HAZARDOUS/ SCHEDULED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA INDUSTRIES

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

PREPARED BY:SITI NADZIFAH BINTI GHAZALINORMALIA BINTI MOHAMAD

