ic g ra v ity

are fa c to r s which may in flu e n c e the average gra in s i z e o f the sedim en

ta ry u n it .

In order to d e fin e the rock typ es in terms of energy system s i t i s

n ecessa ry to account fo r the o th er fa c to r s in f lu e n c in g grain s iz e and

so r tin g as fa r as p o s s ib le . The e f f e c t o f d i f f e r in g s p e c i f ic g r a v i

t i e s on p a r t ic le s iz e and so r tin g i s ab sent s in ce on ly quartz grains

were measured. I t i s not so easy to account fo r the p o ss ib le e f f e c t s

o f the p a r t ic le s iz e s a v a ila b le on the average gra in s iz e and so r tin g

but i t seems lo g ic a l to assume th a t th e source area was not ex cep tio n

a l l y coarse grained s in ce the conglom erates contained in the study

s e c t io n are sm all-p eb b le conglom erates. At any r a te , a d isc u ss io n of

energy system s rep resen ted by sedim entary u n its can be ap p lied only to

r e la t iv e d u ration or i n t e n s i t i e s and the conglom erate contained in the

co res can be con sid ered t o rep resen t th e environment o f maximum energy

in t e n s i ty r e la t iv e to th e o th er rock ty p e s . The e f f e c t o f d is ta n c e

56

tr a v e le d from th e source area i s unknown and cannot be r e l ia b ly

accounted fo r in t h i s stu d y . T his e f f e c t may be n e g l ig ib le in the

sedim ents being s tu d ie d . The c lo s e a s so c ia t io n o f r e la t iv e ly f in e with

r e la t iv e ly coarse grained sedim ents which do not show ev id en ce o f being

tu r b id ite s i s much e a s ie r to e x p la in by a change in the energy system

than by a change in the d is ta n c e from the source area . Having thus made

an attem pt to account fo r fa c to r s o th er than th e energy system a t the

s i t e o f d e p o s it io n , t h i s paper w i l l attem pt to in te r p r e t the rock

ty p es on th e b a s is o f vary in g energy system s; however, th e p o s s ib i l i t y

o f o th er e f f e c t s should be kept in mind a t a l l t im es .

When the s o r tin g and average grain s iz e fo r the e n t ir e core

( f i g . 6) are compared to th ose o f the in d iv id u a l rock ty p es i t i s

c le a r th a t the energy system s from which the sed im ents were d ep o sited

were very e f f e c t i v e i n producing sedim ents o f d i f f e r in g so r tin g v a lu es

and average gra in s i z e s .

The rock ty p es have been placed in energy system c a te g o r ie s in

f ig u r e 7 . The rock ty p e s are l i s t e d below in approximate order o f

d ecrea sin g energy in t e n s i t y and in c r e a s in g energy e f f i c i e n c y .

Conglomerate (type 0 7 ) . H ighest energy in t e n s i t y , and lo w est

energy e f f ic ie n c y or s h o r te s t d u ration .

Psbbly brown sandstone (typ e 0 6 ) . M oderately high energy o f

g rea ter duration or e f f i c i e n c y than fo r th e conglom erate, but sh orter

d u ration or e f f i c ie n c y than fo r th e o th er rock ty p e s .

M assive brown sandstone (typ e 0 1 ) . Medium energy in t e n s i t y , and

high e f f i c ie n c y or lon g d u ra tio n .

FVsbbly gray sandstone (type 0 6 ) . This ty p e , which by m ineral

com p osition , b elon gs w ith the brown sa n d sto n es, i s alm ost id e n t ic a l to

Decreasing

energy in

tensity

— '

‘ 1 ' '

11 ^

and/or increasing

distance traveled

(Decreasing

grain site)

D ecreasing energy e f f i c i e n c y o r d u r a t io n o f energy

o r d e c re a s in g d i s ta n c e t r a v e le d ( in c re a s in g s^)

R e la t iv eC atego r

i e sVery High High Low Very Low

VeryHigh

Conglomerate(07)

HighPebbly Brown

Sandstone (03)

■

MediumBedded Brown

Sandstone (0 2 )

Massive Brown Sandstone (01)Pebbly G ray

Sandstone (06)Massive Gray Sandstone (04.)

LowBedded Gray

Sand s tone (05)

VeryLow

Massive Shale (08) Graded Bedding Shale (10) Mixed D is tu rbed S t ru c tu re

and Graded Bedding Shale (11 )

D is tu rbed S t ru c tu r e Shale (09)

F ig u re 7 , R e la t io n s h ip o f d e p o s i t io n a l environ?._>nt to rock ty p e s .

58

m assive brown sandstone in gra in s iz e and s o r t in g , which in d ic a te s

s im ila r energy c o n d it io n s a t the s i t e o f d e p o s it io n .

Bedded brown sandstone (typ e 0 2 ) . Medium energy in t e n s i t y , o f

very high e f f i c ie n c y or long d u ra tio n .

M assive gray sandstone (typ e 0 4 ) . Medium energy in te n s i ty but

s l i g h t l y l e s s than fo r the m assive brown san d ston e. The d u ra tio n or

e f f ic ie n c y o f th e energy system i s the same a s th a t fo r th e m assive

brown sandstone.

Bedded gray sandstone (typ e 0 5 ) . M oderately low energy in t e n s i t y ,

o f medium d u ration or e f f ic ie n c y .

D isturbed str u c tu re sh a le (typ e 0 9 ) . Very low energy in t e n s i t y ,

o f medium d u ration or e f f i c i e n c y .

M assive sh a le (typ e 08) . Very low energy i n t e n s i t y , o f good

e f f i c i e n c y or lon g d u ration .

Graded bedding sh a le (typ e 10 ) . Lowest energy in t e n s i t y , o f

lo n g est d u ration or h ig h e st e f f i c i e n c y .

Mixed d istu rb ed str u c tu re and graded bedding sh a le (ty p e 11 ) .

k m ixture o f th e two named ty p es; f a l l s in an in term ed ia te p o s it io n

between th e two component ty p e s .

Thus fa r only the g ro ss d if fe r e n c e s between rock ty p es have been

examined. These d if fe r e n c e s between rock ty p es have made i t p o se ib le

t o draw some co n c lu sio n s as t o r e la t iv e d if f e r e n c e s in the amount of

energy in vo lved in the d e p o s it io n o f th e d i f f e r e n t rock ty p e s . The

next s e c t io n i s concerned w ith d if fe r e n c e s w ith in th e rock ty p e s .

These in te r n a l d if fe r e n c e s make i t p o s s ib le to draw fu r th er con clu

s io n s concerning th e type o f energy system (w aves, f lo w in g w ater,

59

e t c . ) which may have been In vo lved In the d e p o s it io n o f th e rock ty p e s .

D iffe r e n c e s w ith in rock ty p e s .

D iffe re n ce s w ith in a sedim entary u n it w i l l supply in form ation

which can be d ir e c t ly ap p lied to an in te r p r e ta t io n o f I t s environment

o f d e p o s it io n . Megascopic ev id en ce o f environm ental v ic i s s i t u d e s can

be seen in gra in s i s e , s o r t in g , and s tr u c tu r e . More su b tle d i f f e r *

en ces cosmonly are not seen a t th e m acroscopic l e v e l but must be

d e tec ted by m icroscop ic stu d y . The purpose o f th e fo llo w in g d is c u s s io n

i s to mate and in te r p r e t both l e v e l s o f in form ation as much as i s

p o ss ib le w ith in each rock ty p e .

Data from th e B a r t le t t ' s t e s t and the appendix are p resen ted in

f ig u r e 3 in such a manner th a t the average g ra in s i z e , s o r t in g , and

i l l i t e con ten t (d if fe r e n c e s between rock ty p e s) and th e range o f th ese

v a r ia b le s (showing d if fe r e n c e s w ith in rock ty p e s ) may be d ir e c t ly

compared fo r each o f the sandstone rock ty p e s . The range i s th e d i f

feren ce between th e maximum and minimum average by th in s e c t io n s for

the v a r ia b le . For example the la r g e s t average g ra in s iz e in any th in

s e c t io n o f m assive brown sandstone was 1 .8 7 0 and the m aallest average

si&e was 2 . 7 4 0 , th er e fo re th e range i s 1 .8 7 0 to 2 .7 4 0 .

A d isc u s s io n o f in te r n a l v a r ia b le s fo r the v a r io u s rock ty p es i s

presented below .

M assive brown sandstone (0 1 ) . The range o f 0 i s sm all and th e2

range o f s i s la r g e . T his phenoamnon i s a very d is t in c t iv e fea tu re

o f t h i s rock type but th e ex p la n a tio n i s u n cer ta in . Probably some

type o f stru c tu re i s in v o lv e d , perhaps on such a s c a le th a t i t i s not

seen in the c o r e s . The X-ray photographs mentioned e a r l ie r gave no

h in t o f s tr u c tu r e . T ests o f a s s o c ia t io n m entioned e a r l ie r f a i l e d to

................

Rock Type

ps For Rock Type and

Range o f s^ by Tbi n S ection

0.5 1 1 .5

For Rock Type and Range o f by Thin

Section

1 2 3 A

% I l l i t e fo r Rock Type and Range o f % I l l i t e by Thin

Section5 10 15 20 25

01Massive Brown

Sandstone

*— .......... - - J -- --- -• - - -..... **

f i l l i i t t— )

02Bedded Brown

Sandstone—1—

03Pebbly Brown

Sandstone-------------- (-

[

h

0AMassive Gray

Sandstone— i—

— H - —

05Bedded Gray

Sandstone------------- j ----------- -j - - — ----------------_j-------------- •

06Pebbly Gray

Sandstone***+ ----1—

^V ertical marks show average value o f rock typ e.**H orizontal l in e s show range o f va lu es o f rock type.**#Rock type 06 has been shown to belong w ith rock type 01 (See t e x t ) .

F igure S. A compari cm o f rand stone rock type v a r ia b le s .

61

show any a s s o c ia t io n o f gra in s iz e w ith s o r t in g . The sm all range of

average gra in s iz e In d ic a te s th a t the energy in t e n s i t y must have

remained a t about th e same l e v e l . The wide range o f s o r tin g va lu es

probably in d ic a te s th a t d e p o s it io n was to o rapid to a llo w eq u a lly

e f f i c i e n t s o r t in g a t a l l t im es .

Bedded brown sandstone ( 02) . The s tru c tu r e i s su g g e stiv e o f

2current bedding. The ranges o f ^ and s are both sm all but cannot be

considered to be e s p e c ia l ly m eaningfu l, s in c e on ly two th in s e c t io n s

were taken in t h is rock typ o .

feb b ly brown sandstone ( 0 3 ) . The ranges o f both s2 and $ are

r e la t iv e ly la r g e . This probably r e f l e c t s a tim e o f somewhat more rapid

d e p o s it io n w ith l e s s opportunity fo r reworking than fo r the m assive

brown sandstone.

M assive gray sandstone ( 04) . The ranges o f $ and s are alm ost

id e n t ic a l to th o se o f the m assive brown sandstone, but the average

g ra in s iz e i s s l i g n t ly sm a ller . The fea tu re which most d i f f e r e n t ia t e s

the two ty p es i s th e much higher i l l i t e con ten t o f th e m assive gray

san d ston e. The c o n d itio n s o f d e p o s it io n must have been q u ite s im ila r

fo r the two ty p e s . The t o t a l energy in te n s i ty may have been s l i g h t l y

l e s s fo r the m assive gray sandstone (a s evidenced by i t s s l ig h t ly

sm aller average grain s i z e ) and d e p o s it io n may have been somewhat more

rapid s in c e the i l l i t e has been removed by winnowing.

Bedded gray sandstone ( 05 ) . This rock type i s very d i s t in c t iv e .

The range o f s 2 i s sm all w h ile th e range o f j? i s la r g e . This d i s t r i -2

b u tion has led to an s which i s la rg er fo r the rock typ e as a whole

than fo r any in d iv id u a l th in s e c t io n . A la r g e range fo r ^ and a sm all2

range o f s i s a co n d itio n produced by grading due to varying current

62

v e lo c i t i e s (P e tt ijo h n , 1957) . In t h i s type o f grading an in crea sa in

gra in s i z e i s dependent on in cr e a s in g cu rren t v e lo c i t y , which means

tn a t sm all gra in s may be carried away by the cu rren t, thereb y in c r e a s

in g the average gra in s iz e but m ain ta in in g approxim ately the same

v a r ia n ce . The t h e s is th a t th e se graded beds were d ep o sited from flow ing

w ater i s fu r th er supported by the presence o f sm all s c a le cross-bedding,

even though the occurrence o f t h i s cross-b ed d in g i s l im ite d .

Pebbly gray sandstone ( 0 6 ) . This rock type has been shown to

belong w ith th e brown sandstones on the b a s is o f m ineral com p osition .

The ex a ct placem ent in one o f th e th ree brown sandstone rock typ es

cannot be made w ith g rea t assurance s in c e on ly two th in s e c t io n s o f

the pebbly gray sandstone were made; however, i t seems to resem ble

most c lo s e ly the m assive brown sandstone s in ce both have alm ost the

same variance and average gra in s i z e . This placem ent seems e s p e c ia l ly

l o g ic a l s in c e the average g ra in s i z e o f th e pebbly gray sandstone i s

a c tu a lly o u ts id e the range o f average g ra in s iz e o f both the bedded

brewn and pebbly brown san d ston es.

Conglomerate ( 0 7 ) . This rock type i s not shown in a f ig u r e .

From th e data conta ined in the appendix i t can be seen th a t the ranges

o f both ? and s 2 are much la r g e r than th o se o f any o f the o th er rock

ty p e s . T his rock type re p r ese n ts the h ig h est energy system o f a l l the

ty p es and i s th e most ra p id ly d ep o sited o f a l l th e ty p e s . Only two

th in s e c t io n s were taken and in te r p r e ta t io n i s l im ite d .

The sh a le v a r ia b le s are p resen ted in f ig u r e 9 in the same manner

as fo r th e sandstones in f ig u r e 8 ,2 3M assive sh a le ( 0 8 ) . The ranges o f s and 0 are both sm a ll, itoergy

Rod: Type

OSMassive Shale

I

09D is turbed S t ru c

t u r e Shale

L

10Graded Bedding

Shal e

11Mixed Dis turbed

S t ru c tu r e an;] Graded Bedding

Shale

s For Rock Tyne and 0Range o f e* bv Thin S ec t ion

0 .5 ‘ 1 1.5i r “ i

0 For Rod: Type and Range o f p by

Thin S ec t ion 1. 5 5 . 0 5.5

I

* V e r t i c a l r a r k s ohov average va lue o f reel: t \ p ’‘ 'H o r i z o n t a l l i n e n show range o f valuer, o f r o d : tv

% Quartz f o r Rock Type an:' Range o f % Quartz, by Thin

Sec t ion5 10 15 20 25 30 35

+

£ i'

F igu re 9. A c o rp s r i son of rhn?c r o d : t'-pc v a r l ' b l *

64

in t e n s i ty was low but so r tin g was good. In te r p r e ta tio n i s d i f f i c u l t

s in c e on ly two th in s e c t io n s were taken . This rock type i s probably

th e same as the graded bedding sh a le ex cep t fo r a l e s s e r amount o f

s i l t s i z e d p a r t ic le s .

Graded bedding sh a le ( 1 0 ) . The ranges o f 0 and s are both sm a ll.

This rock type rep resen ts the weakest energy system o f a l l the ty p e s .

D ep o sitio n may have been in r e la t iv e ly deep w ater, or in more shallow

but very q u ie t w ater below wave b ase . The sediment may have come from

p e r io d ic f lo o d in g or may have come from sm all s c a le tu r b id ity f lo w s .

The c lo s e a s s o c ia t io n w ith beds showing ev id en ce o f cu rren t or wave

a c t io n and the fa c t tn a t the sh a le u n i t s , in th e f i e l d , grade

l a t e r a l ly in to sandstone tend to preclude th e co n clu sio n th a t the

graded bedding sh a le s could be the r e s u lt o f e x te n s iv e or widespread

tu r b id ity flo w s.— 2

D isturbed stru ctu re sh a le (C9). The ranges o f 0 and s are both

r e la t iv e ly la r g e . .Small s c a le cross-b ed d in g i s p resen t in the s i l t y

la y e r s but i3 l im ite d in occu rren ce. The s i l t - p o o r la y e rs are proba

b ly very c lo s e ly r e la te d to the graded bedding sh a le s but are d is

t in g u ish ed from them la r g e ly by th e ir a s s o c ia t io n w ith the s i l t y

la y e r s , penecontemporaneous deform ation , and l e s s obvious or absent

grading o f the beds. This rock type was d ep osited in a r e la t iv e ly low

energy environment where the very q u ie t or s t i l l w ater was p e r io d i

c a l ly in ter ru p ted by s lo w ly moving cu rren ts or weak wave a c t io n . The

t h e s i s o f p eriod s o f d e p o s it io n from s lo w ly moving cu rren ts i s

supported by the fa c t th a t the s i l t y la y e r s grade in to the bedded gray

sandstones which show evidence o f current a c t io n .

65

Mixed d istu rb ed stru c tu re and graded bedding sh a le ( 1 1 ) . This2

i s a m ixture o f the prev iou s two rock ty p e s . The range o f s i s very

la rg e and the range o f $ r e la t iv e ly la rg e but not a s la r g e as th a t o f

th e d istu rb ed stru c tu r e sh a le a lo n e . The graded bedding sh a le seems

to be th e dominant member o f t h i s m ixture. The in tim a te a s s o c ia t io n

o f th e two ty p es in t h is m ixture In d ic a te s th a t the d if f e r e n c e s in

environment o f d e p o s it io n o f the d istu rb ed stru ctu re sh a le and the

graded bedding sh a le must be very sm a ll.

The s tr a t ig r a p h ic v a r ia t io n s in energy system s are shown diagram

m atic a l l y in f ig u r e 10 . The diagram d isreg a rd s th e th ic k n ess o f the

u n it s . I t can be seen in t h is diagram t h a t , from th e bottom to the

to p o f the s e c t io n th ere has been a n et change to in c r e a s in g energy

in t e n s i t y and d ecrea sin g energy d u ration or e f f i c i e n c y in d ic a t in g con

d it io n s o f somewhat more rapid d e p o s it io n .

66

I n c r e a s in g e f f i c i e n c y o r d u r a t io n

P o o r lys o r te d

V/ellso r te d

I n c r e a s in g I n t e n s i t y

Smallg ra in e d

l a r g eg ra in e d

2I 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

l l . l t

T h is d iag ram d o es n o t show th i c k n e s s e s o f i n d i v i d u a l rock ty p e s . Each p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s one u n i t .

F ig u re 1 0 . S t r a t i g r a p h i c v a r i a t i o n s i n en e rg y e f f i c i e n c y o r d u r a t io n and energy i n t e n s i t y a 3 i n t e r p r e te d from s o r t i n g and av e ra g e g r a in s i z e o f th e ro ck ty p e s .

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY

SOURCE AREA

The source area o f th e Jackfork was probably composed o f r e la

t i v e l y f in e grained sedim ents and a sta sed im en ts . A ll th e c o n s titu e n t

p a r t ic le s o f th e form ation are 1 and even the pebble a ised rock

fragm ents in th e conglom erates are composed o f sm all p a r t ic le s . E v i

dence fa v o r in g a sedim entary source in c lu d e s a r e la t iv e ly sim ple

q u a r tt-c la y m ineral com position which would be u n lik e ly w ith a p e tro -

g r a p h ic a lly complex parent rock. Rounded secondary overgrowth on some

o f the quarts g r a in s in d ic a te s th a t th e se g r a in s are a t l e a s t second

g en era tio n . The g rea t th ic k n e ss o f the sedim entary s e r ie s in d ic a te s

rap id downwarping a t the s i t e o f d e p o s it io n and probably a ra p id ly

r is in g source a rea . Thinning o f th e sedim ents toward th e w est and

northw est in d ic a te s th a t the d ir e c t io n o f the source was probably

somewhere between e a s t and sou th . These co n c lu s io n s are in agreement

w ith Bokman (1953) who su ggested an upwarping to the south o f part o f

th e e a r l ie r f i l l e d g eo sy n c lin e as a p o s s ib le cause and source o f the

Jackfork sed im ents,

ENVIRONMENT OF DEPOSITION

Although o v e r - a l l d e p o sit io n was rap id lo c a l p ro cesse s were

extrem ely e f f e c t iv e in sep aratin g g ra in s iz e s in to d i s t in c t w e l l -

so r ted rock groups. The d if f e r e n t rock ty p es are th em selves very w e ll

67

63

so r ted r e la t iv e to th e t o t a l sedim entary u n it .

The conglom erates rep resen t b r ie f p er io d s o f in te n se cu rren t

a c t i v i t y . The sandstones rep resen t p eriod s o f r e la t iv e ly h igh energy

but o f v a r ia b le I n te n s ity or ch aracter . The m assive sandstones were

r a p id ly dep osited in an environment th a t was e i th e r b a s ic a l ly i n e f f i

c ie n t in reworking, or which did not have s u f f i c ie n t tim e to rework

the sedim ents. The pebbly sandstones are r e p r e se n ta tiv e o f somewhat

more rap id d ep o sit io n or l e s s e f f i c i e n t rew orking.

The bedded sandstones probably are th e product o f l e s s in te n se

but v ery e f f i c i e n t cu rren t a c t iv i t y . Bedded sandstone commonly i s

in terbedded w ith sh a le s and could be in te r p r e ted as th e r e s u lt o f

tu r b id it y cu rren ts. These bedded san d ston es, however, show no a s so

c ia t io n o f g ra in s iz e and s o r t in g , a property which i s presumably

t y p ic a l o f tu r b id ite d e p o s its (B e tt ijo h n , 1957) .

The sh a les rep resen t the lo w est energy d e p o s it io n a l system s.

The presence o f some small s c a le cross-b ed d in g in the d istu rb ed

s tr u c tu r e sh a le s in d ic a te s r e la t iv e ly weak current or wave a c t io n .

Since graded bedding sh a le s are c lo s e ly a sso c ia te d w ith d istu rb ed

s tr u c tu r e shale the graded bedding sh a le s are probably a ls o shallow

w ater d ep o sits but w ithout d istu rb in g a g en ts . The c l o s e a s so c ia t io n

o f graded bedding and d istu rb ed s tru c tu re sh a le s i s emphasized by the

mixed d istu rb ed stru ctu re and graded bedding sh a le c la s s which com

p oses 13,25t o f the s e c t io n s tu d ied .

The d e p o s it io n a l record seems to r e f l e c t periods o f rapid and

slow d e p o s it io n , al 1 in shallow w ater. Same ep iso d es were r e la t iv e ly

in e f f i c i e n t w ith resp ec t to so r tin g whereas o th ers produced extrem ely

w e ll sorted sed im en ts. From e a r l i e s t to l a t e s t ep iso d es th ere I s

s l ig h t tren d from l e s s e r to g rea ter in t e n s i t y and from g rea ter to

l e s s e r e f f i c i e n c y .

SBLBCTKD RBFBRSNCJES

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C lin * , L. M., and Shelburne, 0 . B ., 1959, la te K iss iss ip p ia n and Early Pennsylvanian stratigrap h y o f the Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma, in The geology o f the Ouachita Mountains, a symposium, D allas Geol. Soc. and Ardmore Geol. S o c ., pp. 175-207.

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Held, A ., I960, S t a t i s t i c a l Tables and Formulas. John W iley & Sons, I n c ., New York, N. Y ., 97 pp.

72

Ham, W. £ . , 1959, C orrelation o f p re-S tan ley s tr a ta in tha Arbuckle- Ouachita Mountain reg io n , £n Tha geology o f tha Cteachita Mountains, a symposium, D allas Gaol. Soc. and Ardmore Gaol. S o c ., pp. 71-35.

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Harlton, B. H., 1933, Stratigraphy o f tha Bandian o f tha Oklahoma sa l ie n t o f tha Ouachita Mountains, Am. Assoc. Petroleum G eolog ists B u ll . , r . 22 , pp. 352-914.

Harlton, B. H ., 1947, The s i l ic e o u s shale members o f tha S tan ley-Jackfork d ep o sits in tha Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma, w ith notes on tha "Johns Talley" sh a le , Tulaa Gaol. S o c ., Guidebook to f i e ld conference in western part o f Ouachita Mountains in O kla., pp. 41—46.

Harlton, B. H., 1959, Age c la s s i f ic a t io n o f the upper Pushmatahasariaa in tha Ouachita Mountains, £n Tha geology o f tha Ouachita Mountains, a symposium, D allas Gaol. Soc. and Ardmore Gaol. S o c ., pp. 130-133.

Hass, W. H ., 1956, Conodonta from tha Arkansas n o ra cu lite , Stanley sh a le , and Jackfork sandstone, Ardmore Gaol. S o c ., Guidebook, Ouachita Mountain f i e ld conference, southeastern O kla., pp. 27-33 .

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74

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75

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APPEIDIX A

Mineral Composition and Grain Si*e Data o f the Thin S ection s

76

APPENDIX A

Explanation

Tha th in sec tio n s are l i s t e d by rock type. Their lo c a tio n i s

given in fe e t below the surface o f the ground in the core fra* which

they were taken. They were ground to a th ickn ess o f approximately

0.02£> b * and mounted in caedax which has an index o f re fra c tio n of

approximately 1 .5 5 .

Both cores were v e r t ic a l and both were taken on the west sid e of

the r iv e r . Core G-d i s a t 34* 12* 52-1/4" N and 93° 06' 41" W and

ground le v e l i s a t an e le v a tio n o f 226.0 f e e t above mean sea le v e l .

Core G-9 i s a t 34* 12' 51-3/4" N and 93* 06' 43" W and grouixt le v e l

i s a t an e lev a tio n o f 331*4 fe e t above mean sea l e v e l . The portion

of core G-9 used in the study extended from a depth o f 20.3 fe e t

(e le v a tio n 311.1 f e e t ) to 258.0 fe e t (e le v a tio n 7 3 .4 f e e t ) , a t which

paint the core was correla ted with G-6. The co rre la tio n poin t in

core G-6 was a t a depth o f 109.6 fe e t (e le v a tio n U 6 .3 f e e t ) . The

portion o f core G-8 used in the study extended from the co rre la tio n

point with G-9 to a depth o f 168.9 f e e t (e lev a tio n 57 .0 f e e t ) . The

to ta l footage studied in core G-9 was 237.7 fe e t and in G-3 was

59.3 f e e t making a grand t o ta l o f 297*0 f e e t .

The m ineral ccs^position o f each th in se c tio n was ca lcu la ted by

determining the m ineral encountered a t 100 separate p o in ts in each

th in se c t io n .

The average grain s iz e was determined by measuring the apparent

77

73

long axes of 20 ran d cily se lec ted quarts gra in s. The data are

numbered from one to 20 in the order in which the gra in s were

measured.

The co lor of the rock chips wae determined fay comparing them

w ith the G.S.A. Rock-Color Chart (Goddard, e t a l , , 19 5 1 ).

79

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Number 01/01

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 25.9

Core Number G-9

Composition

M ineral i Grain Size

Dusty quarta 61 nm dClear quartz 7 HU VI l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 2 1. 0.1544 2.6953S id e r ite 19 2. 0.1670 2.5821Carbonaceous matter - 3. 0.0874 3.5162Muscovite 1 4 . 0.4198 1.2522S i l i c a cement 1 5. 0 .2858 1.8069C a lc ite - 6. 0.2244 2.1559Chert 7 7. 0.1010 3.3076Seri c i t e - 8. 0.0798 3.6475F yrite - 9. 0 .1916 2.3838P la g io c la se 1 10. 0 .0914 3.4517Kaolin - 11. 0.4318 1.2116Lsucoxene - 12, 0.0868 3.5262Q rthoclase - 13. 0 .1194 3.0661C hlorite - 14. 0.4340 1.2042Micaceous rock fra g . - 15. 0 .1494 2.7427Zircon - 16. 0.0776 3.6878M icrocline 1 17. 0 .3250 1.6215Limonite - 18. 0.0466 4.4235M agnetite - 19. 0.2434 2.0386B io t ite - 20. 0.1426 2.8100R u tile -Garnet -

Total 100

Average gra in s i t e in mm 0.1930

Average grain s iz e in 0 2.6566

Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.8734

Color o f rock chip 4 TR 5/1

APPENDIX ARock Type 01

Thin Section Number

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t )

Core Number

Massive Brown Sandstone

01/02

3 1 .0

0-9

Com position

M in e ra l %

D usty q u a r tz 72C le a r q u a r tz 6 mmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 1 1 . 0 .1592S id e r l t e 8 2 . 0 .1122C arbonaceous m a tte r - 3 . 0 .1124M uscovite - 4 . 0 .1188S i l i c a cement 2 5. 0 .1986C a lc i te - 6 . 0 .1008C h ert b 7. 0 .0992S e r l c i t e 3 8 . 0 .6 6 7 0P y r i te - 9. 0 .2562P la g lo c la s e - 10. 0 .2568K ao lin - U . 0 .0806Leucoxene — 12. 0 .0796O rth o c la se - 13. 0 .0342C h lo r i te - 14. G.1318M icaceous ro ck f r a g . - 15. 0 .1663Z irco n 1 16. 0 .1 1 3 0M ic ro c lln e 1 17. 0 .1722lim on ite - 18. 0 .1250M ag n etite - 19 . 0 .3648B i o t i t e - 20. 0 .4258R u t i le -G arn e t -

T o ta l lo o

Grain Size

0

2 .6511 3 .1559 3 .1533 3 .0 7 3 4 2 .3321 3 .3104 3 .3335 0.5842 1 .9647 1.9613 3 .63313 .6511 4 .3699 2 .9236 2 .5838 3 .1456 2 .5378 3.0000 1.4548 1.2318

Average gra in s iz e in mm

Average grain s iz e in 0

Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted in 0

Color in rock chip

0 .1 8 8 8

2.7270

0.9253

4 YR 5 /1

3L

APPENDIX ARock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Number 01/03Depth Belov Surface (in feet) 32.7Core Number G-9

Com position

Mineral % Grain Size

Dusty quarts 780Clear quartz 7 ■a

I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e -

S id er ite 6 1 . 0 .0906 3.4643Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0.3566 1 .4876Muscovite 1 3 . 0 .3680 1.4422S i l ic a cement 3 4 . 0 .0434 4 .3638C a lc ite - 5. 0.1956 2 .3540Chert 2 6 . 0 .1242 3 .0093S e r lc ite 1 7 . 0 .2 9 9 8 1 .7379fy r it e - 3 . 0 .2 3 9 6 2 .0613P lag ioclase - 9. 0 .0538 4 .2163Kaolin - 10. 0 .6600 0.5995Leucoxene — 11. 0 .6016 0 .7331O rthoclass - 12. 0 .1640 2 .6082C hlorite - 13. 0 .0898 3 .4771Micaceous rock frag . - 14 . 0 .3430 0 .2 3 7 9Zircon — 15. 0 .1243 3 .0023Micro c l in e 2 16. 0 .9208 0 .1190Limonlte - 17 . 0 .7752 0 .3 6 7 4M agnetite - 13. 0 .3288 1 .6047B io t ite - 19. 0 .0566 4 .1431R u tile — 20 . 0.2502 1 .9988Garnet -

Total lo o

Average g ra in s iz e in am 0 .3 2 9 3

Average g ra in s iz e in 0 2 .1516

Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d i n 0 1 .3515

C olor in rock ch ip 4 YR 5 /1

32

Rock Type 01APPKNDIX A

Massive Brown SandstoneThin S e c tio n Munber


Core Munber

0 1 /0 1

3 1 .6

G-9

C caposltionM ineral % Gi

Dusty quarts 76 MbClear quarts 5I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e 1 1 . 0.1536S id e r lte 5 2 . 0 .0 4 3 0Carbonaceous n atter - 3 . 0 .0821Muscovite 2 4 . 0 .1 6 3 0S i l i c a cenent 4 5 . 0 .2 0 0 1C alc ite - 6 . 0 .8312Chert — 7 . 0 .2 1 0 6S e r ic ite 1 8 . 0 .1896P yrite - 9. 0 .2618FLagioclase - 10 . 0 .2552Kaolin 1 U . 0 .5132Leucoxene 1 12. 0 .2168O rthoclase - 13. 0 .2656C hlorite - 11. 0 .1130Micaceous roek frag . - 15 . 0 .0 9 1 1Zircon - 16. 0 .1686M icrosline - 17 . 0 .2 7 1 1L iaonite - 18 . 0 .2218M agnetite - 19 . 0 .2424B io t ite - 20. 0 .3576R utile -

Garnet 1

T otal 100

Grain S ite

Average g r a in s i t e in ■■

Average g ra in s i s e in 0

Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0

Color in rock chip

2 .1623

2 .2953

0 .8 1 1 1

1 IB 5 /1

0

2 .70271 .53953.60122 .61712 .31900 .2 6 6 72 .21712 .39901 .91701 .97030 .88042.20561 .91272 .80593 .10512 .56831.86562.15332.01151.1836

S'3

Rock Type 01APPENDIX A

Massive Brown SandstoneThin S ection Number

Depth Below Surface ( in fe e t )

Core Number

Composition

01/05

3 9 .4

G-9

M ineral % Grain S ise

Dusty quarts 770Clear quarts 6 Ml

I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e -S id er ita 6 1 . 0.2792 1.8406Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0.0722 3.7919Muscovite 3 3 . 0.0942 3.4081S i l i c a ceaent 2 4 . 0.1602 2.6421C a lc ite - 5. 0 .1484 2.7524Chert 2 6. 0.2624 1.9302S e r ic it e 1 7. 0 .6312 0.6638P yrite - 8 . 0 .1630 2.6171FLagioclase 2 9. 0 .1104 3.1792K aolin — 10. 0.2104 2.2488Leueazene - 11. 0 .0974 3.3600O rthoclase - 12. 0 .1224 3.0303C h lorite - 13. 0 .1544 2.6953Micaceous rock frag . — 14. 0.3744 1.4173Zircon - 15. 0 .0562 4.1533M icrocline - 16. 0 .1314 2.9280Limonite - 17. 0.1438 2.7979M agnetite 1 18. 0 .2104 2.2488BLotite - 19. 0.1402 2.8344R u tlle - 20. 0.4008 1.3190

T otal 100

Average gra in s i s e in an

Average gra in s is e in 0


Color in rock chip

0.1982

2.5929

0.7305

4 TR 5 /1

34

APPENDIX ABock Type 01 Massive Brown Sandstone

Thin Section Number 01/06


Core Number

41.6

G-9

Composition

Mineral % Grain S ise

Dusty quartz 55Clear quarts U 0I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e 4S id e r lte 29 1 . 0.2072 2.2709Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0.3752 1.4143Muscovite 1 3 . 0.116ft 3.0979S i l i c a csawnt - 4 . 0.1224 3.0303C a le ite - 5. 0.1824 2.4548Chert • 6 . 0.1032 3.2765S e r ic ite • 7. 0.3776 1.4051Ferrite - f t . 0.3104 1.6378P la g io c la se - 9. 0.2056 2.2821Kaolin - 10. 0.2S0ft 1.8324Leueoxene — 11. 0.343ft 1.5195O rthoclase - 12. 0.2032 2.2990C hlorite - 13. 0.1752 2.5129Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0.1334 2.3531Zircon - 15. 0.2723 1.3741M icrocline - 16. 0.2372 1.7999L inonlte - 17. 0.3904 1.3570M agnetite - 1ft. 0 .1928 2.3743B io t it e - 19. 0.1752 2.5129R utile - 20. 0.2243 2.1533Garnet -

Total 100

Average gra in s i s e in m

Average gra in s i s e in 0

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0

Color in rock chip

0.2345

2.2004

0.3412

5 IB 5 1 /2

APPENDIX A

Bock Type 01 M assive Brown Sandstone

Thin S e c t io n Kunber 0 1 /0 7

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 43*3

Core Number G-9

Com position

% Grain S iseDusty quarts 68Clear quarts 11 tm 02 H i t e -S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 5S ld e r ite 5 1. 0.2416 2.0493Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2. 0.0736 3.7642Muscovite 2 3. 0.1544 2.6953S i l ie a cement 2 4 . 0.0096 3.4304C a lc ite - 5 . 0.3032 1.7217Chert 1 6 . 0.1456 2.7799S e r ic ite 1 7. 0.1064 3.2324P yrite - a . 0.0832 3.5373FLagioclase 2 9. 0.164S 2.6012Kaolin - 10. 0.0992 3.3335Leuooxene - u . 0.1168 3.0979Orthoclase - 12. o .ia o o 2.4739C h lor ite - 13. 0 .2656 1.9127Kieaeeous rock fra g . 2 14. 0.1208 3.0493Zircon - 15. 0.2072 2.2709MLaroeline — 16. 0.1608 2.6367Limonite - 17. 0.2568 1.9613M agnetite 1 i a . 0.1496 2.7408B io t ite - 19. 0.2504 1.9977R u tile - 20. 0.0928 3.4297Garnet -

T otal 100

Average gra in s i s e in m 0.1631

Average gra in e ls e in 0 2.7403


Color o f rock ehip 4 TR 5 /1

36

APPENDIX ARock Type 01 M assive Brown Sands ton*

Thin S ec tio n N\nb«r 01 /08

Depth Below Surface (In f * * t ) 4 4 .5

Cor* Munber G-9

C onposltionM ineral Grain S is*

C lear quarts 12 snI l l i t e - S id e r i t * -

I l l i t e -

S id e r it* 15 1 . 0 .3 4 9 6Carbonaceous n a tter 2 2 . 0 .1192M uscovite 1 o 0 .4 2 4 0S i l i c a eenent 4 4 . 0 .9576C a lc ite - 5. 0 .0 4 6 4Chert 3 6 . 0 .4376S e r lc ite - 7 . 0 .0 4 6 4P yrite - 8 . 0 .1744P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .1296kaolin 1 10. 0 .5192Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .0 8 6 4O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .2096C h lorite - 13. 0 .1896Micaceous rock fra g . - 14 . 0 .1 8 6 4Zircon 1 15. 0 .2 1 0 4MLcroclin* - 1 6 . 0 .5376Linonit* — 1 7 . 0 .4 9 4 4M agnetite - 18. 0 .1 2 4 8B lo t it s - 19 . 0 .2216R u tile - 20. 0 .1368Garnet -

T otal 100

0

1.51623 .06851 .23790 .06254 .4297 1 .19234 .4297 2.5195 2 .9479 0 .9456 3 .5328 2 .2543 2 .3990 2 .4235 2 .2488 0 .8 9 5 4 1.0162 3 .0023 2 .1740 2 .8699

At * rage g ra in s i s * i n am

Average g ra in s i s * i n 0

Variance (a^) c a lc u la te d in 0

Color o f rock chip

0 .2 8 0 1

2 .2583

1 .3637

4 TR 5 /1

37

APPENDIX ARock Typo 01 Hassive Brown SandstoneThin Section Number 01/09Depth Below Surface (in feet) 46.2Core Number 0-9

Composition

% Grain S ise

Dusty quarts 77Clear quarts 4 am 0I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e -

S id e r ite 11 1. 0 .3368 1 .5700Carbonaceous m atter 1 2 . 0 .5728 0 .8039Muscovite - 3* 0 .1144 3 .1278S i l i c a cement 4 4 . 0 .3 8 4 0 1 .3808C a le ite - 5. 0 .3696 1 .4360Chert - 6 . 0 .2 1 8 4 2 .1950S e r lc ite - 7. 0 .0872 3 .5195l im its - 8 . 0 .1 0 2 4 3 .2877FLagioclase - 9 . 0 .0808 3 .6295Kaolin 1 10. 0 .2136 2 .2270Leucoxene 11. 0 .4888 1 .0327O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .4184 1 .2 5 7 0C hlorite - 13 . 0 .5536 0 .8531Micaceous rock fra g . 2 14 . 0 .3 6 6 4 1 .4485Zircon - 15 . 0 .0552 4 .1792K leroclin e - 16. 0 .1 3 8 4 2 .8531Limonite — 17. 0 .2216 2 .1 7 4 0M agnetite - 18 . 0.2176 2 .2002B io t ite - 19. 0 .2944 1 .7642R u tile — 20. 0 .2424 2 .0445Garnet -

T otal 100

Average gra in s i s e in bb 0*2733

Average gra in s i s e in 0 2.1492

Variance (a2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.9772

Color o f rock chip 4 XR 5 /1

88

APPENDIX AHock Type 01 M assive Brown Sandstone

Thin S ectio n Number 01 /10


Core Number

4 7 .0

Cr-9

Composition

M ineral Grain S ize

Clear quartz 12 BfBI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 1S id e r ite 2 1. 0 .2176Carbonaceous m atter - 2 . 0 .1243M uscovite 2 3 . 0 .2 1 6 3S i l i c a cement 8 4 . 0 .1400C a lc ite - 5. 0 .1616Chert 3 6. 0 .1624S e r ic it e 1 7 . 0 .4728P y r ite - 8 . 0 .2332P la g io c la se - 9. 0 .1784Kaolin - 10. 0 .1576Leucoxene - 11. 0 .2632O rthoclase - 12. 0 .1376C h lo r ite - 13 . 0.3928M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14. 0 .2 1 8 4S ir con - 15. 0.4176Mi c r o c lin e - 16. 0 .2984Limoni te - 17. 0 .1144M agnetite - 13. 0 .1232B io t ite - 19. 0 .1292R u tile - 20. 0 .2356Garnet -

T otal 100

0

2.20023.00232.20562.83652.62952 .62241.08071 .32012 .43682.66571.92582.86141 .34312.19501 .25981.74473.12783 .02092.95231.8079

Average gra in s iz e in mn

Average gra in s iz e in 0

Variance (s^ ) ca lc u la te d in 0

0.2248

2 .2897

0.3964

Color o f rock chip 4YR 5/1

89

Rock Type 01APPEMDIK A

Massive Brown SandstoneThin S e c tio n Number


Core Number

0 1 /11

54.9

G-9

Com position

M ineral %

Dusty quarts 80C lear quarts 3I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e I l l i t e 3S id e r ite 4Carbonaceous m atter M uscovite 2S i l i c a cement 3C a lc iteChert 1S e r ic i t e 1P y r iteFL agioclase 1K aolinLeucoxeneO rthoclase 1C h lo r iteMicaceous rock fr a g .Z ircon Micro d i n e Lim onite M agnetiteB io t i t e 1R u tileGarnet

T o ta l 100

Grain S is e

1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6 .7 .8 . 9.

10 .11 .12.13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18.19 .20 .

0 .46480 .11920 .17760 .31840 .2 1 4 40 .27360.18320 .43760.46480 .24720.25120 .27440 .23120 .27360 .31280 .22560 .18160 .4 4 0 80 .31360 .3936

0

1.1053 3.0685 2 .4933 1 .6511 2 .22161 .8699 2.4485 1 .19231.1053 2 .0162 1 .9931 1.8656 2 .1 1 2 81 .8699 1 .6767 2 .1482 2.4612 1 .1818 1 .6730 1.3452

Average g ra in s i s e in ms



Color o f rock ch ip

0 .2900

1 .8750

0 .2793

4 TR 5 /1

90

Rock Type 01APPENDII A

Massive Brown SandatoneThin S ection Number

Depth Below Surface ( in ? e e t )

Core Number

0 1 /12

5 6 .3

G-9

Com position

K ln .r .1 %

Dusty q u arts 71

Grain S ise

C lear q u arts 15 BISI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 2S id e r ite 1 1 . 0 .2328Carbonaceous m atter - 2 . 0 .3 0 0 0M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .2072S i l i c a cement 5 4 . 0 .2 8 4 8C a lc ite - 5. 0 .5368Chert 2 6 . 0 .1672S e r ic i t e - 7 . 0 .5296P y r ite - 8 . 0 .2 6 1 6F L agioclase - 9 . 0 .2 4 1 6K aolin 1 10 . 0 .0936Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .4 4 1 6O rthoclase - 12. 0 .1088C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .2 4 2 4M icaceous rock fr a g . 1 14. 0 .1832Zirean 1 1 5 . 0 .3632Hi c r o c lin e - 16. 0 .1 6 1 6Lim onite - 17 . 0 .1688M agnetite - 1 8 . 0 .1584B L otite - 19. 0 .5 2 5 6R u tile - 2 0 . 0 .1184

0

2 .102S1 .73702 .27091 .81200 .89752.58060 .9 1 7 01 .93462 .04933 .41731 .17923.20022 .04452 .44851 .46122.62952.56662 .65840.92803 .0783

Garnet

T ota l 100

Average gra in s i s e in am 0 .2 6 6 4

Average grain s i s e in 0 2 .0 9 5 7

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0 .5693

Color o f rock ch ip 4 IB 5 /1

91

APPHDIX ARock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Number 01/13Depth Below Surface (in feet) 57.0Core Number 0-9

Com position


Dusty quartz 78C lear quarts 13 BBS 0I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 3S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .2096 2 .2543Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .1872 2.4173Muscovite — 3 . 0 .1016 3 .2 9 9 0S i l ic a cement 4 4 . 0 .3032 1 .7217C ale ite - 5. 0 .2 5 0 4 1 .9977Chert 2 4 . 0 .1800 2 .4739S e r ic ite - 7 . 0 .0 7 2 8 3 .7799l y r i t e - a . 0 .2536 1 .9 7 9 4P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .1376 2 .8614K aolin - 10. 0 .0 7 2 8 3 .7 8 0 0Leueeooene 1 1 . 0 .2576 1 .9568O rthoclase - 12. 0.1000 3 .3219C h lorite - 13. 0 .2792 1 .8406Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .1 2 6 4 2 .9839Zircon — 15 . 0 .2016 2 .3 1 0 4M lerod ine - 16. 0 .1592 2 .6 5 ULlmonite - 17. 0 .1 4 6 4 2 .7720M agnetite - 18 . 0 .2696 1 .8 9 1 1B io t ite - 1 9 . 0 .3 3 0 4 1 .5977R u tile ** 20 . 0 .2512 1 .9 9 3 1Garnet -

Total 100

Average gra in s i s e in mm 0 .1945

Average gra in s i s e in 0 2 .4942

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0 .4451

Color o f rock chip 4 TR 5 /1

92

APPENDIX ARock Type 01 Kasaive Brown SandstoneThin Section Nunber 01/14Depth Below Surface (in feet) 70.6Gore tim ber G-9

C oapoaltion

M ineral Orain S ise

Clear quarts U ■ml l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 2S id e r ite 8 1. 0 .0744Carbonaceous n a tter - 2. 0 .1376Muscovite - 3 . 0 .2984S i l i c a cenent 4 4. 0 .1792C alc ite - 5. 0 .1816Chert 3 6 . 0 .1944S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .4728P yrlte - 8 . 0 .2856P lag ioclaee - 9 . 0 .1992K aolin - 10. 0 .1472Leuooxane - 11. 0 .2448Orthoelaae - 12. 0 .2 5 6 8C h lorite - 13. 0 .5360Micaceous rock frag. 1 14. 0 .1 0 4 8Zircon - 15 . 0 .1664M icrocline - 16. 0 .2744L in o s ite - 17. 0 .2616M agnetite - 18. 0 .0832B io t ite - 19. 0 .1 3 6 0R u tile - 20. 0 .0952Garnet -

T otal 100

3 .74862.86141 .7 4 4 72 .48042.46122 .36291 .08071 .80792 .32772.76422.03031.96130 .8 9 9 73.25432 .5873 1.8656 1 .93463 .5873 2.8783 3 .3929

Average g ra in s i s e in ma


Variance (a2 ) c a lcu la te d in 0

Color o f rock chip

0 .2165

2.4016

0.5880

4 IR 5 /1

93

APPENDIX ARock Typo 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Muaber 01/13Depth Belov Surface (in feet) 72.6Core Nunber G-9

C cnposltionM ineral

D usty quarts%

74

Grain

C lear quarts 7 anI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I H i t e -S id e r ite 10 1 . 0 .0 8 5 6Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0 .0 8 7 2M uscovite - 3 . 0 .2 4 4 8S i l i c a cenent 5 4 . 0 .2 8 8 8C a le ite - 5. 0 .2 2 5 6Chert 1 6 . 0 .0 7 1 2S e r ic it e - 7 . 0 .1 7 7 6P yrite - 8 . 0 .0 9 0 4P la g lo e la se - 9 . 0 .3 5 2 8K aolin - 1 0 . 0 .0 9 4 4Leucoxene - U . 0 .2 0 9 6O rthoelase 1 1 2 . 0 .1 7 0 4C h lorite - 13 . 0 .2 8 0 8Micaceous rock fra g . 1 14. 0 .2 7 5 2Zircon — 15 . 0 .2 8 7 2M ieroeline 1 16 . 0 .0 4 9 6H n o n ite - 17 . 0 .2 3 7 6M agnetite - 18 . 0 .2 5 7 6B io t ite - 19 . 0 .1 6 1 6R u tlie - 20. 0 .2 5 5 2

3321232313 2 2 1 1 14 2 1 2 1

Garnet

T o ta l 100

Average g r a in e ls e i n an 0 .1952

Average g r a in s i s e in 0 2 .5 4 9 1

Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d i n 0 0 .6813

C olor o f rock ch ip 4 TR 5 /1

0

.5462

.5195

.0303

.7919

.1482

.8120

.4933

.4675

.5031

.4051

.2543

.5530

.8324

.8614

.7999

.3335

.0734

.9568

.6295

.9703

94

Rock Type 01

Thin S e c t io n Number


Core Number

APPENDIX AM assive Brown Sandstone

0 1 /1 6

7 7 .7

G-9

C cn p o sltlo n

M ineral G rain S is e

C lear quarts 7 BUSI lU t e - S ld e r l t e -

1111 te 1S ld e r lte 10 1. 0 .4 5 3 6Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0 .2 7 1 2M uscovite - 3 . 0 .1 5 2 8S i l i c a cenent 2 4 . 0 .2 3 9 2C a ld te - 5. 0 .4 4 9 6Chert 1 6 . 0 .2472S e r lc ite - 7 . 0 .2 0 6 4I^rrite - 8 . 0 .3016P la g lo c la se 1 9 . 0 .3792K aolin - 10. 0 .2 3 2 8Leucoxene - 1 1 . 0 .3 9 4 4O rthoclase 1 12. 0 .1912C h lorite - 13 . 0 .3 3 4 4M icaceous rock fra g . - 14 . 0 .1 4 3 2Zircon 2 15. 0 .0 4 4 0M icrocline 1 16 . 0 .1 8 4 0U n o n lte — 17. 0 .2096M agnetite - 18 . 0 .2 2 3 2B io t ite - 19 . 0 .1 9 2 0R u tile - 20. 0 .1912Garnet -

T ota l 100

1 .14051.88262 .71032 .0 6 3 71 .15332.01622.27651 .72931 .39902 .10281 .34232.38681 .58042 .8 0 3 94 .50642 .4 4 2 22 .25432.16362.38082.3868

Average g r a in e l s e I n wm

Average g r a in e l s e In 0

V ariance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0

C olor o f rock ch ip

0.2520

2.1361

0 .5472

4 YR 5 /1

V5

APPENDIX ARock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Number 01/17Depth Below Surface (in feet) 102.0Core Number G-9

Com positionM in era l i G rain S ize

D usty q u a r tz 330C le a r q u a r tz 7 mm

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 1S id e r i t e 5 1 . 0 .2792 1 .8406C arbonaceous m a tte r - 2 . 0 .3776 1.4051M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .3464 1.5295S i l i c a cement 3 4 . 0 .3768 1.4081C a lc i te - 5. 0 .2016 2 .3104C h ert - 6 . 0 .1904 2.3929S e r i c i t e - 7 . 0 .6816 0 .5 5 3 0P y r i te - 3 . 0 .1 7 4 4 2.5195P la g io c la s e - 9 . 0 .0584 4 .0979K aolin - 10 . 0 .2200 2.1844Leueoxene - 11 . 0 .3784 1 .4020O rth o c la se - 12. 0 .1184 3 .0783C h lo r i te — 13 . 0 .4392 1.1871M icaceous ro c k f r a g . - 14 . 0 .2544 1 .9748Z irco n - 15 . 0 .1928 2.3748K ic ro c lin e - 16. 0 .2424 2.C445l im o n ite - 17 . 0 .1216 3 .0398M agnetite - 1 8 . 0 .3432 1 .5429B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .1528 2.7103R u ti le - 2 0 . 0 .2040 2 .2934G arnet -

T o ta l 100

Average g ra in s iz e in am

Average g r a in s iz e in 0

Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d i n 0

Color o f rock chip

0 .2677

2 .0945

0 .6330

4 YR 5 /1

96

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin S e c tio n Number 01 /18

Depth Below Surface (In f e e t ) 47*9

Core Niseber 0 -9

Cosuaosition

M ineral Grain S it e

C lear q u arts 3 ■nI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l U t e 4S id e r it e 5 1. 0 .1736Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0 .3 5 0 4M uscovite - 3 . 0 .1424S i l i c a cenent 3 4 . 0 .1256C a lc ite - 5. 0 .2 2 0 8Chert - 6 . 0 .1704S e r ic i t e 1 7 . 0 .2288I > r ite - 8 . 0 .2656F la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .2392K aolin 1 10. 0 .2064Leucoxene — 11. 0 .2 1 6 0O rthoelase - 12. 0 .1792C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .1824M icaceous rock fra g . 1 14. 0 .2784Z ircon - 15 . 0 .1944M icroclin e — 16 . 0 .1992L ia o n ite - 17. 0 .3 4 4 8M agnetite - 18. 0 .2432B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .4752R u t ile - 20. 0 .2 2 2 4Garnet »

T ota l 100

21222221222221221212

Average g ra in s i s e in aei

Average g r a in s i s e in 0



0 .2329

2.1728

0 .2028

4 YR 6 /1

.5262

.5129

.8120

.9931

.1792

.5530

.1278

.9127

.0637

.2765

.2109

.4804

.4548

.8448

.3629

.3277

.5362

.0398

.0734

.1688

APFSNDIX ARock Type 01 H asair* Brown Sandstone

Thin S ectio n Number 01 /19

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) AS.4

Core Number G-9

Com position


Dusty quarts 800Clear quarts 10 BBS

I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 3S id e r ite 1 1 . 0 .5896 0 .7622Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .1192 3.0685Muscovite — 3 . 0 .0 8 4 0 3 .57353 i l i c a cement 3 A. 1 .6936 -0 .7 6 0 1C a lc ite — 5. 0 .1688 2 .5666Chert 1 6. 0 .2 8 2 4 1 .8242S e r ie ite - 7 . 0 .2224 2 .1688P yrite - 8 . 0 .2120 2 .2379F la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .1440 2 .7959Kaolin 2 10. 0 .1 4 4 8 2 .7879Leucoxane _ 11. 0 .2536 1 .9794Q rthoelase — 12 . 0 .6232 0 .6 8 2 2C hlorite - 13 . 0 .3456 1 .5328Micaceous rock fr a g . - 14 . 0 .1 6 4 8 2.6012Zireon - 15. 0 .3312 1 .5942M icrod in e - 16. 0 .0672 3 .8954Limonite — 17. 0 .1 4 0 8 2.8283M agnetite - 18. 0 .2 9 4 4 1 .7642B ie t ite - 19. 0 .3592 1 .4771R u tile - 20 . 0 .2384 2 .0685Garnet -

T otal 100

Arerage g ra in s i s e in wm 0 .3 2 4 0

ire ra g e g r a in s i s e in 0 2 .0724


C olor o f rock ch ip 4 IR 6 /1

93

APPSJCH A

Bock Type 01 Massive Brown Sandstone

Thin Section Humber 01/20Depth Below Surface (in f e e t ) 50.9Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral %D u st/ q u arts 75C lear q u arts 3I l l i t e - S i d e r i t eI l U t e 5S id e r i t e 4Carbonaceous m atterM uscoviteS i l i c a cement 3C a lc iteChert 2S e r ic i t ef^ r i t e 1P la g io c la s e 1K aolin 1LeucoxensOrthoolaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .ZirconK ier o c lin eLim oniteM agnetiteB lo t i t eR u tileGarnet

Grain S is e

1 .2.3 .4 .5.6 . 7 . 3. 9 .

10.11.12.13 .14 .15 .16. 17. i a .19 .20.

0 .0 6 2 40 .1 3 1 20 .19230 .10640 .25360.17600 .2 7 1 20 .14640 .4 0 2 40 .44030.19200 .1 6 3 20.11920 .23720 .21630 .14240 .3 3 4 30.10560 .16640 .5 4 6 4

2231

T o ta l 100

Average g ra in s i s e in w i 0 .2254


V ariance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .6290

C olor o f rock ch ip 3 TR 6 /1

0

.0023

.9302

.3743

.2324

.9794

.5064

.3326

.7720

.3133

.1818

.3308

.6153

.0635

.7999

.2056

.8120

.3778>.2433.5373>.3720

99

k P fv m u . a

Rock Type 01 Massive Brown Sandstone

Thin S ection Number 01/21


Core Number G-9

CompositionMineral % Grain SizeDusty quarts 82Clear quartz 5 BBt 0I U i te -S id e r i t e -m i t e 2S id e r ite 6 1 . 0 .2 7 9 2 1 .8406Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .3192 1.6475Muscovite — 3 . 0 .1 6 1 6 2.6295S i l i c a cement 3 4. 0 .3024 1 .7255C a le ite - 5. 0 .5896 0 .7622Chert 1 6 . 0 .5768 0 .7939S e r ic ite - 7 . 0 .2744 1 .8656P yrlte - 8 . 0 .4152 1 .2681P lag ioelase 1 9 . 0 .2432 2 .0398Kaolin - 10. 0 .2 2 4 8 2.1533Leueoxene - 1 1 . 0 .2944 1 .7642Orthoelase — 12. 0 .1456 2 .7799C hlorite - 13. 0 .2 1 8 4 2 .1950Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .2176 2 .2002Zircon - 15. 0 .0912 3 .4548Ml croc l in e - 16. 0 .3968 1 .3335Limenite - 17 . 0 .2624 1 .9302M agnetite - 18. 0 .2 9 8 4 1 .7447B ic t i t e - 19 . 0 .2784 1 .8 4 4 8R u tile - 20 . 0 .1 5 1 2 2.7255Garnet -

Total 100

Average grain e ls e in an 0.2870

Average grain a ie e in 0 1.9349


Color o f rock chip 2 IB, 6 /1

100

APPENDIX ARock Type 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin S ection Nuaber 01/22


Core Number

6 4 .3

G-9

CompositionMineral * C

Dusty quarts 81Clear quarts 2 amI l l i t e - S id e r i t e -1111 t e 2S id er lte 2 1 . 0 .1512Carbonaceous n a tter - 2 . 0 .1424Muscovite — 3 . 0 .2 0 4 8S i l i c a cement 4 4 . 0 .2 6 1 6C a lc ite ~ 5. 0 .1712Chert 3 6. 0 .2168S e r lc ite - 7. 0 .2216P yrite - 8 . 0 .2 7 9 2F lag ioela se 3 9 . 0 .2256Kaolin 1 10 . 0 .4 9 6 8Leucoxene - 11. 0 .2552O rthodase 1 12 . 0.2256C hlorite 1 13. 0 .3 7 0 4Micaceous rock frag . - 1 4 . 0 .5824Zircon - 15. 0 .1 6 0 8M leroellne — 16. 0 .2 0 8 0Limonite - 17. 0 .2808Magnetite - 18 . 0 .3040B io t ite - 19. 0 .1376R u tile - 20 . 0 .3352Garnet -

Total 100

Grain S ise

2 .72552 .8 1 2 02 .28771 .93462 .54622.20562 .17401.84062 .14821 .00931 .97032 .14821 .43280 .7 7 9 92 .63672 .26531 .83241 .71792 .8 6 1 41 .5769

Average grain e ls e in wm

Average grain s i s e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.2616

2.0453

0 .3142

5 TR 6 /1

101

APFBNDH ARock Typ* 01 Massive Brown SandstoneThin Section Nuiiber 01/23Depth Below Surface (in feet) 93.1Core Nusber G-9

CompositionM ineral %

Dusty quarts 33Clear quarts 21111 te -S id e r i t e I l l i t e 2S id e r ite 4Carbonaceous n a tte r MuscoviteS i l i c a cenent 2C a lc iteChert 2S er i c i t e^ r r lteF la g io c la se 2KaolinLeucoxeneO rthoclase 1C h lor ite 1M icaceous rock frag .Zircon 1M icroclineL inoniteM agnetiteB io t iteR u tileGarnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S ise

1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6 . 7. 3 . 9.

10.1 1 .12 .13.14.15.16. 17. 13.19.20.

0.35760.40640.22000.25840.19040.16640.14320.09120.23440.44160.35340.27120.05340.69120.70960.37630.32240.42400 .13920.7744

0

1.43361.29902.13441.95232.39292.53732.30393.45432.09301.17921.43041.33264.09790.53280.49491.40311.63311.23792.34430.3633

Average grain s i s e in tm

Average grain s i s e in 0


Color o f rock chip

" 0.3313

1.3706

0.9446

5 TR 6 /1

102

APPENDIX ARock Typo 01 M assive Brown Sandstone

Thin S e c t io n Nunber 0 1 /2 4


Core Nwber

9 8 .3

0 -9

C onpoaition

M ineral % G

Dusty quarts 83C lear q u arts 1 vmI l l i t e - S l d a r i t e -

I H i t e 1S id e r ite 5 1 . 0 .4 5 6 3Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2. 0 .0 6 4 8M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .3632S i l i c a cenent 6 4 . 0 .1944C a lc ite - 5. 0 .2 6 0 0Chert - 6 . 0 .2648S e r ic i t e - 7. 0 .1 5 0 4ferrite - 8 . 0 .3568P la g io c la e e 2 9 . 0 .1464K aolin - 10. 0 .1912Leucoxene - 1 1 . 0 .2680Q rthoclase - 12 . 0 .2632C h lo r ite 1 13. 0 .2 5 4 4Micaceous rock fr a g . - 14. 0 .0 6 6 4Zircon - 15 . 0 .3232M icrocline - 16 . 0 .29121.1 n o n it e - 17. 0 .2 0 6 4M agnetite - 13. 0 .1 8 8 0B io t i t e - 19. 0 .1592R u t ile - 20. 0 .2296Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ite

0

1 .13043.94791.46122 .3 6 2 91 .94341 .91702 .73311.48682 .77202 .38631 .89971 .92531 .97483 .91271 .62951 .77992.27652 .41122 .65112 .1228

Average g ra in s i s e in m 0 .2349

Average g r a in s i s e in 0 2 .2363

Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .5241

C olor o f rock ch ip 5 IR 6 /1

103

APPENDIX. ARock Type 02 Bedded brown SandstoneThin Section Nunber 02/01Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t )

Core Nunber

60 .0

G-9

ConpoaitionM ineral % G

D usty quartz 74C lear qu arts 4 BitI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I H i t e 5S id e r ite 3 1. 0 .1064Carbonaceous m atter - 2. 0 .1 7 2 0M uscovite 2 3 . 0 .1 3 3 4S i l i c a cement 3 4 . 0 .0 9 7 6C a lc ite - 5. 0 .3832Chert - 6 . 0 .3056S e r ic i t e 2 7 . 0 .1544P y r ite - 3 . 0 .0 9 2 0P la g io c la s e 1 9. 0 .1 4 3 2K aolin - 10. 0 .1624Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .0 3 4 0O rthoelase - 12 . 0 .2232C h lo r ite - 13 . 0 .1256Micaceous rock fra g . 1 14. 0 .2 7 2 0Zircon 15 . 0 .0 9 3 4M icro c lin e — 16. 0 .3 5 5 2L in o n ite - 17 . 0 .2040M agnetite 18 . 0 .1 4 3 0B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .3203R u tile - 20. 0 .3 2 1 6Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S is e

0

3.23242 .53952 .35313 .35701 .3*331.71032 .69533 .44222 .30392 .62243.57352 .16362 .99311 .37*33 .34521.49332 .29342 .75631.64031 .6 3 6 7

Average g ra in s i s e in nn 0 .1954

Average g ra in s iz e in 0 2 .5207


Color o f rock chip 4 IR 5 /1

104

APPENDIX ARock Type 02 Bedded Brown Sandstone

Thin S ec tio n Nunber 02 /02


Core Nunber

6 0 .1

G-9

Com positionM ineral

Dusty q u arts C lear q u arts I H i t e - S i d e r i t e I l l i t c S id e r iteCarbonaceous n a tte rM uscoviteS i l i c a cementC a lc iteChertS e r ic i t eP y r iteP la g io c la seK aolinleu coxen eO rthoclaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fra g .ZirconM icroclin eL in on iteM agnetiteB lo t i t eR u tileGarnet

Grain S ise

747

62

23

1.2 .3 .4 .5.6 .7 .8 . 9 .

10.11 .12 .13 .14 .15.16. 17 . 13.19 .20 .

0 .15760 .09040.20400 .27920 .21440 .0 3 6 40 .21520.11200 .26300 .2 1 3 40 .2 3 0 00.26720 .3 0 4 30 .23230 .1 3 4 40 .13440 .37840 .13240 .25630 .1 9 6 0

2321232312111222121

Total 100

Average gra in s iz e in on 0 .2106

Average g ra in s i s e in 0 2 .3504

V ariance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .3426

C olor o f rock ch ip 5 YR 5 /1

0

.6657

.4675

.2934

.3406

.2216

.5328

.2162

.1534

.3997

.1950

.8365

.9040

.7141

.1023

.3954

.3954

.4020

.4543

.9613

.3511

105

APPENDIX A

Hook Typo 03 Pebbly Brown Sandstone

Thin S ectio n Nunber 03/01Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t )

Core Nunber

5 3 .1

G-9

C on p osltion

M ineral % G

Dusty q u arts 73C lear qu arts 7 mI l l l t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 1S id e r ite 9 1 . 0 .5136Carbonaceous m atter - 2 . 0 .1672M uscovite 2 3 . 0 .1032S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .1672C a lc ite - 5. 0 .3343Chert 1 6 . 0 .2552S e r ic i t e - 7 . 0 .1624P y r ite - 3 . 0 .1792P la g io c la s e - 9. 0 .0936K aolin - 10 . 0 .2416Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .3 1 5 2Q rthoelase - 12 . 0 .0 3 6 4C h lo r ite - 13 . 0 .1912M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14 . 0 .2376Zircon - 15. 0 .1864M ieroclin e - 16 . 0 .2112Li a o n ite - 17. 0 .1504M agnetite - 18 . 0 .2416B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .2344R u tile - 20. 2 .9 2 5 1Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ite

0 .96132 .53013.27652 .53041 .3 7 7 31.97032 .62242 .43043 .41732.0493 1 .6657 3 .5 3 2 3 2 .3363 2 .0734 2 .4235 2 .2433 2 .73312 .0493 2 .0 9 3 0

-1 .5 4 3 5

Average g ra in e l s e in m 0 .3 5 2 4

Average g r a in e l s e in 0 2 .1434


Color o f rock ch ip 4 TR 4 /1

ooHO»»o

*1ooKaP■o

£SoHIO

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300

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107

APPENDIX ARock Type 03 Pebbly Brown Sandstone

Thin S e c tio n Nunber 03/03

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 90 .3

Core Nunber 0-9

Com position

M ineral Grain 31se

Clear quarts 1 mmI H it s - S id e r i t e -

I H it e -

S id e r ite 1 1. 0 .3720Carbonaceous n a tte r - 2 . 0 .2672Muscovite — 3 . 0 .6384S i l i c a cement 5 4 . 0 .1936C a lc ite - 5. 1 .4392Chert - 6 . 0 .3296S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .3 0 3 2P yrite - 8 . 0 .4584P lag ioc la se 2 9. 0 .5 2 8 8Kaolin - 10. 0 .2016Leucoxene - 11. 0 .3312Orthoclase - 12. 0 .3 6 0 0C hlorite - 13. 0.3992Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .6 5 0 4Zircon - 15. 0 .2632M icrocline - 16. 0 .4416Limonite - 17. 0 .0856M agnetite - 18. 0 .4 3 8 4B lo t ite - 19. 1 .2944R u tile - 20. 0 .2840Garnet -

Total 100

0

1.42661 .9 0 4 00.64752.3688

-0 .5 2 5 31.60121 .72171.12530 .91922 .31041.59421 .47391 .32480.62061 .92581.17923 .54621 .1897

-0 .3 7 2 31.8160

Average g ra in s iz e in mo 0 .4640



Color o f rock ch ip 5 TR 3 /1

103

APPENDIX ARock Type 03 Pebbly Brown SandstoneThin S ec tio n Number 03/04

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 9 1 .0

Core Nunber 0-9

ComDoeitionM ineral % Grain S is e

D usty q u arts C lear quarts

392 Mk 0

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t eI l l i t eS id e r ite 5 1 . 0 .4376 1 .1923Carbonaceous m atter — 2 . 0 .5432 0 .8 8 0 4M uscovite - 3 . 0 .3316 1.3899S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .2 3 6 8 2 .0783C a ld t e — 5. 0 .2656 1 .9127Chert 1 6 . 0 .3 0 8 0 1 .6990S e r ic i t e — 7. 0 .6224 0 .6841P y r ite - 8 . 0 .9 3 9 2 0 .0905P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .4 4 3 8 1 .1559K aolin - 1 0 . 0 .4944 1.0162Leucoxene - 11. 0 .4 1 4 4 1 .2709O rthoclase — 12. 1 .9624 -0 .9 7 2 6C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .8344 0 .2612M icaceous rock fr a g . — 14. 0 .2 8 4 0 1 .8160Z ircon 1 15. 1 .0424 -0 .0 5 9 9M icroclin e ~ 16 . 0 .3176 1 .6547Lim onite — 17. 0 .2656 1 .9127M agnetite - 18. 0 .2 4 5 6 2 .0256B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .1224 3 .0303R u tile - 20. 0 .3134 1.6511Garnet

T otal 100

Average g ra in e l s e In aim 0 .3242



Color o f rock ch ip 5 XR 3 /1

109

APPENDIX A

Sock Type 04 M assive Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c tio n Nunber 04/01


Core Nunber

163 .9

G-9

Com position M ineral %

Duety q u artz 34

Grain S iz e

C lear q u arts 2 Ml

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 5S id e r it* - 1 . 0 .1592Carbonaceous m atter - 2 . 0 .1544M uscovite - 3 . 0 .1296S i l i c a cement I 4 . 0 .1232C a lc ite 3 5. 0 .2616Chert 1 6 . 0 .1 6 2 4S ex d cite - 7. 0 .0648P y r ite - 8. 0 .2664P la g io c la se - 9. 0 .3368K aolin 1 10. 0 .1768leu coxen e - 11. 0 .2352O rthoclase 2 12. 0 .1136C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .2160M icaceous rock fr a g . 1 14. 0 .1720Zircon - 15. 0 .2664M icroclin e - 16 . 0 .1592Lim onite - 17. 0 .1672M agnetite - 18. 0.1720B io t it e - 19 . 0 .2568R u tile - 20. 0 .3048

22231231 12 2 3 2 212 2 2 I I

Garnet

Total 100

Average g ra in s iz e in nn 0 .1949

Average g ra in s iz e in 0 2.4565


Color o f rock ch ip N 5

0

.6511

.6953

.9479

.0209

.9346

.6224

.9479

.9083

.5700

.4998

.0380

.1330

.2109

.5395

.9083

.6511

.5804

.5395

.9613

.7141

110

APPENDIX AHock Type 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/02Depth Below Surface (in feet) 169.6Core Number G-9

Com position

Mineral 4 C

Dusty quartz 79C lear quartz 2 mmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 13S id e r lte 1 1 . 0 .1 9 9 2Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .3 2 1 6M uscovite - 3 . 0 .5 2 8 8S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .2 3 2 8C a lc ite 1 5. 0 .1752Chert - 6 . 0 .1 7 0 4Seri c i t e - 7. 0 .3 7 6 8P yrite - 8 . 0 .1752P la g io c la se - 9. 0 .2968Kaolin - 10. 0 .4 7 4 4Leucoxene 1 11. 0 .1 4 3 2O rthoclase 1 12 . 0 .1912C h lorite - 1 3 . 0 .1 1 8 4M icaceous rock fra g . - 14 . 0 .5 0 5 6Zircon - 15. 0 .1832M ierocline — 1 6 . 0 .1 2 8 8Limonite - 17. 0 .1 5 3 6M agnetite - 18. 0 .1 3 4 4B io t ite - 19. 0 .2432R u tile - 20 . 0 .1 7 3 6Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S iz e

2 .32771 .63670 .91922 .1 0 2 82 .5129 2 .5 5 3 0 1 .40812 .5129 1 .7 5 2 4 1 .0758 2 .3 0 3 9 2.3868 3 .0733 0 .9 8 3 9 2 .44«5 2 .9 5 6 8 2 .7027 2 .8 9 5 4 2 .0 3 9 8 2.5262

Average g ra in s i s e in mm 0 .2463

Average g r a in s i s e in 0 2 .1812

V ariance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d i n 0 0 .4495

C olor o f rock ch ip N 6

I l l

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 Ha* si to Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/03Depth Belov Surface (in feet) 170.5Cor* Number G-9

CompositionM ineral % Grain SizeDusty quartz 63Clear quartz U xm 0I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 3S id e r ite 1 1 . 0 .2328 2 .1028Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .1 2 4 0 3 .0116Muscovite 4 3. 0 .1304 2 .9390S i l ic a cement 1 4. 0 .1264 2 .9 8 3 9C alcite 2 5. 0 .1112 3 .1688Chert 1 6 . 0 .1160 3-1078S e r ic ite 3 7. 0 .1 8 3 2 2.4435P yrite 1 3. 0 .1320 2 .9 2 1 4P lag ioclase - 9 . 0 .0888 3 .4933Kaolin - 10. 0 .1336 2 .9040Leucoxene 1 11 . 0 .0744 3 .7486O rthodase - 12. 0 .1 4 0 0 2.8365C hlorite - 13. 0 .0968 3 .3688Micaceous rock frag. - 14 . 0 .0928 3 .4297Zircon 1 15 . 0 .1528 2 .7103M ieroeline 2 1 6 . 0*0544 4 .2002Limonite 1 17. 0 .1072 3 .2216M agnetite - 13 . 0 .1272 2 .9748B io t ite - 19. 0 .1 3 6 0 2 .8783R u tile - 20. 0 .1400 2 .3365Garnet —

T otal 100

Average g ra in s iz e In am 0 .1 2 5 0

Average g ra in a is e in 0 3 .0643

Variance (s^ ) ca lc u la te d in 0 0 .2023


112

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/04Depth Below Surface (in feet) 170.7Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral % CD usty quartz 62C lear quartz 5 nmI l l i t e - S i de r i te -I l l i t e 18S id e r ite 1 1. 0 .1096Carbonaceous m atter - 2 . 0 .0872M uscovite 3 3 . 0 .1032S i l i c a cement 1 4 . 0 .1576C a lc ite 6 5. 0 .1248Chert 1 6 . 0 .1240S e r ic i t e 2 7. 0 .0760^ r r ite - 8 . 0 .1624P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .0976K aolin - 10 . 0 .1128leucoxene - 11 . 0 .1432Q rthoclase 1 12. 0 .1456C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .0984Micaceous rock fra g e ** 14. 0 .14324 ircon - 15. 0 .0904M icroclin e - 16. 0 .1 4 2 4Lim onite - 17. 0 .1624M agnetite - 18 . 0 .2256B io t i t e - 19. 0 .1592R u tile - 20 . 0 .0992Garnet -

T ota l 100

Average g ra in s iz e in mm 0

Average g ra in s iz e in 0 3

Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0

Color o f rock chip

Grain S ize

3.13973.51953.27652 .66573.00233.01163 .71792 .6224 3 .35703 .14822 .8039 2 .7799 3 .34522 .8039 3.4675 2 .81202 .62242.1482 2.6J11 3 .3335

N 6

113

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/05Depth Below Surface (in feet) 242.1Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral *

Dusty quarts 81C lear quarts 2I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 7S id e r ite -

Carbonaceous matter -

Muscovite 1S i l i c a cement 2C a lc ite -

Chert 2S e r ie it e 2Pyrite -P la g io c la se -

Kaolin -Leucoxene 1O rthoclase 2C h lorite -Micaceous rock frag . -Zircon -M icrocline -

Limonite -M agnetite -R lo tite -

R u tile -

Garnet —

Total 100

Grain S is e

mm

1 . 0 .63362 . 0 .21523 . 0 .08084. 0 .07365. 0 .04246 . 0 .05927. 0 .07523. 0 .2 4 9 69 . 0 .1176

10 . 0 .106411. 0 .0 9 9 212. 0 .2 2 4 813. 0 .1 0 2 414. 0 .257615. 0 .082416. 0 .072817. 0 .150418. 0 .0 4 0 819 . 0 .170420. 0 .1312


Average g ra in s i s e i n 0 3 .0953

Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .9442


0

.65342.21623 .62953 .76424 .55984.07833 .7331 2.0023 3 .0 8 8 0 3 .2 3 2 4 3.3335 2 .1533 3 .2877 1 .9568 3 .6012 3 .7 7 9 92 .7331 4.6153 2 .5530 2 .9302

114

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 04 Ha a a ir* Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c tio n Number 04 /06


Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral % (Dusty quarts 86Clear quarts 3 n*I l l i t e - S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e 6S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .2024Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0.1016Muscovite - 3 . 0 .1672S i l ic a cement 2 4 . 0 .3576C a lc ite - 5. 0.2744Chert - 6 . 0 .1008Seri c i t e - 7 . 0 .1048P yrite - 8 . 0 .3216P la g io c la se 2 9. G.07Q4Kaolin - 10. 0 .1192Leucoxene 1 U . 0 .0 9 8 4O rthoclase - 12. 0 .1616C h lorite - 13 . 0 .1816Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .0936Zircon - 15. 0 .1384M lcrocline - 16. 0 .2072Limonite - 17. 0 .0744M agnetite — 18 . 0 .1128B io t ite — 19 . 0 .1 2 4 0R u tile - 20. 0 .1064Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain £ i* e

0

2.30473 .29902 .58041.43361 .36563 .31043 .25431 .63673 .82833 .06853 .34522 .62952.46123 .41732 .8 5 3 12.27093 .74863 .14823.01163 .2324

Average g ra in s i s e in a s




0 .1539

2 .8375

0 .4436

N 7

115

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 Massire Gray SandstoneThin Seetion Nunber 04/07Depth Below Surface (in feet) 252.3Core Nunber G-9

Composition

M ineral % C

Dusty quartz 73C lear q u arts 10 anI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 7S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .1232Carbonaceous n a tte r «■* 2 . 0 .1123M uscovite - 3 . 0 .0992S i l i c a cenent 4 4 . 0 .2864C a lc ite - 5 . 0 .1152Chert 2 6 . 0 .2152S e r ic i t e - 7 . 0 .0643P y r ite - 3 . 0 .1216P la g io c la se 2 9. 0 .2792Kaolin 1 10 . 0 .1 3 3 4Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .1696Ortho c l a se - 12 . 0 .1608C h lo r ite - 1 3 . 0 .1736M icaceous rock fr a g . 1 14. 0 .1443Zircon - 15 . 0 .0856M icroclin e - 16 . 0 .0 9 2 0Lim oaitc - 17. 0 .2176M agnetite - 13 . 0 .1384B io t i t e - 1 9 . 0 .1936R u tile - 20 . 0 .0832Garnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S is e

0

3 .02093 .14323.33351 .30393 .11732 .21323 .94793 .03931 .34062.3531 2 .5593 2.6367 2.5262 2 .7379 3 .5462 3 .4422 2.20022 .3531 2.3688 3 .5373

Average g ra in s i s e in en

Average g ra in s i z e in 0



0.1508 2 .3415

0 .3394

N 7

116

AFF3NDIX ARock Typo 04 Masai to Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/08Depth Below Surface (in feet) 256.0Core Nunber G-9

C om position

% (

Dusty quarts 76Clear quarts 8 aaI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 9S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .2038Carbonaceous matter - 2. 0 .0832M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .0 5 2 0S i l ic a cement 5 4 . 0 .0696C a lc ite - 5. 0 .2144Chert - 6 . 0 .2352S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .1 3 4 4f y r i t e - 8 . 0 .2232P lag ioclase - 9. 0 .0984Kaolin - 10. 0 .1638Leucoxene - 11. 0 .4 6 4 3Ortboclase - 12 . 0 .1776C hlorite - 13. 0 .3 0 6 4Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .1272Zircon - 15. 0 .1 1 1 2M icrocline - 16. 0 .0832l ia o n i t e 1 17 . 0 .5736M agnetite - 18. 0 .1 1 6 3BLotite - 19 . 0 .5392R u tile - 20. 0 .2216Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ise

234 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 c 3 0 2

Average gra in s i s e in m i 0.2105

Average grain s i s e in 0 2.5619

Variance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .9310

C olor o f roek ch ip N 7

0

.2598

.5373

.2653.3443.2216.0880.8954.1636.3452.5666.1053.4933.7065

1.97431.1688.58731.80191.09791.89111.1740

117

APPENDIX ARock T y p e 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/09Depth Below Surface (in feet) 146.4Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral 4Dumty quarts 79C lear quartz 5I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

111119 3S id e r it e 4Carbonaceous m atter —

M uscovite 1S i l i c a cement 2C a lc ite 1Chert -

S e r ic i t e -

P y r ite -P la g io c la se 2K aolin 1Leucoxene -

O rthoclase —

C h lo r ite 2M icaceous rock fr a g . -

Zircon -

M icrooline -

lim o n ite •

M agnetite -

E d o tite -

R u tile -

Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ize

mm 0

1. 0 .1 5 7 6 2 .6 6 5 72 . 0 .1672 2.53043- 0 .2 3 0 4 2 .11784 . 0 .1 8 2 4 2 .45435. 0 .3856 1 .37486. 0 .1372 2 .41737 . 0 .0883 3 .49333 . 0 .1 9 3 4 2.33359 . 0 .1640 2 .6082

10 . 0 .1 2 2 4 3 .030311 . 0 .0696 3 .344312. 0 .1504 2 .733113. 0 .4584 1 .125314. 0 .2336 2 .097915 . 0 .2 2 0 8 2 .179216. 0 .2 1 6 0 2 .210917. 0 .4256 1 .2 3 2 413. 0 .2312 2 .112819. 0 .2 7 1 2 1.882620. 0 .1368 2 .3699

Average g ra in s iz e in mm 0 .2149

Average g ra in s i t e in 0 2 .3682



118

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 04 Mas s ir e Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c tio n Number 0 4 /1 0

Depth Below S u rfa c e ( in f e e t )

Core Number

1 4 9 .0

G-8

CompositionM ineral G ra in S ize

Clear quartz 3 mmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 2S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .1968Carbonaceous matter - 2. 0 .2792M uscovite - 3 . 0 .2744S i l ic a cement 3 4. 0 .2600C a lc ite - 5. 0 .1504Chert 1 6 . 0 .2224S e r ic ite - 7 . 0 .2256Pjrrite - 8 . 0 .4 3 0 4P la g io c la se 3 9. 0 .1128Kaolin 1 10 . 0 .3536Leucoxene - 11. 0 .3992Qrthoclase - 12 . 0 .5664C h lorite - 13 . 0 .3 6 4 0Micaceous rock frag . - 14 . 0 .2923Zircon — 15. 0 .2168M icrocline - 16. 0 .1592Limonite - 17 . 0 .2744M agnetite - 18. 0 .3672B io t ite - 19. 0 .4176R u tile — 20. 0 .1640

0

2 .3452 1.8406 1.8656 1 .9434 2 .7331 2.1688 2.1482 1 .2163 3 .1482 1 .4998 1 .3248 0 .8201 1 .4580 1 .7 7 2 0 2.2056 2 .6511 1.8656 1 .4454 1.2598 2.6082

Total 100

Average g r a in s iz e in mn 0 .2864

Average g ra in size in 0 1 .9160



119

APPOfDIX ARock Typo 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin S e c tio n Number 04 /11


Core Number G-8

C om position

M in e ra l % C

Dusty q u a r tz 79C le a r q u a r tz 5 HjilI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 12S i d e r i t e - 1 . 0 .1776C arbonaceous m a tte r - 2 . 0 .1368M uscovite - 3 . 0 .2024S i l i c a cement 1 4 . 0 .1328C a le i te - 5. 0 .1024C h ert - 0 . 0 .1208S e r i c i t e - 7 . 0 .4896P y r i te - 8. 0 .0 4 6 4P la g io c la s e 1 9. 0 .1832K ao lin - 10. 0 .1944Leucoxene - 11. 0 .2568O rth o c la se - 12. 0 .2 0 1 6C h lo r i te - 13. 0 .2584M icaceous ro e k f r a g . 1 14. 0 .1 9 8 4Z irc o n - 15. 0 .9672M ic ro c lin e - 16. 0 .3528L im onite - 17. 0 .4472M ag n e tite - 18. 0 .3992B io t i t e 1 19. 0.2232R u t i le - 20. 0 .1416G arnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ize

0

2.4933 2 .3699 2 .3047 2.9127 3 .2377 3 .0493 1 .0303 4 .4297 2.4485 2 .3629 1.9613 2 .3104 1 .9523 2.3335 0 .0431 1 .5031 1.1610 1 .3243 2.1636 2 .8201

Average g ra in s iz e in mm

Average g r a in s iz e in 0

Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0

Color o f roek ehip

0.2616

2 .2384

0.8870

N 7

120

APPENDIX A

Sock Type 04 M assive Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c t io n Number 04/12

Depth B elov Surface ( in f e e t ) 154 .1

Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral %Dusty quartz 69C lear qu arts 9I l l i t o - S i d e r i t eI l l i t e 16S id e r iteCarbonaceous m atter M uscovite 1S i l i c a oement 1C a lc ite ChertS e r ic i t e 1P y r iteF la g io c la se 2K aolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .Z ircon M icroclin e Lim onite M agnetiteB io t i t e 1H u tileGarnet

Grain S ize

am

1.2 .3 .4 .5.6 .7 .8 . 9.

10 .11 .12 .13 .14.15 .16.17.18.19.20.

0 .0 9 0 40.13680 .09760.06320 .14320.17200 .17920 .30240 .14640.08720 .24320 .46640.08960.11120 .19120 .33340 .11280.16720 .13040 .1376

0

3.46752.86993 .35703 .93392 .80392.53952 .4804 1 .7255 2 .7720 3.51952 .03981 .03983 .4804 3.1688 2.3868 1 .5632 3 .1482 2.5304 2 .9390 2.8614

T ota l 100

Average g ra in s iz e in on 0.1713

Average g ra in s iz e in 0 2.7363



121

APPBNDUC ARock Type 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/13Depth Below Surface (in feet) 158.0Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral % C

Dusty quarts 74Clear quartz 6 mmI l l i t e - S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e 12S id er ite - 1 . 0 .1832Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .2576Muscovite 1 3. 0 .3184S i l i c a cement 3 4 . 0 .1656C a lc ite - 5. 0 .1976Chert 1 6 . 0 .2 1 8 4S e r ic ite 3 7. 0 .2312P yrite - 8 . 0 .1488F la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .2 0 6 4Kaolin - 10. 0 .1160Leucoxene - 11. 0 .1 0 2 4O rthoelase - 12. 0 .2 1 6 0C hlorite - 13. 0 .0712Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .1 2 2 4Zircon - 15. 0 .0952M icrocline - 16 . 0 .3776Limoni t e - 17 . 0 .1144Magnetite - 18. 0 .2552B io t ite - 19. 0 .1344R u tile - 20 . 0 .1592Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ise

0

2.44851 .95681.6511 2 .5942 2 .3393 2 .1950 2 .1128 2.7486 2 .2765 3.1078 3 .2877 2 .2109 3 .8 1 2 0 3 .0303 3 .3929 1 .4051 3 .1278 1 .9703 2 .89542 .6511

Average g r a in s i s e in mm



Color o f rock chip

0.1846

2 .5607

0.3821

N 6

122

APPENDIX ARoek Type 04 Massive Grey SandstoneThin Section Number 04/14Depth Below Surface (in feet) 158.6Core Number G-8

Com position

Mineral i (

Dusty quarts 66Clear quarts 7 mI l l i t e - S id e r i t e -m i t e 13S id e r ite 2 1 . 0 .1843Carbonaceous matter 1 2 . 0 .1 2 2 4M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .1032S i l ic a cement 2 4 . 0 .1144C alc ite 1 5. 0 .0 9 3 4Chert - 6. 0 .0432S e r ic ite ■» 7 . 0 .2072P yrite - 8 . 0 .2864P lag ioc la se - 9 . 0 .1360Kaolin - 10 . 0 .1 7 8 4Leucoxene 1 11 . 0 .1656Qrthoelase 1 12. 0 .3952C hlorite - 13 . 0 .3936Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .1 4 0 8Zirvon - 15. 0 .0496M icrocline — 16 . 0 .0728L lnonlte - 17. 0 .3 4 6 4M agnetite - 18 . 0 .1840B io tite - 19. 0 .0496R u tile - 20. 0 .1232Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S is e

2.43603.03033 .27653 .12733 .3452 4 .5328 2.2709 1 .8039 2.8783 2 .4868 2 .5942 1 .33931 .3452 2 .82834 .3335 3 .7300 1 .5295 2.44224.3335 3 .0209

Average g ra in s i s e in sun 0 .1693




123

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 M assive Gray Sandstone

Thin S ec tio n Number 04 /15


Core Number

1 6 2 .1

G-8

Com position

Mineral % C

Dusty quartz 63Clear quartz 81111t e -S id e r it e -I H it e 22S id er ite - 1 . 0 .1040Carbonaceous matter 1 2. 0 .0688Muscovite 1 3 . 0 .1144S i l ic a cement 1 4 . 0 .1576C a le ite — 5. 0 .2848Chert 2 6 . 0 .1363S e r ie ite 1 7 . 0 .2304P yrite - 8 . 0 .2056P la g io c la se 1 9. 0 .2392Kaolin - 10. 0 .2168Leucoxene - U . 0 .0496Q rthoelase - 12. 0 .5 2 7 2C hlorite - 13. 0 .1368Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .2104Zircon - 15. 0 .1752M icrocline - 16. 0 .3064Limonite - 17 . 0 .0 5 8 4M agnetite - 18. 0 .1 3 6 8B io t ite - 19. 0 .0648R utile - 20. 0 .0792Garnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S ise

0

3 .26533 .86143 .12782 .66571 .81202 .8699 2.1178 2 .2821 2 .0637 2 .2056 4 .3335 0 .92362 .8699 2 .2488 2 .5 1 2 9 1.7065 4 .09792 .8699 3 .9479 3 .6534

Average gra in s i s e in on


V ariance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0


0.1752

2 .7720

0 .8035

N 6

124

APPENDIX ARock Typo 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 04/16Depth Below Surface (in feet) 164.3Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral % C

Dusty quartz 78Clear quartz 9 amI l l i t e - S id e r i t e -I l l i t e 9S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .1552Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 4 .0942M uscovite - 3 . 0 .3544S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0.1416C a lc ite _ 5. 0 .1192Chert 1 6 . 0 .0392S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .2963P yrite - 8 . 0 .1552F la g io c la se - 9. 0 .2672Kaolin - 10. 0 .2256Leucoxene 1 11 . 0 .1472O rthoclase 2 12. 0 .3 3 2 0C h lorite - 13. 0 .1432Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .1216Zircon - 15. 0 .1552M icrocline - 16. 0 .4656Limonite - 17. 0 .3 7 6 0M agnetite - 18. 0.2392B io t ite - 19. 0 .5128R u tile - 20. 0 .1944Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ize

0

2.6878-2 .0 3 3 6

1 .49652.82013.06854 .67301 .75242.68781 .90402.14822.76421 .59072 .80393 .03982.68781 .10281 .41122 .06370.96352 .3629

Average g r a in s iz e in m

Average g ra in s iz e in 0



0.4268

2 .0998

1.6650

a 6

APPENDIX ARock Type 04 Massive Gray SandstoneThin S ec tio n Number 04 /17


Core Number

CompositionM ineral %Dusty quarts 74C lear quartz 3I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e —

I l l i t e 9S id e r ite 1Carbonaceous m atter -

M uscovite 1S i l i c a cement 2C a lc ite -

Chert 4S e r ic i t e -

P y r ite 2F la g io c la se 3K aolin -

Leucoxene -

O rthoclase —

C h lo r ite 1M icaceous ro ck f r a g . —

Zircon —

M icroclin e -

Lim onite -

M agnetite -

B io t i t e -

R u tile —

Garnet -

T ota l loo


Average g ra in s iz e in 0

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la te d

Color o f rock chip

G~ S

Grain S ize

SB 0

1. 0 .0728 3 .7799m 0 .1776 2.4933

3. 0 .1 1 8 4 3 .07334 . 0 .0872 3.51955. 0 .1144 3 .12736 . 0 .3712 1.42977. 0 .0880 3 .50643. 0 .1144 3.12789. 0 .1216 3 .0398

10. 0 .2104 2.248811. 0 .1776 2 .493312. 0 .2784 1 .844813. 0 .1304 2.939014. 0.0976 3 .357015. 0 .0648 3 .947916. 0 .5672 0 .318117 . 0 .2648 1 .917018. 0 .0808 3-629519. 0 .0840 3.573520. 0.2904 1 .7339

0 .1756

2.7828

n 0 0 .7514

N 6

126

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 05 Bedded Gray SandstoneThin S e c tio n Number 05 /01

Depth Below S u rface ( in f e e t ) 119 .5

Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral %

Dusty quartz 53

G rain S ize

Clear quartz 4 mmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I H i t e 18S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .1432Carbonaceous m atter 2 2. 0 .0720M uscovite 1 3 . 0.1368S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0.0976C a lc ite 8 5. 0 .1064Chert 1 b . 0 .1320S e r ic i t e 5 7. 0 .0760P y r ite - 8. 0 .0880P la g io c la a e - 9. 0 .0864K aolin - 10. 0 .1840Leucoxene - 11. 0 .1352O rthoclaae - 12. 0 .1176C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .1264Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0904Zircon - 15. 0.0888M icrocline - 16. 0.2024Lim onite 1 17. 0 .1072M agnetite - 18. 0 .1016B io t ite - 19. 0 .0800R u tile - 20. 0.3464

0

2 .8 0 3 9 3 .7959 2 .3 6 9 9 3 .3570 3 .2324 2 .9214 3.717V 3 .5064 3•5328 2 .4422 2 .8368 3 .0830 2 .9839 3.4675 3 .4933 2 .3047 3.2216 3.2990 3 .6439 2 .7720

G arnet

T o ta l 100

Average g ra in s iz e i n mm 0 .1159

A verage g r a in s iz e i n 0 3 .1670

V ariance ( s ^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .1714


APPENDIX

Rock Type 05

Thin S ectio n Number

Depth Below Surface ( in

Core Number

Com positionM ineral %Dusty quartz 55C lear quartz 1I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 21S id e r ite 1Carbonaceous m atterM uscovite 7S i l i c a cement <1

C a lc ite 1Chert -

S e r ic i t e 5P y r ite -P la g io c la se 2Kaolin -

Leucoxene 1O rthoclase 1C h lo r ite 1M icaceous rock fr a g . -

Zircon -

M icroclin e -

Lim onite -

M agnetite -

B io t i t e -

R u tile -

Garnet -

T ota l 10C

Average gra in s iz e in mn


Varianca (s^ ) c a lc u la te d

Color o f rock chip

117

Bedded Gray Sandstone

05/02

t ) 155.1

G-9

G rain S ize

nan 0

1 . 0 .0821 3.60122. 0 .0560 4 .15343 . 0 .1008 3 .31044 . 0 .1523 2.71035. 0.1056 3.24336 . 0 .1504 2 .73317. 0.0792 3 .65348 . 0 .1424 2.81209. 0 .0720 3 .7959

10. 0 .0904 3.467511. 0 .0976 3 .357012. 0 .1448 2 .737913. 0.0734 3.673014. 0 .0656 3 .930215. 0 .1120 3.158416. 0 .0712 3.812017. 0 .0616 4 .020913. 0.1264 2.933919. 0 .1368 2 .869920. 0.1032 3.2765

0 .1015

3 .3630

0 0 .2072

N 6

128

APPENDIX ARock Type 05 Bedded Gray S andstone

Thin S e c tio n Number 05/03

Depth Below S u rface ( in f e e t ) 165*3

Core Number G-9

C om position

M inera l * G rain S ise

D usty q u a r tz 55C le a r q u a r tz 3 cun 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 13S id e r i t e 6 1. 0 .1 4 5 6 2.7799C arbonaceous m a tte r 2 2 . 0 .0640 3 .9658M uscovite 2 3. 0 .1640 2.6082S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .0872 3 .5195C a lc i te 5 5. 0 .1112 3 .1688C h ert 4 6 . 0 .1734 2 .4863S e r i c i t e 1 7. 0 .0848 3 .5598P y r i te - 8 . 0 .1216 3 .0398P la g io c la s e 1 9. 0 .1048 3 .2543K aolin 3 10. 0 .0883 3.4933Leucoxene - 11. 0 .1616 2.6295O rth o c la se - 12. 0 .0664 3 .9127C h lo r i te - 13. 0 .0992 3.3335M icaceous ro ck f r a g . - U . 0 .0672 3 .8954Z irco n - 15. 0 .1272 2 .9748M ic ro c lin e - 16. 0 .1464 2 .7 7 2 0L im onite 1 3 7. 0 .0952 3 .3929M ag n e tite 1 18. 0 .0808 3.6295B io t i t e - 19. 0 .1792 2 .4 8 0 4R u ti le 1 20. 0 .0864 3.5328G arns c. -

T o ta l 100

Average gra in s iz e i n mm

Average g ra in s iz e i n 0

Variance (a 2 ) c a lc u la te d I n 0

Color o f rock c h ip

0 .1130

3.2215

0 .2305

N 6

129

APPENDIX ARock Type 05 Bedded fra y Sandstone

Thin S ectio n Number 05/0*+

Depth Below Surface (In f e e t )

Core Nunber

2 0 1 .0

0-9

Com position

M ineral

D usty quartz

%

51

Grain S ize

C lear quartz 3 mmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 19S id e r ite 3 1. 0 .0456Carbonaceous m atter 3 2. 0 .0 6 6 4M uscovite 5 3 . 0 .0504S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .0432C a lc ite 9 5. 0 .0 7 2 0Chert - 6 . 0 .0736S e r ic i t e 2 7 . 0 .0 6 2 4P y r ite - 3 . 0 .0704F la g io c la se 1 9 . 0 .0792K aolin - 10. 0 .0936Leucoxene 1 11. 0 .0464O rthoclaee — 12 . 0 .0848C h lo r ite 1 13 . 0 .0656M leaceous rock fr a g . - 14. 0 .0520Zircon - 1 5 . 0 .0816M icro clin e - 16. 0 .0 8 8 8Lim onite - 17. 0 .0688M agnetite - 18. 0 .0896B io t i t e - 19. 0 .1048R u tlie - 20. 0 .0664

0

4-454S3 .9127 4 .3104 4 .5328 3.7959 3 .7642 4.0023 3 .3233 3 .65S4 3.4173 4 .4297 3 .5598 3 .9302 4 .2653 3 .6153 3.4933 3 .8614 3 .4804 3 .25433 .9127

Garnet

Total 100

Average g ra in s iz e in an 0 .0703

Average g ra in s i z e in 0 3*8740



130

APPMDH ARook Type 05Thin Section NumberDepth Belov Surface (in feet)Core Number

%Dusty quartz 52C lear quartz 9I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I l l i t e 9S id e r ite 1 1 .Carbonaceous m atter 1 2 .M uscovite 3 3 .S i l i c a cement 4 4 .C a lc ite 18 5.Chert 1 6 .S e r ic i t e - 7 .P y r ite - 8 .P la g io c la s e - 9 .K aolin 1 10 .Leucoxene - 11.O rthoclaae - 12.C h lo r ite - 13 .M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14.Zircon 1 15 .M icroclin e - 16.L la o n lte - 17.M agnetite - 18.B io t i t e - 19 .R a t l le - 20 .Garnet -

T ota l 100

Bedded Gray Sandstone

C5/05

2 2 0 .3

0 -9

g ra in S ise

mm

0 .0 9 8 40 .0 8 1 60 .10800 .0 3 3 60 .0 5 8 40 .1 0 2 40 .04400 .05760 ,0 6 6 40 .07520 .0 8 0 8O.O6640 .1 3 9 20 .0 5 6 80 .03520 .08160 .0 4 2 40.06000.05360 .0712

3.34523.6153 3 .2109 4 .8 9 5 4 4 .0 9 7 9 3 .2877 4 .5064 4 .11783 .9127 3.7331 3.62953 .9127 2 .8448 4.1380 4 .82833 .6153 4 .5 5 9 8 4 .0589 4.2216 3 .8120


Average gra in s i s e in $

V ariance (s2 ) c a lc u la te d in #


0 .0706

3.9172

0.2876

V 6

131

APPENDIX AHock Type 05 Bedded Grey Sandstone


Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 122 ,2

Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral % 1

Dusty q u a rts 55C lear q u arts 8 wmI U i t e - S i d e r i t e -

tL L ite 14S id e r lte - 1 . 0 .0 4 4 6Carbonaceous m atter 3 2 . 0 .0402M uscovite 4 3 . 0 .0 7 8 6S i l i c a cement 3 4 . 0 .0 6 4 8C a ld t e 11 5. 0 .0946Chert - 6 . 0 .0 4 6 6S e r ic i t e 2 7. 0 .0430P y r ite - 8 . 0 .0 6 1 8F la g io c la s e - 9. 0 .0 5 4 0K aolin - 10. 0 .0488Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0 6 3 6Q rthoclase - 12. 0 .0 8 1 4C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .0552M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14. 0 .0 4 9 0Zircon - 15 . 0 .0496M icroclin e — 16 . 0 .0 4 4 6L im onite — 17. 0 .0626M agnetite - 18. 0 .0 6 9 4B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .0 6 6 0R u tile - 20. 0 .0560Garnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S iae

0

4.486B 4 .6367 3.6693 3 .9479 3 .4020 4.4235 4 .5395 4.0162 4 .2109 4 .3 5 7 0 3 .974ft 3.6188 4 .1792 4 .3511 4.3335 4 .4868 3 .9977 3 .8489 3 .9214 4 .1584

Average gra in s ia e in ma.

Average gra in s ia e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0 .0 5 8 7

4 .1 2 8 0

0 .1121

N 6

132

AFFKMDIX ARock 'Type 05 Bedded Gray SandstoneThin Section Number 05/07Depth Below Surface (in feet) 124.8Core Number G-8

Com position

M ineral %Dusty q u arts 47C lear quartz 7I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

l l l i t e 20S id e r lte 3Carbonaceous m atter 5M uscovite 5S i l i c a cement 4C a lc ite 7Chert —

S e r ic it e 1P y r ite -

F la g io c la se -

K aolin -

Leucoxene —O rthoclase —

C h lo r ite —

M icaeeous rock fra g . —

Zircon -

M icroclin e —

Lim onite 1M agnetite -

B io t it e -

R u tile —

Garnet —

T o ta l 100

Grain S iae

rim 0

1. 0 .0 5 6 4 4 .14822 . 0 .0 7 1 0 3.81603 . 0 .0362 4 .78794. 0 .0376 4 .7 3 3 15. 0 .0 7 1 8 3.79996 . 0 .0526 4 .24887. 0 .0 3 7 0 4.75636 . 0 .0338 4 .88689 . 0 .0516 4.2765

10. 0 .0 2 8 4 5.138011. 0 .0300 5 .058912. 0 .0 5 4 4 4.200213. 0 .0 2 1 8 5.519514. 0 .0542 4 .205615 . 0 .0 4 7 4 4 .3 9 9 016 . 0 .0622 4 .006917. 0 .0326 4 .939018 . 0 .0696 3 .844819 . 0 .0454 4.461220. 0 .0 4 6 6 4.4235


Average g ra in s ia e in 0 4 .4825

Variance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .2 2 9 4


133

APPENDIX ARock Type 05 Bedded Gray SendatoneThin Section Number 05/08Depth Belov Surface (in feet) 127-6Core Nvmber G-8

C om position

Mineral % C

Dusty quarts 32Clear quarts 8 amI H ite -S id e r i t e -

I l l i t e 24S id er lte 7 1 . 0 .0 4 5 4Carbonaceous matter 6 2 . 0 .0188M uscovite 4 3 . 0 .0356S i l ic a cement 1 4 . 0 .0 1 8 2C a ld te 13 5. 0 .0660Chert - 6 . 0 .0436S e r ic ite 3 7. 0 .0386P yrite - 8. 0 .0 2 0 8F lag ioclase - 9 . 0 .0426Kaolin - 10 . 0 .0 3 8 8Leucoxene 2 11. 0 .0 2 0 4O rthoclase - 12. 0 .0228C hlorite - 13 . 0 .0282Micaceous rock fra g . 14 . 0 .0 3 8 8Zircon - 1 5 . 0 .0508M icrocline — 16. 0 .0 6 0 4Limonite - 1 7 . 0 .0 4 7 8M agnetite - 18. 0 .0224B io tite - 1 9 . 0 .0 5 4 2B u tile - 20 . 0 .0460Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ia e

0

4 .46125.73314 .8 1 2 05.77993 .9 2 1 44 .51954 .69535 .58734 .5 5 3 04 .6878 5.6153 5 .4548 5.14824 .6 8 7 8 4 .2990 4 .0493 4 .3868 5 .4804 4 .2056 4 .4422

Average g r a in s iz e in am 0 .0 3 8 0

Average g r a in e ia e in 0 4 .8 2 6 0

Variance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .3 4 9 7

Color o f rock chip N 6

134

APPENDIX ABock Type 05 Bedded Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c t io n lhaaber 0 5 /0 9


Core N w ber G-8

O p p o sitio nM ineral % S ise

Dusty quarts 460Clear quarts 5 ■Bl

n i i t e - S i d e r i t e -1111te 26S ld e r ite — 1 . 0 .0442 4 .4998Carbonaceous n a tter 3 2 . 0 .0538 4 .2163M uscovite 10 3* 0 .0236 5.4051S i l ic a cement 1 4 . 0 .0498 4 .3277C a le lte 2 5* 0 .0754 3 .7293Chert 1 6. 0 .0 3 9 8 4 .6511S e r ic ite 5 7* 0 .0636 3 .9748P yrite - 8 . 0 .0 4 4 6 4 .4868P la g lo e la se 1 9 . 0 .0856 3 .5462Kaolin - 10 . 0 .0650 3 .9434Leucoxene — 11 . 0 .0 9 8 4 3 .3452O rthoclase — 12. 0 .0282 5 .1482C h lorite - 13* 0 .0516 4.2765Micaceous rock fra g . — 14. 0 .0476 4 .3 9 2 9Zircon - 15 . 0 .0508 4 .2990M icrocline — 16. 0 .0 7 2 4 3 .7879I in o n lte — 17* 0.0418 4 .5 8 0 4M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0 5 0 6 4 .3047B io t ite - 19* 0 .0538 4 .2163B u tile - 20 . 0 .0386 4 .6953Garnet -

Total 100

Average g r a in s i s e In am 0 .0 5 4 0

Average g ra in s i s e In 0 4*2913

Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .2 4 7 2

Color o f roek ch ip N 6

135

APPENDIX A

Hock Type 05 Bedded Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c t io n Number 0 5 /1 0


Core Number G-9

Composition

M ineral %

D usty quarts 73C lear quarts 11I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e I l l i t e 6S id a r iteCarbonaceous n a t te r M uscoviteS i l i c a cenent 6C a lc iteChert 1S e r lc i t eP y r iteF la g io c la s e 3K aolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .Z irconM icroclin eLim oniteM agnetiteB io t it eR u tileGarnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ise

1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6 .7.8 . 9.

10 .11 .12.13 .14.15 .16.17.18.19 .20 .

0 .14480 .1 8 4 00 .50000 .0 7 9 20 .18960 .25680 .15520 .2 2 5 60 .1 9 2 80 .14960 .25040 .3 5 0 40 .1 5 0 40 .23760 .34080 .1 4 6 40 .3 5 2 80 .11280 .4 5 6 00 .1936

0

2 .78792 .44221 .00003 .65842 .39901 .96132 .6 8 7 82 .14822.37482 .7 4 0 81 .99771.51292 .73312 .07341 .5 5 3 02 .77201 .50313 .14821 .13292 .3688

Average g r a in s i s e in tm

Average g r a in s i s e i n 0



0 .2 3 3 4

2 .2498

0.4575

3 TH 6 /1

136

APPENDIX A

Rock Typo 06 Pebbly Gray Sandstone


Depth B elov Surface ( in f e e t ) 86 .2

Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral % C

Dusty quarts 53Clear quarts 7 amI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -I U l t e 6S id e r ite 24 1 . 0 .1992Carbonaceous matter - 2 . 0 .1432Muscovite - 3 . 0 .3 9 7 6S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0 .2 5 0 4C a le ite 3 5. 0 .4430Chert - 6 . 0 .0 7 4 4S e r lc ite - 7 . 0 .2356P yrite - 3. 0 .2 5 5 2F la g io c la se 2 9 . 0 .2 1 4 4Kaolin - 10 . 0 .0 9 6 0Leueoooene — 11 . 0 .1512O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .1 4 1 6C h lorite - 13 . 0 .1 3 0 4Micaceous roek fra g . — 14. 0 .2 0 0 8Zircon — 15 . 0 .2664M icroclin e - 16 . 0 .0920Limonite - 17. 0 .0 4 6 4M agnetite - 13 . 0 .1 1 0 4B io t ite - 19 . 0 .2496R u tile — 20. 0 .1332Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S is e

0

2 .32772 .S0391 .33061 .99771 .1 5 3 43 .74361 .3 0 7 91 .97032.22163 .3 3 0 82 .72552 .32012 .9 3 9 02.31621 .90833 .4 4 2 24 .42973 .17922 .00232.4435

Average g ra in a is e in mu




0 .1963

2 .5479

0.6695

5 TR 5 1 /2

137

APPKMDU A

Rock Type 06 Pebbly Gray Sandstone

Thin S e c tio n N n b er 06 /02

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 8 5 .7

Core Number G-9

C q p o s it io nM ineral %

Dusty quarts 58Clear quarts 8I l l i t e - S id e r i t eI l l i t e 1S id e r ite 28Carbonaceous matterM uscovite 5S i l ic a cementC a lc iteChertS e r ic iteP yriteFL agiodaseK aolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC hloriteMicaceous rock fra g .ZirconM LeroclineLinoniteMagnetiteB io t i t eR utileGarnet

Total 100

Grain S is e

1.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 . 7. 3 . 9 .

10 .11 .1 2 .13.14 .15 .16.17 .18.19 .20.

0 .08320 .1 2 8 00 .4 4 8 80 .35760 .16160 .11520 .11360 .23840 .12080 .1 4 1 60 .61920 .3 3 0 40 .1 8 4 00 .40640 .0 7 4 40 .10960 .11920 .22240 .05920 .2 4 1 6

0

3 .58732.96581 .15591 .48362.62953 .11783 .13802 .06853 .0493 2 .8201 0 .6915 1 .5977 2 .4422 1 .2 9 9 0 3 .7486 3 .1 8 9 73.0685 2 .1688 4 .07832.0493

Average grain s i s e in an



Color o f rock chip

0 .2138

2.5175

0 .8590

5 IB 5 1 /2

133

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 07Thin S e c t io n Number


Core Number

Conglomerate07 /01

1 1 3 .2

0 -9

Com poeition

M ineral %

Dusty quarts 95C lear quarts 2I l l i t e - S i d e r i t eT lH teS id e r itaCarbonaceous m atter M uscoviteS i l i c a cement 1C a lc iteChert 2S e r ic i t eP y r itef la g io c la s eK aolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .Z irconM icroclin eLim oniteM agnetiteB io t iteS u t i leGarnet

T o ta l 100

Grain S ize

1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6 . 7 . 3 . 9 .

10 .11 .12.13 .14.15 .16.17.18 .19 .20.

5.57013 .71760 .32720 .33014 .0 4 5 36 .06062 .76920 .56014 .5 0 9 70 .23022 .69143 .81635 .50513 .59434 .0 8 6 42 .3 2 6 40 .15966 .35020 .6 4 5 16 .0969

0

-2 .4 7 7 7-1 .8 9 4 4

1 .6 1 1 81 .5 9 9 0

-2 .0 1 6 2-2 .5 9 9 5-1 .4 6 9 5

0 .8362-2 .1 7 3 0

2 .1190-1 .4 2 8 4-1 .9 3 2 2-2 .4 6 0 8-1 .8 4 5 7-2 .0 3 0 3-1 .4 9 9 0

2 .6475-2 .6 6 6 8

0 .6324-2 .6 0 8 1

Average g r a in s i s e i n nm


V ariance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0


3 .1946

-0 .9 8 2 8

3 .2309

N 7

139

APPENDIX ARock Type 07Thin S e c tio n Number


Core Number

Conglomerate

07/02

1 1 4 .0

G-9

C om position

M ineral Grain S iae

C lear q u arts - nmI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -U l i t e 1S id e r ite - 1. 1 .7 0 1 0Carbonaceous m atter 2 . 0 .1562M uscovite - 3 . 4 .8 8 1 1S i l i c a cement 1 4 . 0 .8 4 4 2C a lc ite - 5. 0 .9 0 3 1Chert - 6 . 2 .4063S e r ic i t e - 7 . 0 .5718P y r ite - 8 . 5 .0011F la g io c la s e - 9 . 3 .4 2 5 1K aolin 2 1 0 . 3 .9 6 9 1Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .4221O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .8764C h lo r ite - 13 . 1 .2903M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14 . 0 .6571Z ircon - 15. 1 .5 3 8 1M icroclin e — 16. 5 .0672Lim onita - 17 . 3 .8042M agnetite - 18 . 3 .5 1 9 4B io t i t e - 1 9 . 3 .4830B u t ile - 20 . 2 .2353Garnet -

T o ta l 100

0

-0 .7 6 6 42 .6785

-2 .28720.24430 .1470

-1 .2 6 6 80 .8064

-2 .3 2 2 2-1 .7 7 6 1-1 .9 8 8 8

1 .24430.1903

-0 .3 6 7 70 .6058

-0 .6 2 1 1-2 .3 4 1 2-1 .9 2 7 6-1 .8153-1 .3 0 0 3-1 .1 6 0 5

Average g r a in s i z e i n m

Average g ra in s i z e i n 0



2 .3376

-0 .7 2 6 2

1 .9 3 8 8

N 6

140

APH5NDIX ARock Type 08Thin S ec t io n Number


Core Number

Massive Shale08 /01

160 .2

G-9

Com positionM ineral

Dusty quartz C lear quartzI l l i t e - S i d e r i t eI l l i t eS id e r i teCarbonaceous m atterM uscoviteS i l i c a cementC a le iteChertS e r lc i t eP y r iteF la g io c la s eKaolinLeucoxeneO rthoelaseC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .Z irconM icroclin eLimoniteM agnetiteB io t it eR u tileGarnet

Grain S ize

57

75317

11

1.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 . 9 .

10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 . 17. 13.19.20 .

0 .04620 .03500 .05980 .02260 .03420 .0 5 8 40 .03060 .02420 .0 4 1 60 .02040 .0 1 8 60.03320 .02960 .01930 .05500 .0 3 2 40 .01620 .05060 .0 3 8 40 .0354

4 .43604 .83654 .06375.46754 .86994 .09795.03035.36884 .53735 .61535.74864 .91275.07835 .65844 .1 8 4 44 .94795 .9479 4 .3 0 4 7 4 .7027 4 .8 2 0 1

Total 100

Average g ra in s iz e in mm 0 .3 5 U

Average g ra in s iz e i n 0 4 .9339



141

APPENDIX ARock Type 08Thin S e c t io n Number

Depth Below Surfe.ce (In f e e t )

Core Number

Massive Shale08 /02

162 .2

G-9

Com positionMineral Grain S is e

C lear q u arts 3 onI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 75I l l i t e —

S id e r ite - 1 . 0 .0412Carbonaceous m atter 6 2 . 0 .0 1 2 8M uscovite 5 3 . 0 .0144S i l i c a cement - 4. 0 .0362C a lc ite - 5. 0 .0 1 6 2Chert - 6 . 0 .0158S e r lc i t e -

r et # 0 .0256

P y r ite - 3 . 0 .0312F la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .0 4 7 6K aolin - 10. 0 .0 3 6 4Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .0296O rthoclase — 12. 0 .0 2 6 2C h lo r ite - 13 . 0 .0132M icaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0 3 9 8Z ircon - 15 . 0 .0456M icrocline - 16 . 0 .0178Lim onite - 17 . 0 .0 1 9 4M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0 5 3 0B io t i t e - 19. 0 .0202R u tile - 20. 0 .0 2 1 4Garnet —

0

4 .60126 .2877 6 .1178 4 .7879 5.9479 5.98395.2877 5 .0023 4 .3929 4 .7 7 9 9 5.0783 5.2543 6 .2433 4 .6 5 U 4 .4 5 4 8 5 .8120 5.6878 4 .2379 5.6295 5.54*2

Total 100

Average g ra in s i s e in mm




0 .2818

5.2892

0 .4 3 4 1

N 3

142

APPENDIX ARock Typo 09 Disturbed Structure Shale

Thin Section Number 0 9 /01

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) U S . 3

Core Number G-9

Com positionMineral * (

Dusty quarts 3Clear quarts 7 amI l l l t e - S i d e r l t e 83n u t e -

S id er ite 3 1 . 0 .0296Carbonaceous matter 1 2 . 0 .0166Muscovite 3 3 . 0 .0118S i l i c a cement - 4. 0 .0 1 5 8C a lc ite - 5 . 0 .0492Chert - 6 . 0 .0 1 9 4S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .0148P yrite - 8. 0 .0252P la g io c la se - 9. 0 .0218Kaolin - 10. 0 .0 2 0 6Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0362Orthoclase - 12. 0 .0238C hlorite - 13. 0 .0564Micaceous rock frag . - 14 . 0 .0108Zircon - 15. 0 .0 1 4 6M icrocline — 16 . 0 .0 0 6 6Limonite — 17. 0 .0096M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0334B io t ite - 19. 0 .0188Rut l i e - 20. 0 .0418Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ite

556 5456 5 5 545 46 6 7 645 4

Average g ra in e l s e in mm,




0 .0238

5 .6022

0 .6554

N 3

0

.0783

.9127

.4051

.9839.3452.6878.0783.3104.5195.6012.7879.3929.1482.5328.0979.2433.7027.9040.7331.5804

143

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 09 D isturbed S tru ctu re Shale


Depth Below Surface (in f e e t ) 119*1

Core Niufeer G-9

CompositionM ineral % Grain S is eDusty qu arts 23C lear q u arts 12 bb 0I l l i t o - S i d e r i t e 31I l l i t e 3S id e r it e 17 1 . 0 .0 2 1 8 5.5195Carbonaceous m atter 5 2 . 0 .0182 5.7799M useorite 4 3 . 0 .0 7 7 8 3 .6841S i l i c a cement 2 4 . 0 .0366 4 .7720C a le lte 1 5. 0 .0218 5.5195Chert - 6 . 0 .0146 6 .0979S e r ic i t e 2 7* 0 .0 1 6 4 5.9302P y r ite - 3. 0 .0508 4 .2 9 9 0P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .0436 4 .5195K aolin - 10. 0 .0 3 6 4 4 .7799Leucaxene - 11 . 0 .0278 5 .1688Q rthoclaee - 12 . 0 .0662 3 .9170C h lo r ite — 13* 0 .0 2 9 4 5.0880M ieaceous rock fra g . - 14* 0.0536 4 .2216Zircon - 15 . 0 .0528 4.2433M icro c lin e - 16 . 0 .0 3 7 8 4 .7255Lim onite - 17- 0 .0360 4 .7959M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0 1 1 4 6 .4548B io t i t e — 19. 0 .0364 4 .7799R u tile - 20. 0 .0 3 8 2 4 .7103Garnet -

T o U l 100

A-rerage grain s i s e In mm 0.0364

Average grain e ls e In 0 4*9503

Variance (a2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0 .5514


144

APFBlDIi A

Rock Type 09 Disturbed Structure Shale

Thin S eetion Number 0 9 /0 3


Core Number 0 -9

CompositionM ineral % <Dusty quarts 31Clear quarts 8 ■sU l i t e - S id e r i t e 20I l l i t e 1S id e r ite 16 1 . 0 .0 2 0 4Carbonaceous matter 2 2 . 0 .0 4 3 8M uscovite 2 3 . 0 .0558S i l i c a cement 1 4 . 0 .0296C alc ite 1 5. 0 .0638Chert - 6 . 0 .1188S e r lc ite 1 7. 0 .0 8 1 8P yrlte 17 8 . 0 .0 1 4 6PLagLoclase - 9 . 0 .0602Kaolin - 10 . 0 .0 5 5 0Leuc eocene - 11. 0 .0 5 3 6O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .0654C h lorite — 13. 0 .0 4 7 8Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0242Zircon - 15 . 0 .0 4 1 0KLerocline — 16. 0 .0 4 9 8Limonite - 17. 0 .0838M agnetite - 18. 0 .0 4 7 6B io t ite - 19 . 0 .0562R u tile - 2 0 . 0 ,0 2 7 8Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ise

0

5.61534.51294 .16365 .07833 .97033 .07343 .61186 .09794 .0 5 4 14.13444 .22163 .93464.38685 .36884.60824 .32773 .5 7 6 94.39294 .15335.1688

Average gra in s i s e in ani 0 .0 5 2 1


Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la ted in 0 0 .5 3 5 4

Color of rock ch ip N 6

U 5

APPENDIX ARock Type 09 Disturbed Structure ShaleThin Section Number 09/04Depth Below Surface (in feet) 130.0Core Number 0 -9

CQttponition

M ineral % Grain S ise

Dusty q u arts 60C lear q u arts 3 OK

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 74I l l i t e 2S id e r ite 3 1 . 0 .0 3 7 3 4 .7255Carbonaceous m atter 5 2 . 0 .0 0 7 6 7 .0393M uscovite 1 3 . 0 .0262 5.2543S i l i c a cement — 4 . 0 .0 3 5 4 4 .8 2 0 1C a le ite - 5. 0 .0 2 0 2 5.6295Chert — 6 . 0 .0070 7 .1584S e r ic i t e 1 7. 0*0338 4 .6378f y r i t e - 3 . 0 .0 5 9 4 4 .0 7 3 4F la g io c la se - 9. 0 .0136 6 .2002K aolin - 10. 0 .0 2 1 0 5.5735Leucoxene — 11 . 0 .0604 4 .0 4 9 3O rthoclase - 12 . 0 .0 1 6 2 5 .9479C h lo r ite - 13. 0 .0 2 1 3 5.5195M ioaceous rock fr a g . - 14 . 0 .0274 5 .1897Z ircon — 15. 0 .0 1 4 3 6 .0733M icroclin e — 16 . 0 .0 2 0 4 5 .6153Lim onite - 17 . 0 .0250 5 .3219M agnetite - 13 . 0 .0 2 9 3 5.0685B io t i t e - 19 . 0 .0 3 0 4 5 .0398R u tile - 20 . 0 .0536 4 .2216Garnet -

T ota l 100

Average g ra in s i s e in an 0 .0233

Average g ra in s i s e in 0 5*3607



146

APPENDIX ASock Type 09 D isturbed S tru ctu re S to le

Thin S e c t io n Number 09 /05

Depth Below Surface ( In f e e t ) 131*3

Core Number 0 -9

Composition

M ineral Grain S ise

C lear quarts 9 amI l l i t e - S i d e r i t s 6I l l l t e 59S id e r ite — 1 . 0 .0606Carbonaceous matter 9 2 . 0 .0 1 0 0Muscovite 2 3 . 0 .0410S i l i c a cement 4* 0 .0294C a lc ite - 5* 0 .0 1 3 6Chert - 6 . 0 .0 3 7 8S e r ic it e 1 7* 0 .0 1 0 8f^ r ite 5 3. 0 .0 2 9 4P la g io d a se - 9* 0 .0 6 6 4Kaolin - 10. 0 .0444Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0 4 9 4O rthoclase - 12. 0 .0 4 1 0C h lorite - 13 . 0 .0216Micaceous rock fra g . — 14. 0 .0 6 9 0Zircon — 15. 0 .0 1 9 6Micro d in e - 16 . 0 .0 1 4 4Limonite - 17. 0 .0 5 3 6M agnetite - 1 8 . 0 .0542B io t ite - 19 . 0 .0 2 7 4R u tlle — 20 . 0 .0 3 1 8Garnet -

T otal 100

0

3*6331 6 .6439 4.6062 5 .0660 6.2002 4.7255 6 .5328

0660 6699 4933 3393 6062 5326 6573 6564 1176 2216 2056 1697 9746

534 445356445 4

Average gra in s i s e In am

Average gra in e ls e In 0


Color o f rock chip

0 .0 3 7 4

4 .9 7 9 4

0 .8035

N 4

147

APPENDIX A*


Thin S e c tio n Number 09 /06


Core Number G-9

Com position

Mineral %Dusty quarts 21Clear quarts 6I U it e - S id e r i t e 23I l l i t e 24S id e r ite 3Carbonaceous matter 4Muscovite 11S i l ic a cement 1C a lc ite 1Chert -

Seri c i t e 2P yrite 3P la g io c la se -

Kaolin -

Leucoxsne -

O rthoclase -

C h lorite 1Micaceous rock frag . -

Zircon -

M icrocline -

Limonite -M agnetite -

B io t ite -

R u tlle -

Garnet —

T otal 100

Grain S iae

■m 0

1 . 0 .0314 4 .99312 . 0 .0 3 0 4 5*03933* 0 .0123 6 .2 3 7 74* 0 .0176 5 .32335. 0 .0 2 0 2 5.62956 . 0 .0930 3 .42667* 0 .0722 3 .79193 . 0 .0032 6 .93029. 0 .0 1 1 4 6.4548

10. 0 .0233 5.392911. 0 .0103 6 .532312 . 0 .0 1 4 6 6.097913* 0 .0 3 0 4 5 .039814* 0 .0263 5.221615* 0 .0433 4 .512916 . 0 .0266 5 .232417* 0 .0343 4 .344313. 0 .0503 4 .2 9 9 019* 0 .0332 4 .710320 . 0 .0 1 0 6 6 .5593

Average g r a in s i s e in m 0 .0304

Averags g ra in s i s e in 0 5*3413



143

APPENDIX A




Core Number G-9

Com position

M ineral % (

Dusty quarts 13Clear quarts 5 imnI l l i t e - S id e r l t e 7I l l l t e 65S id e r ite 1 1 . 0 .0 1 2 6Carbonaceous matter 4 2 . 0 .0658Muscovite 3 3 . 0 .0064S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0 .0 3 9 6C alc ite - 5* 0 .0188Chert - 6 . 0 .0716S e r lc ite - 7. 0 .0198ftrr ite 2 8 . 0 .0 0 9 6P la g io c la se - 9 . 0 .0216Kaolin - 10. 0 .0086Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0526Q rthoclase - 12. 0 .0552C hlorite - 13. 0 .0684Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0218Zircon - 15. 0 .0 4 2 8M iorocline - 16. 0 .0256Limonite - 17. 0 .0296M agnetite - 18. 0 .0186B io t ite - 19 . 0 .0 U 6R u tile - 20. 0 .0416Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ise

0

6 .31043*92587.28774 .6584 5.7331 3 .80395.6584 6 .7 0 2 7 5.5328 6 .8614 4 .2488 4 .1792 3 .8699 5.5195 4 .54625.2877 5.0783 5.7486 6 .4297 4 .5873

At*rage g ra in e l s e in am 0 .0321

Average g ra in e ls e in 0 5.2985



149

APPENDIX ARock Type 09 Disturbed Structure ShaleThin Section Nuaber 09/06Depth Below Surfaoe (in feet) 140.3Core Nuaber 0-9

Com position

M ineral % Gj

D usty quarts 20C lear q u arts 9 maI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 5I l l i t e 44S id e r ite — 1 . 0 .0298Carbonaceous n a t te r 6 2. 0 .0462M uscovite 3 3 . 0 .0163S i l i c a cement 1 4 . 0 .0518C a lc it s 1 5. 0 .0336Chert - 6 . 0 .0 4 3 6S e r ic i t e 3 7 . 0 .0396P y r lte 3 8 . 0 .0 3 4 2P la g io c la s e - 9 . 0 .0568K aolin - 1 0 . 0 .0598Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0456Q rthoclase - 12. 0 .0 7 3 4C h lo r ite - 1 3 . 0 .0118M icaceous rock fr a g . - 14 . 0 .0406Zircon — 15. 0 .0 2 0 4H ic ro c lin e - 16. 0 .0 4 7 4Lim onite — 17 . 0 .0564M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0202B io t i t e - 19. 0 .0 2 9 0R u tile - 20 . 0 .0436Garnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S is e

0

5.06354 .4 3 6 05.89544.27094 .8 8 6 64.5195 4 .6584 4 .8699 4 .1 3 8 0 4 .0637 4 .4548 3 .7 6 8 1 6 .4051 4 .6224 5.6153 4 .3990 4 .1 4 8 2 5.6295 5.10784 .5195

Are rage g ra in s i s e i n sat




0 .0 4 0 0

4 .7738

0 .4 5 6 1

N 4

150

APPENDIX ARock Type 09 Disturbed Structure Shale

Thin S ection Nuaber 09 /09

Depth Below Surfaoe ( in f e e t ) 1 6 9 .8

Core Nuaber G-9

CompositionMineralDusty quarts Clear quarts I U lt e - S id e r i t enutsS id e r iteCarbonaceous n a tte rM uscoviteS i l i c a cenentC a lc iteChertS e r ic it sP yriteP la g io c la seKaolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC h loriteMicaceous rock fra g .ZirconM lcrocllneL inoniteMagnetiteB io t iteR u tileGarnet

Grain S ii191043

4288

1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6 .7 .8 . 9 .

10.11.12.13 .14.15 .16 .17 .18 .1 9 .20 .

0.05080.04080 .0 2 5 40 .0 3 3 00.05580.02900.03060 .01320 .02920.04260.02120 .0 3 3 60.02420.02320 .05760 .0 5 2 40 .0 2 6 20 .03480 .0 3 6 40 .0496

Total 100

Average gra in s i s e in ax 0 .0357


Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la ted in 0 0 .2 4 0 1


0

4 .2 9 9 0 4.61535 .2990 4 .9 2 1 4 4.1636 5 .1078 5 .03035 .7799 5.0979 4 .5 5 3 0 5 .5598 4 .8954 5 .3688 5 .4297 4 .1 1 7 84 .25435 .2543 4 .3 4 4 84 .7799 4 .3335

151

APPENDIX AHock Type 09 D isturbed S tru ctu re Shale


Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) ISO .9

Core Number G-9

CompositionMlnaya.1

Dusty quarts Clear quarts I l l i t e - S i d e r i t em i t eS id e r iteCarbonaceous m atterMusooviteS i l ic a cementC a le lteChertS er i c i t ef^ r iteP la g io c la s eKaolinLeucaxeneO rthoclaseC h loriteMicaceous rock frag .ZirconMLcrocllneLimoniteM agnetiteB io t i t eH utlieGarnet

Grain S is e

101160

1175

1 .2 .3 .A.5 .6 . 7 . a.9 .

10.11.12.13 .14 .15 .16.17 .18.19 .20.

0 .04560 .0 2 5 40 .02920 .01940.05620.02460.01980.02160.03120 .0 1 9 60 .0 3 8 40.03060.02460 .03160 .02820 .01260 .03720 .0 1 1 80 .03580 .0530

0

4 .4 5 4 85 .29905 .09795 .68784 .15335.3452 5.6584 5.332B 5 .0023 5.6730 4 .7 0 2 7 5.03035.3452 4 .9839 5.1482 6 .3104 4 .7 4 8 6 6 .4 0 5 1 4 .8 0 3 9 4 .2379

T o ta l 100

Average g ra in s i s e in m 0 .0 2 9 8

Average g r a in s i s e in 0 5*1810



152

APPENDIX ARock T>pe 09 D isturbed S tru ctu re Shale

Thin S e c t io n Nuaber 09 /11


Core Nuaber G-9

C o p p o s it io n

M ineral %

Dusty q u arts 16C lear q u arts 9I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 28I l l i t eS id e r i t e 23Carbonaceous n a t te r 8M uscovite 6S i l i c a cement -C a lc ite 6ChertS e r ic i t e 3P y r iteKLagLoclaseK aolinleu coxen e 1O rthoelaaeC h lo r iteM icaceous rock fr a g .ZirconM icro c lin eL in o n iteM agnetiteB io t i t eR u tileGarnet

T o ta l 100

Grain S ize

1 .2 .3*4 .5.6.7.8 . 9 .

10.11.12.13*14.15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .20.

0.07100.06460 .0 4 3 00 .0 6 2 40 .04440.03060.01420 .02060.01980 .04560 .03700.05280 .04360 .04980 .0 2 9 80 .0 4 4 20 .04560 .0 2 1 80 .01900.0226

0

3.81603 .95234.53954.00234 .49335 .03036.13805.60125 .65844 .4548 4 .7563 4 .24334.5195 4 .3277 5.0685 4 .49984 .45485.5195 5.7179 5.4675

Average gra in s iz e in nm

Average g ra in s i z e in 0


0 .0391

4 .8131

0 .4486


153

AFHSNDIX A

Bock Type 10 Graded Bedding Shale

Thin S ec tio n Number 1 0 /0 1


Core Nuaber G-9

Com position

Mineral % C

Dusty quarts 3Clear quartz 13 mmI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 711111te 3S id er ite 1 1 . 0 .0144Carbonaceous s a t te r 3 2. 0 .0216Muscovite 6 3 . 0 .0246S i l ic a cement - 4. 0 .0 1 9 0C alc lte - 5. 0 .0316Chert - 6 . O.OUOS e r ic ite - 7 . 0 .0142I^rrite - 8. 0 .0256F lag loelase - 9. 0.0146Kaolin - 10 . 0 .0162Leucoxene - 11 . 0 .0114Orthocl&se — 12. 0 .0100C hlorite - 13. 0 .0 2 5 4Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0158Zircon - 15 . 0 .0 3 4 0M icrocline - 16. 0 .0296Limonite - 17 . 0 .0218M agnetite - 18 . 0 .0 1 9 8B io t ite - 19 . 0 .0336K u tile - 20. 0 .0376Garnet -

T o ta l loo

Grain S ise

0

6.11785.53285*34525.71794 .9839 6 .5064 6,1380 5 .2877 6 .0979 5.9479 6.4548 6 .6439 5.29905 .9839 4 .8733 5.0783 5.5195 5.6584 4 .8954 4 .7331

Average g ra in s iz e in mn 0.0216

Average gra in a le e in 0 5.6410



154

APPENDIX A

Hock Type 10 Graded Bedding S h ale



Core Number G-9

CompositionM ineral % (Dusty quarts 11C lear quartz 8 amI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 72I l l i t e -

S id er ite 2 1 . 0.0166Carbonaceous matter 3 2. 0.0114Muscovite 4 3 . 0.0133S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0.0156C a lc lte - 5. 0.0134Chert - 6 . 0.0518S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0436ftrr ite - 3 . 0.0263PLagioclase - 9 . 0.0226Kaolin - 10. 0.0334Leucoxene - 11. 0.0252O rthoclase - 12. 0.0102C hlorite - 13. 0.0306Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0.0226Zircon - 15. 0.0314M lcrocline - 16. 0.0196Limonite - 17. 0.0146Magnetite - 18. 0.0194B io t it e - 19. 0.0306H ntile - 20. 0.0203Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ise

0

5.91276.45436.17926.00235.76424.27094.51955.22165.4675 4.7027 5.3104 6.61535.03035.4675 4.9931 5.6730 6.0979 5.68785.0303 5.5373

Average gra in s i s e in am 0.0242

Average gra in s i s e in 0 5*4994



155

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 10 Graded Bedding Sh&le

Thin S ection Nuaber 10/03


Core Number G-9

nn


Dusty quarts 20Clear quarts 15 wm

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 77I l l l t a —S id e r ite 1 1 . 0.0166 5.9127Carbonaceous n a tte r 5 2. 0.0282 5.1482Muscovite - 3* 0.0290 5.1078S i l i c a cement - 4. 0 .0212 5.5598C a lc ite - 5. 0.0456 4.4548Chert - 6 . 0.0370 4.7563S e r lc ite - 7* 0.0512 4.2877P yrite - 8. 0 .0376 4.7331F ls g io d a s e - 9 . 0.0246 5.3452Kaolin - 10. 0.0186 5.7486Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0236 5.4051O rthoclase - 12. 0 .0314 4.9931C h lorite - 13. 0 .0388 4.6878Micaceous rock fra g . — 14. 0.0366 4.7720Zircon — 15. 0 .0102 6.6153Mi croc l in e — 16. 0 .0564 4.1482L inonite — 17. 0.0278 5.1688M agnetite - 18. 0 .0292 5.0979B io t it e - 19. 0.0184 5.7642E n tile - 20. 0.0340 4.8783Garnet -

Total 100

Average grain s i s e in na 0.0308


Variance (s 2 ) c a lc u la ted in 0 0.3550

Color o f rock ch ip N A

156

APPENDIX A

Bock Type 10 Graded Bedding Shale

Thin S ectio n Number 10/04


Core Ntaaber G-9

CompositionM ineral %Dusty quarts 6Clear quarts 16I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 53I l l i t e 1S id e r ite 3Carbonaceous m atter 8M uscovite 3S i l i c a cement -C a lc ite -Chert —S e r ie ite -P yrlte -F la g io c la ee -K aolin -Leucoxsne -O rthoclase —C h lorite —Micaceous rock fra g . —Zircon -Micro d in e -Limonite -M agnetite -BLotite -R u tile -Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain Sine

mm 0

1. 0 .0224 5.43042 . 0 .0316 4.98393 . 0 .0256 5.28774 . 0.0366 4.77205. 0 .0103 6.53286 . 0 .0278 5.16387. 0.0334 4.70273 . 0.0336 4.69539. 0.0214 5.5462

10. 0.0426 4.553011. 0.0230 5.153412. 0.0423 4.546213. 0 .0313 4.974814. 0 .0536 4.093015. 0.0346 4.853116. 0.0204 5.615317. 0 .0313 4.974313. 0.0136 5.748619. 0.0193 5.653420. 0.0166 5.9127

Average gra in e ls e in am 0.0299

Average gra in s i s e in 0 5.1629

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.3250


157

APFKNDIX A

Rock Type 10 Graded Bedding Shale



Core Nuoeber 0-9

C cnposition

% C

Dusty quarts 8Clear quarts 23 nsnI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 51I l l l t e -S id e r ite 3 1. 0.0202Carbonaceous n a tter 8 2 . 0.0158M uscovite 6 3 . 0.01463 i l i e a cenent - 4. 0.0448C a le ite - 5. 0.0260Chert — 6 . 0.0106S e r ie ite - 7. 0.0336P yrlte 1 8 . 0.0306P la g io d a se - 9. 0.0376Kaolin - 10. 0.0262Leueoxene - 11 . 0.0442G rthoelase — 12. 0.0344C h lorite - 13. 0.0380Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0.0262Zircon - 15. 0.0178M icroeline - 16. 0.0198Linonite — 17 . 0 .0314M agnetite - 18. 0.0366B io t ite - 19. 0.0408Rut l i e - 20. 0.0218Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain

Average gra in e ls e in wm.

Average gra in e ls e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.0286

5.2317

0.3365

N 4

S ise

0

5.62955.98396.09794.48045.26536.55984.89545.03034.73315.2543 4.4998 4.8614 4.71795.2543 5.8120 5.6584 4.9931 4.7720 4.6153 5.5195

APFKN3IX A



Depth Below Surface (in f e e t ) 205*9

Core Nuaber G-9

Caapoaltlon

%Dusty quarts 1C lear quarts 18I l l i t e - S id e r i t e 401111 t e 26S id e r ite 1Carbonaceous n a tter 10M uscovite 1S i l i c a ceawnt -C a lc ite -Chert -S eri c i t e —PJrrite -P la g io c la se -Kaolin -Leucoxene 1O rthoelase -C hlorite -Micaceous rock fra g . -Zircon -M ierocline -L inonite -M agnetite -B io t ite -R u tile -Garnet -

T otal lo o

Grain Siae

m 0

1. 0.0224 5.46042. 0.0106 6.55983* 0.0136 6.20024. 0.0064 7.26775- 0.0166 5.9X276 . 0 .0264 5.24337. 0.0246 5.34528 . 0.0202 5.62959. 0.0224 5.4804

10. 0.0166 5.912711. 0 .0374 4.740612. 0.0160 5.795913* 0.0144 6.117614. 0.0172 5.861415. 0.0324 4.947916. 0.0222 5.493317. 0.0318 4.974618. 0.0300 5.058919. 0.0198 5.656420. 0.0260 5.2653

Average gra in s i s e in w* 0.0215

Average grain s i s e in 0 5*6463



159

AFKNDIX A

Rock Typo 10 Graded Bedding Shale



Core Nuaber G-9

CompositionM ineral % (

Dusty quarts 3Clear quarts 17 ■nI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 68I l l i t e —S id e r ite 2 1. 0.0186Carbonaceous a a tte r 6 2. 0.0284Muscovite 4 3. 0.0122S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0.0124C a lc ite - 5. 0.0204Chert - 6. 0.0124S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0302l^ r ite - 3. 0.0326P la g io c la se 9. 0.0182Kaolin — 10. 0.0280Loucoxene - 11. 0.0246Q rthoclase - 12. 0.0282C h lorite - 13. 0.0266Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0.0316Zircon - 15. 0.0176M icrecline - 16. 0.0144L iaon ite - 17. 0.0258M agnetite - 18. 0.0242B io tite - 19. 0.0102R u tlie - 20. 0.0278Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain Siae

0

5*74865.13806.35706.33355.61536.3335 5.0493 4.9390 5.7799 5.1584 5.3452 5.1482 5.2324 4.9839 5.8283 6.1178 5.2765 5.36886.6153 5.1688

Average gra in s iz e in an

ATorage gra in s is e in 0

Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted in 0 Color o f rock chip

0.0222

5.5769

0.2800

N 4

160

APFKNDIX A


Thin Section Nuaber 10/08


Core Nuaber G-9

CoapoaitlonM ineral % Grain

II

Duaty quartz 130Clear quartz 8

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 62T lll ta 1S id er ite 6 1. 0.0174 5.8448Carbonaceous n a tter 1 2 . 0.0224 5.4804M uscovite 4 3 . 0.0166 5.9127S i l i c a cenent - 4. 0 .0196 5.6730C e lc ite - 5. 0.0196 5.6730Chert - 6 . 0.0238 5.3929S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0250 5.3219P yrlte - 8. 0.0174 5.8448P lag loclaee - 9 . 0.0258 5.2765Kaolin - 10. 0 .0300 5.0589Leucoocene - 11. 0.0276 5.1792Orthoelaee - 12. 0.0322 4.9568C hlorite - 13. 0 .0254 5.2990Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0.0398 4.6511Zircon - 15. 0 .0264 5.2433M icrocline — 16. 0.0244 5.3570L iaonite - 17. 0.0416 4.5873M agnetite - 18. 0.0512 4.2877B io t ite - 19 . 0.0336 4.8954R u tile - 20. 0 .0324 4.9479Garnet -

Total 100

Average grain s i s e in mu

Average grain s iz e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.0276

5.2442

0.1929

N 4

161

APPENDIX A

Rock T^pe ID Graded Bedding Shale



Core Nuaber

225.0

G-9

C oapoeition

M lm rU *Dusty quarts 5Clear Quarts 14I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 63I l l i t eS id e r ite 3Carbonaceous m atter 3M uscovite 1S i l i c a cementC a lc ite 1ChertS e r ie iteP jr iteP la g io c la seKaolinLeucoxeneO rthoclaseC hloriteMioaceous rock fra g .ZirconM ieroclineL iaon iteM agnetiteB io t it e -Rut l i eGarnet

T otal 100

Grain Siae

1 .2.3 .A.5.6.7.8 . 9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.2 0 .

0.01380.01580.02240.02180.01230.02160.03120.02040.01780.02540.02520.02160.02560.02600.02740.01420.02620 .02100.03220.0166

65556 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 556 5 545

Average gra in s i s e in m



Color o f rock chip

0.0220

5.5567

0.1436

N 4

0

.1792

.9839

.4804

.5195.2877.5323.0023.6153.8120.2990.3104.5328.2877.2653.1897>.1380.2543.5735.9568.9127

162

APPENDIX A



Depth Belov Surface ( in f e e t ) 231 .4

Core Number G-9

Composition

Mineral % Grain Size

Dusty quarts 1Clear quartz 6 mm 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 841111 te -S id e r ite 1 1. 0.0150 6.0589Carbonaceous matter 5 2 . 0.0142 6.1380Muscovite 3 3 . 0.0152 6.0398S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0.0258 5.2765C a lc ite - 5. 0 .0200 5.6439Chert - 6. 0.0154 6.0209S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0144 6.1178P yrlte - 8. 0.0214 5.5462F la g io c la se - 9. 0.0126 6.3104Kaolin - 10. 0.0192 5.7027Leucoxene - 11. 0.0498 4.3277Q rthoclase - 12. 0.0094 6.7331C h lorite - 13. 0.0296 5.0783Micaceous rock fra g . — 14. 0.0292 5.0979Zircon - 15. 0 .0262 5.2543M icrocline - 16. 0.0126 6.3104L inonite - 17. 0.0238 5.3929M agnetite - 18. 0 .0174 5.8448B io t ite _ 19. 0.0170 5.8783R u tile - 20. 0.0282 5.1482Garnet -

T otal 100

Average grain s ia e in mm 0.0208

Average grain s lo e in 0 5.6960

Variance ( a2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.3166

Color o f rock chip

163

APPENDIX A

Rock Typo 10 Graded Bedding Shale



Core Number G-9

CompositionMineral * CDusty quarts 1Clear quartz 2 SBI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 84m i t e -S id e r ite 1 1. 0.0204Carbonaceous matter 3 2 . 0.0146Muscovite 7 3 . 0.0164S i l ic a cement - 4 . 0.0330C a lc ite 1 5. 0.0186Chert - 6. 0.0156S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0136P yrite - 8 . 0.0244F la g io c la se - 9. 0.0142Kaolin - 10. 0.0260Leucoxene - 11. 0.0258Qrthoclase - 12. 0.0146C h lorite 1 13. 0.0106Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0150Zircon - 15. 0.0366M iorocline - 16. 0.0062lim o n ite - 17. 0.0296Magnetite - 16. 0.0156B io t ite - 19 . 0.0150R utl i e - 20. 0.0098Garnet -

T o ta l 100

Grain S ize

0

5.61536.09795.9302 4.9214 5.7466 6.0023 6.2002 5.3570 6.1360 5.2653 5.27656.0979 6.5598 6.0569 4.77206.9302 5.0783 5.9839 6.0589 6.6730

Average gra in e ls e in m t

Average grain s ia e in 0

Variance (a^) ca lcu la ted in 0

Color o f rock chip

0.0169

5.8383

0.3372

N 4

16A

APFEJOn A

Rock Type 11 Mixed Disturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale



Core Number G-9

C om position

M ineral %

Dusty quarts 4Clear quarts 4I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 42m i t e -S id e r ite 46Carbonaceous matter 3M uscovite -S i l i c a cement -C alc ite -Chert -S e r id t e -P yrite -P lagioclaae -Kaolin -Leucoocsne 1Q rthoclase -C h lorite -Micaceous rock frag . -Zircon -M icrocline -Limonite -M agnetite -B io t ite -R u tile -Garnet —

T otal 100

Grain S l«e

0

1 . 0.0224 5.43042. 0.0242 5.36883 . 0.0324 3.60124 . 0.0166 5*91275. 0 .0114 6.45436. 0.0436 4.36297. 0.0118 6.40513 . 0.1436 2.79999. 0.0166 5.9127

10. 0.0206 5.601211. 0.1133 3.135412. 0.0333 4.336313* 0.0276 5.179214. 0.0216 5.532815. 0.0314 4.993116. 0.0206 5.601217. 0.2536 1.9794IS . 0.0154 6.020919. 0.0164 5.930220. 0.0306 5.0303

Average grain s i s e in am 0.0432




165

APPEIOU A

Rock Type 11 Mixed D isturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin S ection Nuaber


Core Nuaber

11/02

139 .7

G-9

C o p o s it io n

& a s£ * i % (

Dusty quarts 5Clear quarts 22 anI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 23T l l i t e 15S id e r ite 5 1 . 0.0518Carbonaceous a a tter 3 2 . 0.0416M uscovite 9 3 . 0.0386S i l i c a eenent 1 4 . 0.0188C a lc ite 5 5. 0.0232Chert • 6. 0.0284S e r ic ite - 7. 0.0806J^rrite 12 8 . 0.0324F lag ioclaae - 9. 0.0098Kaolin - 10. 0.0156Leuooxene - 11. 0 .0312Orthoclase — 12. 0.0300C h lorite — 13. 0 .0530Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0.0206Zircon — 15. 0 .0188M iorocline - 16. 0 .0246L inonite — 17. 0.0166M agnetite - 18. 0 .0104B io t ite - 19. 0 .0508RutUe - 20. 0.0682Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S i

Average grain e ls e in mm

Average grain sime in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.0333

5-1381

0.7128

N 4

0

4.27094.5873 4.69535.7331 5-4297 5.1380 3.6331 4.9479 6.67306.00235.0023 5.0589 4.2379 5,60125.7331 5.3452 5.91276.5873 4.2990 3.8741

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167

APPENDIX A

Rock Trp* 11 Mixed Disturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin S ection Number 11/04


Core limber G-9

Compif

Grain SiaeM ineral % (

D uet/ quarts 11Clear quarts 14 oibX ll it e -S id e r i t e 62I l l i t e -S id e r ite — 1 . 0.0284Carbonaceous m atter 5 2. 0.0240M uscovite 8 3 . 0.0256S i l i c a cement — 4 . 0.0133C alotte - 5. 0.0404Chert - 6. 0.0242S e r ld t e - 7. 0.0190P /r lte - 8. 0.0140PlagLoclase - 9. 0.0282Kaolin - 10. 0 .0246Leueoxene - 11. 0.0384Qrthoclase - 12. 0.0624C h lorite - 13. 0.0274Micaeeous rock fra g . - 14. 0.0216Zircon — 15. 0.0236M ierocline — 16. 0.0244L inonite - 17. 0.0206M ag n e tite - 18. 0 .0174B io t lte - 19. 0.0456R u tlie - 20. 0 .0376Garnet -

Total 100

Average gra in e ls e in me 0.02S6

Average gra in s ia e in 0 5*2227

Variance (e 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.2661

5555k556 5 5 A k 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A

0

.1330

.3303

.2877

.7331

.6295

.3633

.7179

.1534

.1432

.3452

.7027

.0023

.1397

.5328.1278.3570.6012'.3443.4543-.7331

Color o f rock chip

163

APPENDIX A


Thin S e c tio n Nuaber 11/05

Depth Below Surface (In f e e t ) 192.3

Core Noaber G-9

Co h o s ! t i o nM ineral % Grain S ise

Dusty quarts 22Clear quarts 10 bbi 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 47I l l i t e -S id e r ite 7 1 . 0 .0394 4.6657Carbonaceous m a t t e r 4 2. 0.0224 5.4804Muscovite 8 3. 0.0340 4.8783S i l i c a cosent - 4. 0.0382 4.7103C a le ite - 5. 0.0378 4.7255Chert - 6 . 0.0472 4.4051S er i c i t e - 7. 0.0260 5.2653P y rite 2 8. 0.0242 5.3688F la g io c la se - 9. 0.0476 4.3929Kaolin - 10. 0 .0264 5.2433Leuooxene - 11. 0.0628 3.9931Otrthoclase - 12. 0.0344 4.8614C hlorite - 13. 0.0248 5.3335Micaceous ro c k fra g . — 14. 0.04L6 4.5873Zircon - 15. 0.0306 5.0303M lcrocline — 16. 0 .0238 5.3929Limonita - 17. 0.0226 5.4675M agnetite - 18. 0.0276 5.1792B io t ite — 19. 0.0266 5.2324B u ttle - 20. 0.0374 4.7408Garnet -

T otal 100

Average gra in a iae In m 0.033d

Average gra in e ls e In 0 4.9477


Color o f rook chip N 5

169

1FPEMDIX A

Eock Type 11 Idjoed D isturbed Structure endQreded Bedding Shale

Thin Section B u ber


Core Mbnber

11/06

195.3

G-9

C o p o s it lo n

% (

Dusty quarts 4C lear quarts 9 anI l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 711111 te -S id er ite 1 1 . 0.0400Carbonaceous n a tte r 6 2 . 0.0264M uscovite 9 3 . 0.0556S i l i c a c u n t — 4 . 0.0252C a lc ite - 5. 0.0216Chert — 6 . 0.0074S e r le ite — 7. 0.0146P yrite - 8. 0.0168P lag ioe la s* - 9. 0.0172Kaolin - 10. 0.0182Leueoooene - 11. 0.0198Ortho d a s e - 12. 0 .0294C h lorite - 13. 0.0216Mleaeeous rock fra g . — 14. 0.0140Zircon — 15. 0.0336M ierocllne - 16. 0.0176L inonite - 17. 0.0398M agnetite - 18. 0.0214B le t ite ** 19. 0.0092S u t i le - 20. 0.0150Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain S ite

0

4.64395.24334.16885.31045.5328 7.0783 6.09795.8954 5.8614 5.7799 5.6584 5.08805.5328 6.15844.8954 5.8283 4.6511 5.5462 6.7642 6.0589

Average gra in e ls e in an

Average gra in d i e in 0


Color o f rook chip

0.0232

5.5897

0.4946

N 4

170

A P R H )n A

Bock Type 11 Mixed D isturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin S ec tio n Nunber 11 /07

Depth Below Surface ( in f e e t ) 227>5

Core Nunber G-9

gqBBOfl U SBM ineral % Grain S iso

Dusty quarts 1C lear quarts 12 am 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 76I l l l t e -S id e r ite - 1. 0 .0124 6.3335Carbonaceous n a tte r 6 2. 0.050S 4.2990M uscovite 5 3* 0.0394 4 .6657S i l i c a eensnt - 4 . 0.0132 6.2433C alotte - 5 . 0 .0243 5.3335Chert - 6 . 0 .0224 5.4304S e r ic it e - 7. 0 .0143 6.0733ly r i t e - S. 0.0140 6.1534F ln g ioc la se - 9 . 0.0202 5.6295K aolin - 10. 0 .0216 5.5328Leueoxene - 11 . 0.0132 5.7799O rthoclase — 12. 0 .0213 5.5195C h lor ite — 13* 0 .0203 5.5373Micaceous rock fra g . — 14 . 0 .0394 4.6657Zircon — 15 . 0 .0112 6.4304MLcrocline — 16. 0.0196 5.6730L inon ite - 17. 0 .0136 5.7436M agnetite - IS . 0 .0274 5.1397BLotite - 19. 0.0143 6.0733R u tile — 20. 0 .0244 5.3570Garnet -

T ota l lo o

Average gra in e ls e in sat 0.0225

Average gra in e is e in 0 5*5917

Variance (a2 ; o a leu la ted in 0 0 .3325


171

APPENDIX A

Rock Typo 11 Mixed Disturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin Section M aher ll/O S

Depth Below Surface (In f e e t ) 235.9

Core Nuaber G-9

CompositionM ineral %Dusty quart a 3Clear qaarta 11I l l i t e -S id e r ite 64I l l i t e -S ld er lte -Carbonaceous n a tte r 17Muscovite 5S i l i c a cement -C a lc ite -Chert -S e r ic ite -I^ r ite -P la g lo c la se -K aolin -Leucoxane -O rthoclase -C h lorite —Micaceous ro c k f r a g . —Zircon -M icrod ine -L inonite —M agnetite -B lo t lte -B u tile —Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain Siae

am 0

1. 0.0154 6.02092. 0.0226 5.46753 . 0.0204 5.61534 . 0.0198 5.65845. 0.0152 6.03986 . 0.0148 6.07837. 0.0186 5.74868 . 0.0222 5.49339. 0 .0206 5.6012

10. 0.0164 5.930211. 0.0238 5.392912. 0 .0160 5.965813* 0.0154 6.020914. 0 .0244 5.357015. 0.0176 5.828316. 0 .0274 5.189717. 0.0202 5.629518. 0.0120 6.380819. 0.0166 5.912720. 0.0644 3-9568

Average gra in e la e In m t 0 .0212

Average grain s ia e In 0 5*6644

Variance (s2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.24S5


172

APPENDIX A

Rock Type U Mlocd D isturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin S ection timber


Core Nustber

11/09

110.6

G-a

CompositionMineral % C

Dusty quartz 6Clear quartz 8 JBftI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 75U l i t e -S ld e r ite 2 1. 0.0154Carbonaceous matter 5 2 . 0.0204Muscovite 4 3 . 0.0280S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0.0256C a lc ite - 5. 0.0386Chert - 6 . 0,0198S e r ic it e - 7. 0.0210ly r i t e - 8. 0.0136HLagioelase - 9. 0.0156K aolin - 10. 0.0172Leucoxene - U . 0.0238O rthoclase 12. 0 .0244C h lorite - 13. 0.0226Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0 .0218Zircon - 15. 0.0216M icrod in e - 16. 0.0286Limonite - 17. 0 .0184Magnetite - 18. 0.0436B lo t ite - 19. 0.0206R u tlie - 20. 0.0248Garnet -

T otal lo o

Grain S ize

65554556 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5

Average gra in e ls e in ma

Average gra in e ls e in 0 Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted in 0 Color o f rock chip

0.0233

5.4345

0.1703

N 4

0

.0209

.6153

.1584

.2877

.6953

.6584

.5735

.2002

.0023

.8614

.3929

.3570

.4675

.5195

.5328

.1278

.7642

.5195

.6012

.3335

173

APPENDIX A


Thin S ection Number


Core Number

11/10112.1

G-8

CoapoaitionM ineral %

Dusty quarts 25Clear quarts 10I l l i t e - S id e r i t e 41X ll i t eS id e r ite 2Carbonaceous matter 8Muscovite 4S i l i c a cementC a lc ite 9ChertSeri c i t eP yriteP lag ioc la seKaolinLeucoxeneOrthoclaseC hloriteMicaceous rock frag .Zircon 1M icroclinelim on iteM agnetiteB io titeR u tileGarnet

T otal 100

Grain S lse

1 .2.3.4*5.6 . 7. 3. 9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.16. 17. 13.19.20.

0.02760.02060.02430.01500.04360.05040.03660.02240.02320.04220.02080.03400.03280.02060.01240.02400.04340.04640.01330.0238

0

5.17925.60125.3335 6.0539 4.5195 4.3104 4.7720 5.43045.4297 4.5666 5.5373 4.3733 4.9302 5.60126.3335 5.3308 4.36334.4297 5.7331 5.3929

Average grain s i t e in mm

Arerage grain s i s e in 0

Variance (e2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0

Color o f rock chip

0.0294

5.1944

0.3314

N 4

174

APHSNDIX A



Depth Belcsr Surface ( in f e e t ) 113*0

Core Nuaber

O p p o s it io nM ineral %D u st/ quarts 9C lear quarts 15I H it e -S id e r i t e 62I l l i t e -S id e r ite 2Carbonaceous matter 3M uscovite 8S i l i c a cement -C a lc ite 1Chert —S e r ic it e —P yrite -P la g io c la se -K aolin -LeucaxeneO rthoclase —C h lorite —Micaceous rock frag . —Zircon —M lcrocline «Limoni te -M agnetite -B io t ite —R u tile —Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain Siae

0

1. 0 .0262 5.25432 . 0 .0324 4.94793 . 0 .0406 4.62244 . 0 .0218 5.51955. 0 .0148 6.07836 . 0.0240 5.38087. 0 .0166 5.91278. 0.0174 5.84489. 0 .0282 5.1482

10. 0 .0182 5.779911. 0.0418 4.580412. 0 .0324 4.947913. 0 .0164 5.930214. 0 .0268 5.221615. 0 .0270 5.210916. 0.0142 6.138017. 0 .0220 5.506418. 0 .0162 5.947919. 0.0136 6.200220. 0 .0274 5.1897

Average gra in s ia e in am 0.0239

Average gra in s ia e in 0 5 .4631

Variance ( s 2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 0.2445


175

APPENDIX A

Rock Typo 11 Mixed D isturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale

Thin S ectio n Number

Depth Below Surface ( i n f e e t )

Gore Number

11/12

113.5

G-e

C ongogitionM ineral % (

Duaty quartz 5C lear quarts 11 anI l l l t e - S i d e r i t e 64I l l i t e -S id e r ite 1 1 . 0.0244Carbonaceous m atter 6 2. 0.0142M uscovite 12 3. 0 .0298S i l i c a cement - 4 . 0 .0304C a lc ite - 5. 0 .0256Chert - 6 . 0 .0246S e r ic it e - 7 . 0.0202P y rite - 3. 0 .0264P la g io c la se - 9. 0 .0174Kaolin — 10 . 0.0144Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0198O rthoclase - 12. 0 .0184C h lor ite 1 13 . 0.0346M icaceous rock fra g . — 14. 0 .0246Zircon - 15. 0.0238Mi croc l in e — 16 . 0 .0134Limonite - 17. 0 .0146M agnetite - 18. 0.0178B io t ite - 19. 0 .0298R u tile - 20. 0.0188Garnet -

T ota l 100

Grain S iae

56 5 5 5 5 5 556554556 6 5 5 5

Average gra in s ia e in an

Average g ra in s ia e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.0222

5.5509

0.1679

N 4

.3570

.1380

.0685

.0398

.2877

.3452

.6295

.2433.8448.1178.6584.7642.8531.3452.3929.2216.0979.8120.0685.7331

176

APPENDIX A


Thin S ection Number


Core Number

11/13

113.8

G-8

Composition

Mineral % (

Dusty quarts 3Clear quarts 7 IBBI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 80I H i t e -S id e r ite 1 1. 0.0174Carbonaceous matter 7 2 . 0.0226Muscovite 1 3 . 0.0158S i l ic a cement - 4. 0.0206C a le lte 1 5. 0.0228Chert - 6. 0.0198S e r lc ite - 7. 0 .0308P yrite - 8. 0.0128P la g io c la se - 9 . 0.0142Kaolin - 10. 0.0256Leucoxene - 11. 0 .0294Qrthoclase - 12. 0.0346C h lorite - 13. 0 .0164Micaceous rock frag . - 14. 0 .0188Zircon - 15. 0.0220M lerocline - 16. 0.0282lim on ite • 17. 0.0206Magnetite - 18. 0.0290B io t ite - 19. 0.0108R u tile - 20. 0.0446Garnet -

T otal 100

Grain Siae

5.84485.46755.98395.60125.45485.65845.02096.2877 6.13805.2877 5.0880 4.8531 5.9302 5.7331 5.5064 5.1482 5.6012 5.1078 6.5328 4.4868

Average gra in s i t e in am

Average gra in e ls e in 0


Color o f rock chip

0.0228

5.5366

0.2566

N 4

177

APPENDIX A

Rock Type 11 Mixed Disturbed Structure endQreded Bedding Shale

Thin S ec tio n Nuaber 11/14


Core Nunber G-8

CompositionMineral %Dusty quartz 4Clear quarta 13I l l i t e - S id e r i t e 66I l l i t e -S id e r ite -Carbonaceous n a tter 7Muscovite 7S i l ic a cenent -C alc ite 2Chert -S e r ic ite -P yriteP la g io c la se -K aolin -Lsueoxene -Q rthoclase -C h lorite 1Micaceous rock frag . -Zircon -M icrocline —L inonite -M agnetite -B io t ite -E n tile -Garnet —

T otal 100

Grain Siae

ms 0

1 . 0.0214 5.54622. 0.0226 5.46753 . 0.0200 5.64394 . 0.0378 4.72555. 0.0332 4.71036. 0.0164 5.93027. 0.0106 6.55983 . 0.0556 4.16839 . 0.0204 5.6153

10. 0.0226 5.467511. 0.0122 6.357012. 0.0162 5.947913. 0 .0244 5.357014. 0.0238 5.117815. 0.0314 4.993116. 0.0236 5.405117. 0 .0096 6.702713. 0 .0228 5.454319. 0.0174 5.844320. 0.0212 5.5598

Average grain s ia e in sm 0 .0237

Average grain s ia e in 0 5-5237


Color o f rock chip ■ 4

178

AFHSNDIX A

Rock Typo 11 Mixed D isturbed Structure modGreded Godding Shale

Thin Section Number

Depth Below Surface (In f e e t )

Core Number

11/15

135.5

G-8

CompositionM ineral % c1 S ise

Duety quarts 70C lear quarts 14 MS

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 52I l l i t e -S id e r ite 2 1. 0.0298 5.0685Carbonaceous matter 15 2. 0.0194 5.6878Muscovite 10 3. 0.0146 6.0979S i l i c a ceaent — 4 . 0.0264 5.2433C a lc ite — 5. 0.0150 6.0589Chert - 6 . 0.0424 4.5598S e r ic ite — 7. 0.0388 4.6878I^ r ite — 8. 0.0214 5.5462P la g io c la se - 9. 0.0233 5 .U 7 8Kaolin - 10. 0.0312 5.0023Leueoocene - 11. 0.0178 5.8120Orthoelase - 12. 0.0256 5.2877C hlorite - 13. 0.0260 5.2653Micaceous rock frag . - 14. O.Q352 4.8283Zircon — 15. 0.0123 6.2877K lcrec lin e - 16. 0 .0204 5.6153Limonite — 17. 0.0374 4.7408Magnetite - 18. 0.0206 5.6012B io t lt e - 19. 0.0284 5.1380R u tile — 20. 0.0202 5.6295Garnet -

T otal 100

Average gra in elme In an

Average gra in s ia e In 0

Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted In 0

Color o f rock chip

0.0256

5.363d

0.2391

H 4

179

APHEHDIX A

Rock Type U Mixed Disturbed Structure andGraded Redding Shale

Thin S ection Umber 11/16

Depth Belcw Surface ( in f e e t ) 135.9

Core Ntnfcer G-8

n«Mpoei t ia n

M ineral %Dusty quarts 14Clear quarts 7I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 531111te -

S id e r ite 2Carbonaceous n a tter 7M uscovite 11S i l i c a cenent -

C a lc ite 6Chert -

S e z lc ite -

P yrite -P la g io c la se -

Kaolin -

Leucoxene -

O rthodase -

C hlorite -

Micaceous rook fra g . -

Zircon -

MLcroellne -

l in o n ite -

Magnetite -

R lo t ite -

R u tlie —

Garnet —

T otal 100

Grain Siae

0

1. 0.0316 4.98392. 0.0638 3.97033. 0.0222 5.49334. 0.0506 4.30475. 0.0368 4.76426 . 0.0360 4.79597. 0.0162 5.94798 . 0.0136 6.20029. 0.0222 5.4933

10. 0.0218 5.519511. 0.0278 5.168812. 0.0424 4.559813. 0.0322 4.956814. 0.0182 5.779915. 0 .0240 5.380816. 0 .0314 4.993117. 0 .0 U 6 6.429718. 0 .0708 3.820119. 0 .0284 5.138020. 0.0346 4.8531

Average gra in e ls e In aa 0.0313

Average gra in a lee In 0 5*1277

Variance (a2 ) ca lcu la ted In 0 0.4666


180

APPENDIX A

Rook Type 11 Mixed Disturbed Structure andGraded Bedding Shale



Core Number G-8

CompositionM ineral % Grain Siae

Dusty quarts -C lear quarts 2 an 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 56l l l i t e -S id e r ite 39 1 . 0 .0166 5.9127Carbonaceous m atter 3 2 . 0 .0168 5.8954M uscovite - 3 . 0 .0194 5.6878S i l i c a cement 4 . 0 .0296 5.0783C a lc ite — 5 . 0 .0414 4.5942Chert — 6 . 0.0352 4.8283S e r lc it e — 7 . 0 .0184 5.7642P y r ite — 8 . 0 .0216 5.5328P la g io c la se - 9 . 0.0130 6.2653K aolin — 10. 0 .0158 5.9839Leueoooene — 11. 0 .0108 6.5328Ortho d a s e - 1 2 . 0 .0224 5.4804C h lo r ite — 13. 0 .0188 5.7331Micaceous rock fr a g . _ 14* 0.0144 6.1178Zircon _ 15* 0 .0268 5.2216M lcrocline — 16. 0 .0218 5.5195Limonite _ 17. 0 .0130 6.2653M agnetite - 18. 0 .0146 6.0979BLotite — 19. 0 .0238 5.3929B u tile - 20. 0 .0626 3.9977Garnet -

T otal 100

Average gra in e ls e in on 0.0228

Average gra in e ls e in 0 5*5951

Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la ted in 0 0 .3849


151

APFMDIX A


Thin Section Nuaber


Core Nuaber

11/15

141.1

G—5

Composition

Mineral % c

D u st/ quarts 1Clear quarts 10 mI l l i t e - S id e r i t e 65I l l i t e 13S id er ite 1 1 . 0 .0154Carbonaceous n a tter 7 2 . 0.0205Muscovite 3 3 . 0.0136S i l i c a eenent - 4. 0 .0164C a le ite - 5. 0.0236Chert - 6 . 0.0194S e r ic ite - 7. 0 .0230P yrite - S. 0.0252P lag ioc la se - 9. 0.0256Kaolin - 10. 0 .0224Leucoxene - 11. 0.0205Orthoclase - 12 . 0 .0256C hlorite - 13. 0 .0144Micaceous rock fra g . - 14. 0.0362Zircon — 15. 0 .0192M lcrocline - 16. 0.0344Linonite — 17. 0 .0154M agnetite - 15. 0 .0240B io t ite - 19. 0.0244R u tile - 20. 0.0102Garnet -

Total 100

Grain S ise

0

5.76425.5573 6 .2002 5.9302 5.4051 5.6575 5.4422 5.3104 5.1275 5.45045.5573 5.2577 6.1175 4.7579 5.7027 4.5614 6.0209 5.3505 5.3570 6.6153

Arerage grain s i s e in an


Variance (s2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0

Color of rock chip

0.0215

5.5527

0.1959

N 3

APPENDIX B

Mineral Composition And Grain 3 ix« Data o f th s T otal Corsd

S ection and o f Each Bock Type

183

APPENDIX B

T otal o f A ll 11 Bock Types

T otal footage o f a l l type* 297 fe e t

Data from th in se c tio n s 0 2 /0 2 , 06/02 and 06/02 have been removed so th at the three rook types from which they were taken w i l l not rece ive no re weight than th e ir true percentage demands (see t a r t ) , th e re fo re , the t o t a l number o f th in se c t io n s used in t h is ta b le i s 100, not 103.

CompositionMineral *Dusty quarts 46.38Clear quarts 7 .91I l l i t e - S id e r i t e 22.47I l l i t e 6 .7 0S id e r ite 4 .61Carbonaceous m atter 2 .79Muscovite 2 .78S i l ic a cement 1.62C a lc lte 1.32Chert 0 .72S e r ic ite 0 .62P yrite 0.55P la g io c la se 0.45Kaolin 0 .20Leueoxsne 0 .17Q rthoclase 0.16C hlorite 0 .12Micaceous rock frag . 0 .12Zircon 0 .10M lcrocline 0 .08Limonite 0.05Magnetite 0 .03B io t ite 0 .03R u tile 0 .01Garnet 0 .01T otal 100.00

Grain S is e

Percentage o f g r a in s w ith apparent lon g axes la r g e r than 0:

0 *

7 .50 0 .3 07 .00 1 .506 .5 0 4.956 .00 10.405 .50 a . 455 .00 8.854 .5 0 7.004 .0 0 6 .403 .5 0 7.553 .0 0 9 .7 02 .50 10.202 .0 0 9 .901 .5 0 5.551 .0 0 3 .2 00 .5 0 1.050 .0 0 0 .30

-0 .5 0 0.25-1 .0 0 0 .40-1 .5 0 0.45-2 .0 0 0.45-2 .5 0 0 .15T otal 100.00

The fo llow in g fig u res have been corrected as described above.Average grain s i s e in 0 3 .63Average gra in e ls e in ma 0*195Variance (*2) ca lcu la ted in 0 3.066Benge o f grain s ia e in 0 7 .29 to -2 .6 7Range o f grain s i s e in m 0.006 to 6 .350Range o f e2 o f th in se c t io n s 0 .112 to 3*231Range of average gra in s is e in 0 o f th in se c t io n s

5 .64 to -0 .9 6

184

APPRMDIX B

Total footag* in cor*a 72 .2

Far e«nt o f t o t a l cor* footag* 24.3

th»b*r o f th in aoctiona 24

CoaDoaition Grain Siz*

Mineral i Percentage of gra in s w ithapparent long ax*a larger

Duaty quartz 74.71 than 0:Cl*ar quarts 7.29 0 *I l l i t * - S id * r i t * -

I l U t * 2 .00 4.75 .2083S id er it* 7.13 4 .50 .4167Carbonac*ou s matter 0 .13 4.25 1.0417Muscovite 0.75 4 .00 1.4533S i l ic a c«n*nt 3.33 3.75 1.6667C a lc ite — 3 .50 3.3333Chart 1 .79 3 .25 4.79173 * r lc it* 0 .42 3 .00 6.0417P yrit* 0 .04 2.75 7.7083P lag loclas* 0 .6 7 2 .50 10.2083Kaolin 0 .38 2.25 11.4583Laucoxane 0 .04 2 .00 12.2917Orthoolaa* 0 .21 1.75 14.5833C hlorlt* 0.12 1 .50 6.6667Micaceous rock frag. 0 .33 1.25 7.2917Zircon 0.25 1 .00 4.7917M ieroclin* 0.25 0 .75 2.9167Linonit* — 0 .50 1.4583Magn*tit* 0 .08 0.25 .8333B io tit* 0 .04 0 .00 .6250R util* - -0 .2 5 -

Garnet 0 .0 4 -0 .5 0 --0 .75

Total 100.00 Total 100.0000

Average gra in aia* in 0 2 .27At * rag* gra in a lsa In a n 0,246Variant* (a2 ) ea leu la tad In 0 0.720a2 la not hoaognnaoua (95£ confidence l* r * l)Rang* o f grain ala* in 0 4 ,3 7 to -0 .7 6Rang* o f gra in aia* in *■ 0 .034 to 1 .694Sang* o f • o f th in a*etiona 0.203 to 1.851Rang* o f * T * r a g * gra in aia* in 0 o f th in auctions

2 .7 4 to 1 .87

185

APPENDIX B

Bedded Brown Sandstone Rock Type 02

Total footage in cores 2 .1

Per cent o f t o ta l core footage 0 .7

Number of th in se c tio n s 2

Composition

MineralDusty quartz Clear quartz I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 1111 te S id e r iteCarbonaceous matterMuscoviteS i l i c a cementC a lc iteChertS e r ie itefy r iteP lag ioc la seKaolinleueoxeneQ rthoclaseC hloriteMicaceous rock frag.ZirconM lcroclineLijsonlteMagnetiteB io t iteRut l i eCarnet

74.005.5^

2.506.004.002.50

1.002.50

1.50

0.50

Grain S izePercentage o f grains w ith apparent long axes larger than 0:

0 %

3.75 5.00003.50 10.00003.25 5.00003.00 15.00002.75 10.00002.50 10.00002.25 12.50002.00 15.00001.75 10.00001 .50 7.5000Total 100.0000

Total 100.00

Average grain s i s e in 0 Average grain s i s e in mb Variance (e2 ) ca lcu la ted in 0 s2 i s homogeneous (955f confidence le v e l)Range o f grain s i s e in 0 3>5? to 1 .38Range o f grain s iz e in mm 0.084 to 0.383Range o f s2 o f th in se c t io n s 0 .343 to 0.500Range o f average grain s iz e in 0 o f th in se c tio n s

2.52 to 2.35

2.440.2030.418

136

APPENDIX B3TOWB fiock xto 91

T ota l fo o ta g e in co res 1 2 .0

Per cen t o f t o t a l core fo o ta g e 4.0Number o f th in s e c t io n s 4

Com position Grain S ize

M ineral i Percentage o f g r a in s w ith

Dust7 qu arts 37 .00 apparent long than 0 :

axes la r g e r

C lear quarts 3 .5 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t eI l l i t e 0.50 0 X

S id e r ite A .00 3 .7 5 2.5000Carbonaceous m atter - 3 .5 0 2 .5000M uscovite 0.50 3 .25 1 .2500

11c* cement 2 .7 5 3.o o 2.5000C a le ite - 2 .7 5 5.0000Chert 0.50 2.50 6 .25003 e r lc i t e - 2 .2 5 10.0000I ^ r ite - 2.00 3.7500P la g io c la se 0 .5 0 1 .7 5 10.0000k a o lin 0 .2 5 1 .5 0 7.5000Leueoxene - 1.25 10.0000O rthoclase 0 .2 5 1.00 11.2500C h lo r ite - 0 .75 5.0000M icaceous rocK fra g . - 0 .5 0 3 .7500Zircon 0 .2 5 0 .2 5 3 .7500M lcroclin e - 0.00 1.2500Lim onite — -0 .2 5 1.2500M agnetite - - 0.50 1.2500B io t it e - -0 .7 5 1.2500R u tlie - - 1.00 2.5000Carnet -1 .2 5

-1 .5 01.25001 .2500

T ota l 100.00 T otal 100.0000

Average g ra in s i z e in 0 1 .3 3Average gra in s i s e in an 0 .5 3 7Variance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 1.246s2 i s homogeneous (95^ con fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f g ra in s i s e in 0 3 .5 5 t o -1 .5 5Range o f gra in s i s e in m t 0 .0 3 6 to 2 .9 2 5Range o f e2 o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .3 2 6 t o 1 .2 9 1Range o f average g ra in s i s e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

2.15 to 0.73

187

APPENDIX B

M assive Gray Sandstone Rock Ifrpe 0 lj

T ota l fo o ta g e in co res 51 .4

Ifer cant o f t o t a l core fo o ta g e 17*3Number o f th in s e c t io n s 17

Composition

M ineral *Dusty q u arts 75 .18C lear q u arts 5.76I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e -

I l l i t e 10 .06S id e r ite 0 .5 9Carbonaceous n a tte r 0.12M uscovite 0 .3 8S i l i c a cement 1 .9 4C a le ite 0 .3 2Chert 0 .9 4S e r ic i t e 0 .7 0P y r ite 0 .1 3P la g io c la se 0 .9 *K aolin 0 .2 3Leueoxene 0 .3 5O rthoclase 0 .5 3C h lo r ite 0 .1 3M icaceous rock fr a g . 0 .1 8Z ircon 0.06M lcroclin e 0.12Limonite 0.12M agnetite -

B io t i t e 0.12R u tile -

Garnet -

T ota l 100.00

Grain S iae

Percentage o f g ra in s w ith apparent lo n g axes la rg er than 0 :

0 *

4 .7 5 1 .17654 .5 0 1.47064 .2 5 .33244.00 4 .11763 .7 5 5.00003 .5 0 3 .5 2 9 43 .2 5 12.05393.00 12.35292 .7 5 12.64702 .5 0 10.00002 .25 10.29412.00 7 .64711 .7 5 3 .52941 .5 0 4 .41181 .2 5 2.64711.00 2 .35290 .7 5 .29410 .5 0 -

0 .25 .2941

- 2.00100.0000

At*rags g r a in s i s e in 0 2 .6 lAverage g ra in s i s e in a s 0 .202Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .7 0 6e2 i s not homogeneous (95% co n fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f g ra in s i s e in 0 4 .6 7 to -2 .0 3Range o f g ra in s i s e i n m C.039 t o 4*094Range o f s^ o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .152 t o 1 .665Range o f average gra in s i s e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

3.10 to 1.92

138

APPENDIX B

Bedded Gray Sandstone Rock Type 05

T ota l foo tage in corea 2 3 .5

Par cen t o f t o t a l core fo o ta g e 9-6

Number o f th in s e c t io n e 10

Com position Grain S ize

M ineral * Percentage o f g ra in s w ith

Dusty quartz 52.40 apparent lo n g axes la r g e rt.ha.n (h•

C lear quarts 5 .900I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e - i

11 L ite 17 .00S id e r ite 2 .1 0 6 .0 0 .5000Carbonaceous m atter 2 .7 0 5.75 2 .0000M uscovite 4 .1 0 5 .50 1 .5000S i l i c a cement 2 .7 0 5.25 2 .0000C a lc ite 7 .4 0 5 .0 0 3 .5000Chert 0 .3 0 4 .7 5 7.0000S e r ic it e 2 .4 0 4 .5 0 12 .5000P y r ite - 4 .2 5 10 .5000P la g io c la se 0 .3 0 4 .0 0 14.5000K aolin 0 .4 0 3 .75 11.5000Leueoxene 0 .4 0 3 .5 0 10.0000O rthoclase 0 .1 0 3 .25 4-5000C h lo r ite 0 .2 0 3 .0 0 3.0000M icaceous rock fr a g . - 2 .75 3 .5000i ir c o n 0 .1 0 2 .5 0 4 .0000M lcrocline - 2 .2 5 1.0000Lim onite 0 .3 0 2 .0 0 1 .0000M agnetite 0 .1 0 1 .75 1.5000B lo t ite - 1 .5 0 .5000Rut l i e 0 .1 0 1 .25 -Garnet - 1 .0 0 .5000

T ota l 100.00 T otal 100.0000

Average g ra in e is e in 0 3 .7 5Average g ra in e ls e in an 0 .0 9 0Variance ( s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .753s2 1* homogeneous (95£ co n fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f gra in e i s e in 0 5 .73 t o 1 .0 0Range o f gra in s i s e in m 0 .0 1 3 t o 0 .5 0 0Range o f e2 o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .1 1 2 t o 0 .453Range o f average gra in s i s e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

4 .8 3 t o 2 .2 5

189

APPENDIX B

Pebbly Gray Sandstone Rock Type 06

T o ta l fo o ta g e in co res 1 .6

Psr cant o f t o t a l core foo tage 0 .5

Number o f th in s e c t io n s 2

Com position Grain S ice

M ineral X Percentage o f g ra in s w ith

Dusty q u arts 58.00 apparent lon g than 0:

axes la r g e r

C lear quarts 7 .5 0I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e - 0 *l l l i t e 3 .3 0S id e r ite 26 .0 0 4 .5 0 2 .5000Carbonaceous m atter - 4 .25 -

M uscovite 2 .5 0 4 .0 0 2 .5000S i l i c a cement - 3 .75 7.5000C e lc it e 1 .5 0 3 .5 0 5 .0000Chert - 3 .25 15 .0000S e r ic it e - 3 .0 0 12.5000P y r ite - 2 .75 5.0000P la g io c la se 1 .0 0 2 .5 0 10.0000K aolin - 2 .2 5 12.5000Leueoxene - 2 .0 0 10 .0000O rthoclaee - 1 .7 5 2 .5000C h lo r ite - 1 .5 0 7 .5000M icaceous rock fr a g . - 1.25 5 .0000Zircon - 1 .0 0 -

M lcroclin e - 0 .7 5 2 .5 0 0 0Lim onite -

M agnetite - T otal 100.0000B io t it e —

R u tile -

Garnet -

T ota l 100 .00

Average g ra in s i s e in 0 2 .5 3Average g ra in s i s e in am 0 .2 0 5Variance ( s * ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .745» i s homogeneous (95# con fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f g ra in s i s e in 0 4 .4 3 to 0 .6 9Range o f g ra in s i s e in am 0 .0 4 6 t o 0 .6 1 9Range o f s^ o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .670 to 0 .8 5 9Range o f average gra in s i s e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

2 .5 5 to 2 .5 2

190

APHSNDIX B

r.rmfli « M w tj Bock Type 07

T otal footage In core* 6 .1

Per cent o f t o t a l cor* footage 2 .1

Number o f th in se c tio n s 2

Composition

M ineralDusty quarts Clear quarts I l l i t e - S id e r i t e l l l i t e S id * r iteCarbonaceous matterIteseoviteS i l i c a cementC a lc iteChertS e r ic iteP y r iteP lag ioclaseKaolinLeueoxeneO rthoclaseC hloriteM icaceous rock fr a g .ZirconM lcroclineLimoniteM agnetiteB io tit*R u tlleCarnet

9 5 .5 01.00

.50

1.00

1.00

1,00

T otal 100.00

Grain S isePercentage o f gra in s w ith apparent long axes larger than 0:

0 *2.75 5.00002.502 .2 5 2 .50002.001 .7 5 5 .00001 .5 01 .2 5 2.50001 .0 0 5.00000 .75 5.00000 .5 0 7 .50000 .2 5 0 .0 0

-0 .2 5 2 .5000-0 .5 0 2 .5000-0 .7 5 2 .5000-1 ,0 0 2.5000-1 ,2 5 10 .0000-1 .5 0 2.5000-1 .7 5 17 .5000- 2 .0 0 7-5000-2 .2 5 12.5000-2 .5 0 7.5000

T o ta l 100.0000

Average grain s i s e in 0 -0 .85Average grain s i s e in ass 2.766Variance (s^ ) ca lcu la ted in 0 2.535s^ i s homogeneous (95% confidence le v e l )Bangs o f p a i n s i s e in 0 2 .6 7 to -2 .6 7Bangs o f p a i n s i s e in m .156 to 6 .350Bangs o f s2 o f th in sec tio n s 1.939 to 3*321Bangs o f average grain s i s e o f 0 o f th in se c tio n s

-0 .7 3 to -0 .9 8

191

APPENDIX BM assive Shale Rock Type 06

T ota l footaga in coraa 2 .6

Par cant o f t o t a l cora fo o ta g e 0 .9

Number o f th in aaction a 2

CoauDoaition Grain S ize

M ineral % Percentage o f gra in s w ith

Dusty quartz 5 .5 0 apparent lo n g axaa la r g er than 0:C lear quartz 7 .5 0

I l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 75 .00l l l i t a 1 .5 0 0 iS id e r lte 0 .5 0Carbonaceous m atter 6 .5 0 6 .5 0 2 .5000M uscovite 2 .5 0 6 .2 5 5 .0000S i l i c a cement - 6 .0 0 10 .0000C a lc ite - 5 .75 15.0000Chart 0 .5 0 5 .5 0 10 .0000S ari c i t e 0 .5 0 5 .2 5 10 .0000P y r ite _ 5 .0 0 17 .5000P la g io c la se - 4 .7 5 10 .0000Kaolin - 4 .5 0 10 .0000Leueoxene - 4 .2 5 10 .0000Q rthoclaseC h lo r ite : T o ta l 100.0000Micaceous rock fr a g . -Z ircon -M lcrocline -Lim onite -M agnetite -B io t i t e -B u t ile ~Garnet -

T o ta l 100 .00

Average grain aiza In 0 5.11Average grain a lt* In me 0 .0 3 2Varlanea (a2 ) ca leu la tad in 0 0 .3 9 9a2 la homogeneous (95^ confidence le v e l)Bang# o f grain aiza In 0 Eaaga o f grain a iza in mi Ranga o f a^ o f th in aactiona Ranga o f average grain aiza in 0 o f th in aactiona

5 .2 9 to 4 .9 3

6 .2 9 to 4 .0 6 0 .013 to 0 .0 6 0 0 .3 1 3 to 0 .4 3 4

192

APFENDIi B

D isturbed S tructure a ta lft Bock Tt.tc 09

T ota l fo o ta g e In co res J 2 .6

Per cant o f t o t a l cors fo o ta g e 1 1 .0

hfcunbar o f th in s e c t io n s 11

C cap osltion Grain S lsaM ineral % Fsrcenl

Dusty quarts 15.55apparei4 h e h

C lear quarts 8 .55v i i i n y*

l l l i t e - S i d e r i t e 3 5 .0 0 0I H i t e 18.46S id e r ite 6 .2 7 7 .50Carbonaceous m atter 5 .36 7 .2 5M uscovite 4 .3 6 7 .0 0S i l i c a cement 0 .4 6 6 .7 5C a lc lte 1 .2 7 6 .5 0Chert - 6 .2 5S e r ic i t e 1 .1 8 6 .0 0P y r ite 3 .1 8 5 .75P la g io c la se - 5 .50K aolin - 5 .25Leucoxene 0 .2 7 5 .0 0Q rthoclase — 4 .7 5C h lo r ite 0 .0 9 4 .5 0M icaceous rock fr a g . - 4 .2 5Zircon - 4 .0 0Mi c r o c lin e - 3 .7 5Limonite — 3 .5 0M agnetite - 3 .25B L otite -R u tile — T o ta lGarnet -

T ota l 100.00

.45461 .3636

.90913 .18184.09094 .54543 .6363

13.63646 .8182

12 .27278 .6364

11 .81829 .5454

10.90915.45451.8182

.4546.4546

100.0000

Average g ra in s iz e In 0 5 .0 6Average g ra in e ls e in ssr. 0 .0 3 5Variance (a2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .6 9 4a2 ia fcnogensoua (95^ con fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f gra in a ia e in 0 7 .2 9 to 3 .0 7Range o f g ra in a ia e in m 0 .0 0 6 to 0 .1 1 9Range o f a2 o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .2 4 0 t o 1 .123Range o f average g ra in s i z e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

5.60 to 4.43

193

APPENDIX B

Graded Bidding Shale Sock Type 10

T ota l fo o ta g e in cores 33*8

Per cen t o f t o t a l core footage 1 1 .4

Number o f th in s e c t io n s 11

CompositionM ineral

Dusty quarts 5 .3 6C lear quarts 12 .73I U i t e -S id e r i t e 66 .32I l l i t e 3 .0 0S id e r ite 2 .1 3Carbonaceous m atter 5 .4 6M uscovite 4 .0 0S i l i c a cementC a lc ite 0 .1 3ChertS e r ic i t eF y r ite 0 .0 9P la g io e la s eK aolinLeueoxene 0 .0 9C rthoclaseC h lo r ite 0 .0 9M icaceous rock fr a g .ZirconM icroclineLim oniteM agnetiteB io t it eS u t i leGarnet

Grain SAsePsrcentage o f gra in s w ith apparent lon g axes la rg er than 0:

0 i

7 .5 0 .45457 25 -7*. 00 .45456 .7 5 5 .00006 .5 0 3 .63646 .2 5 10.90916.00 11.36365.75 14.54555 .5 0 17 .72735 .25 12.72735 .0 0 12 .27274 .7 5 6 .81324 .5 0 3 .18184 .2 5 .9091

T ota l 100.0000

Total 100.00

Average g ra in e l s e in 0 5 .4 7Average g ra in e l s e in m i 0 .0 2 4Variance (s 2 ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .3 4 7c2 i s homogeneous (95£ con fid en ce l e v e l )Bangs o f gra in s i s e in 0 7 .2 9 t o 4 .0 9Bangs o f g ra in s i s e in tm 0 .0 0 6 to 0 .0 5 9Bangs o f s 2 o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .1 4 9 to 0 .393Bangs o f average g ra in s i s e in 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

4.84 to 5.13

194

APPSMD1X BMl y d M sturbed Structure and

Qraded Bedding Shale Hock Tree 11T ota l fo o ta g e In cores 54*1

FVr cant o f t o t a l cor* fo o ta g e I d .2

Number o f th in s e c tio n * 13

Com position

M ineral %

Dusty q u arts 7 .61C lear quarts 10 .61I l l i t e - S i d e r i t * 53 .44I l l i t e 1 .5 6S id s r i t e 6 .5 0Carbonaceous n a tte r 6 .7 2M uscovite 6 .0 0S i l i c a cenent 0 .0 6C a le ite 1 .3 9Chert -

S e r ic it e -

P y r ite 0 .3 3P la g io c la se -

K aolin -Leucoxene 0 .1 1O rthoclase -

C h lo r ite 0 .1 1M icaceous rock fr a g . -

Zircon 0 .0 6M lcrocline -

Limonit* -

M agnetite -B io t i t e -

R u tile -

Garnet -

T ota l 100.00

Grain S it ePercentage o f g ra in s w ith apparent lon g axes la r g e rthan 0:

0 %

7 .2 5 .27787 .0 0 .27786 .75 2.22226 .5 0 3.33336 .25 10.00006 .0 0 10.33335 .75 13.05555 .5 0 17.77785.25 12 .50005 .0 0 7.77784 .7 5 8 .05564 .5 0 4 .44444 .25 1 .11114 .0 0 1 .94443 .7 5 .55563 .5 0 -3 .2 5 .27783 .0 0 .27782 .75 -2 .5 0 -2 .2 5 -2 .0 0 .2778T ota l 100.0000

Average g ra in e ls e In 0 5 .3 7Average g ra in e ls e In m i 0 .0 2 7Variance (s^ ) c a lc u la te d in 0 0 .4 2 3s^ i s not hoattgeeeous (95^ con fid en ce l e v e l )Range o f g ra in e ls e in 0 7*03 t o 1 .9 3Range o f g ra in e l s e in bb 0 .0 0 7 t o 0 .2 5 4Range o f s^ o f th in s e c t io n s 0 .1 6 3 t o 1 .5 2 0Range o f average g ra in s i s e In 0 o f th in s e c t io n s

5 .6 0 t o 4 .9 5

APPENDIX C

Stratigraphic Distribution of ths Rock Types

195

196

APPgHDIX C

The rock types are*I d e n t i f ic a t io n

Naee Munber

M assive Brown Sandstone 01

Bedded Grown Sandstone 02

P ib b ly Brown Sandstone 03

M assive Gray Sandstone 04

Bedded Gray Sandstone 05

F^bbly Gray Sandstone 06

Conglomerate 07

M assive Shale 03

D isturbed S tru ctu re Shale 09

Graded Bedding Shale 10

Mixed D isturbed S tru ctu re and Graded Bedding Shale 11

The rock ty p es are d is tr ib u te d through th e s tr a t ig r a p h ic s e c t io n

stu d ied as fo llo w s :

Core Gr—9 Bock Type Mustber

Depth in2 0 .3 - 5 7 .4 01

5 7 .4 - 5 8 .8 03

5 8 .8 - 59 .8 01

59 .8 - 6 1 .9 02

6 1 .9 - 6 2 .8 01

6 2 .8 - 6 3 .9 03

6 3 .9 - 66 .5 01

197

Cor* G-9(C on tlrw d ) Bock True M gabr

6 6 .5 - 6 8 .0 05

6 8 .0 - 8 1 .2 01

8 1 .2 - 8 2 .0 03

8 2 .0 - 3 5 .2 01

8 5 .2 - 8 6 .8 06

8 6 .8 - 89 .6 01

8 9 .6 - 9 0 .2 07

9 0 .2 - 9 4 .9 03

94 .9 - 9 9 .7 01

9 9 .7 - 10 0 .1 03

100 .1 - 10 3 .2 01

103.2 - 1 0 4 .0 03

10 4 .0 - 107 .5 01

107 .5 - 110 .3 03

110 .3 - 1 1 5 .8 07

115 .8 - 135 .7 09

1 3 5 .7 - 1 4 0 .7 11

140 .7 - 14 7 .0 09

147 .0 - 1 5 1 .1 05

151 .1 - 15 4 .2 11

154.2 - 15 9 .8 05

1 5 9 .8 - 1 6 0 .4 08

1 6 0 .4 - 16 1 .9 05

161 .9 _ 162 .5 08

198

Cor* Gr-9(C ontinued) Bock Ttp* Muabor

16 2 .5 - 1 6 2 .8 05

162 .8 - 16 3 .2 08

163 .2 - 1 6 5 .8 05

165 .8 - 1 6 9 .7 04

1 6 9 .7 - 1 7 0 .0 09

1 7 0 .0 - 171 .1 04

1 7 1 .1 - 173 .3 11

173 .3 - 174 .1 10

1 7 4 .1 - 174 .9 09

1 7 4 .9 - 177 .8 10

1 7 7 .8 - 1 7 8 .1 05

17 8 .1 - 179 .1 11

1 7 9 .1 - 180 .3 10

180 .3 - 184 .1 09

1 8 4 .1 - 188 .3 10

188 .3 - 195 .3 11

195 .3 - 1 9 5 .7 05

1 9 5 .7 - 1 9 6 .9 11

196 .9 - 19 7 .2 05

1 9 7 .2 - 1 9 9 .0 11

199 .0 - 199 .6 05

1 9 9 .6 - 200 .1 11

2 0 0 .1 - 2 0 1 .7 05

2 0 1 .7 - 20 4 .2 10

199

Coro G-9(C ontinued; Rock Type Muabor

2 0 4 .2 - 205 .3 09

205 .3 - 20 6 .6 10

20 6 .6 - 2 0 7 .0 05

2 0 7 .0 - 2 1 1 .0 10

2 1 1 .0 - 2 1 1 .4 05

2 1 1 .4 - 212 .3 10

21 2 .3 - 212 .5 05

212 .5 - 22 0 .1 10

2 2 0 .1 - 220 .5 05

2 2 0 .5 - 2 2 5 .1 10

2 2 5 .1 - 226 .3 05

226 .3 - 2 2 7 .6 11

2 2 7 .6 - 22 3 .2 05

2 2 3 .2 - 2 3 0 .4 11

2 3 0 .4 - 2 3 0 .9 05

2 3 0 .9 - 23 2 .3 10

23 2 .3 - 2 3 6 .4 11

2 3 6 .4 - 2 3 3 .4 10

2 3 3 .4 - 2 5 8 .0 04

Core G-9 was c o r r e la te d a t t h i s p o in t w ith core Cr-8.

Core G-8 fo llo w s :

109 .6 - 11 8 .5 11

118.5 - 121.5 04

Cor* G-8(C ontinued ) Rock Type Number

121 .5 - 121 .9 09

1 2 1 .9 - 1 2 5 .4 05

12 5 .4 - 1 2 7 .0 11

127 .0 - 1 2 8 .0 05

1 2 3 .0 - 1 3 2 .4 11

132 .4 - 13 3 .4 08

133 .4 - 1 4 3 .2 11

143.2 - 1 4 4 .7 05

1 4 4 .7 - 155 .5 04

155.5 - 1 5 5 .9 10

155 .9 16 3 .9 04

Bottom o f a tr a tig r a p h ic s e c t io n stu d ied .

a ppen d ix d

R ecovery , C o n c e n tr a tio n , and I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Spores

201

APPENDIX D

F if t y - f iv e samples were taken from the sh a le s and were tr ea ted

fo r the removal and co n cen tra tio n f spores a s fo llo w s:

1 . Sample was p u lv e r ised .

2 . Treated fo r two hours in a s o lu t io n c o n s is t in g o f equal

p a rts o f con cen trated n i t r i c a c id and a sa tu ra ted s o lu t io n

o f potassium c h lo r a te .

3 . Seven m inutes In u ltr a s o n ic c le a n e r .

4 . Mixed w ith w ater to make one l i t e r , s e t t l e d in a one l i t e r

c y lin d e r fo r 18 hours; l iq u id siphoned o f f , p r e c ip ita te

r e ta in e d .

3 . C entrifuged two m in u tes. P r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

6 . Treated in lo r 18 hours,

7 . C entrifuged two m inutes; p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

3 . Treated in concentrated HF fo r 24 hours.

9 . C entrifuged two m inutes; p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

1 0 . B oiled 30 seconds in concentrated HC1; cen tr ifu g ed and

p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

11 . Mashed and cen tr ifu g ed four tim es (or u n t i l HC1 was com

p le te ly removed); p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

12 . Put in sa tu ra ted ZnCl s o lu t io n , s t ir r e d and cen tr ifu g ed ;

susp en sion r e ta in e d .

13 . Suspension put in c lea n tu b e , cen tr ifu g ed again ; suspension

re ta in e d .

202

203

14. Put in 50 ml beaker w ith 3 *1 con cen trated HC1 and w ater

added to Bake 50 ml; cen tr ifu g ed and p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

15 . Mashed and cen tr ifu g ed fou r t in e s (or u n t i l HC1 was com

p le t e ly restored); p r e c ip ita te r e ta in e d .

16 . S afran in dye added t o p r e c ip ita te and l e f t t o stand 24 hours.

17 . Washed and cen tr ifu g ed four t in e s t o remove dye; p r e c ip i

t a t e r e ta in e d .

18 . G lycerine added to p r e c ip ita te and tra n sferred t o s to ra g e

r i a l .

19 . S lid e s fo r m icroscop ic study were aade from th e above.

Photomicrographs o f the spores found in the samples were sen t to

Dr. Gerhard 0 . W. Kranp fo r con firm ation or c o r r e c t io n o f i d e n t i f i c a

t io n . They are as fo llo w s ;

1 . A p ic u la t iei"*'v i t s s sp .

2 . L a e e ig a to -sp o r ite s sp . c f . M ic r o r e t lc u la t is p o r lte s -jp.

3 . Lrcospora sp .

4 . Lrcospora c f . L. b rer lju g a Kosanke (1 9 5 0 ).

5 . lrco sp o r a c f . L. g ra n u la te Kosanke (1 9 5 0 ).

6 . M ic r o r e tic u la t1s p o r ite s sp .

VITA

C. Edward Howard was born in Roseboro, North C arolina, on

Kay 31 t 1929 . Ha attandad elem entary school in C lin ton , North

C arolina, and graduatad fro® C lin ton High School in 1947* Ha received

a fiachslor o f Scianca dagraa in Geology from Duka U niversity in 1953

and a Master o f Scianca degree in G eological Engineering front North

Carolina S ta te C ollege in 1955• In June, 1955, he was enployed by

the Tungsten Mining Corporation of Henderson, North C arolina. He

entered the Graduate School a t L ouisiana S tate U n iversity in February,

1959, and i s now a candidate fo r the Ph.D. degree in Geology.

He i s married to the foraer Evelyn Kline Baker o f Henderson,

North C arolina.

204

EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT

Candidate: C. E d wa r d Ho wa r d

Major Field: d u o 1 o g y

Title of Thesis: pe t rography of the Jack fork Sandstone a t De Cray Dam.C l a r k C o u n t y . A r k a n s a s .

Approved:

f y Major Professor and Chairman

/. / -

Dean of the Graduate School

Date of Examination:

a .

EXAMINING COMMITTEE:

Cw L

A *

May 11 , 1 Hh' j

petrography of the jackfork sandstone at de gray dam

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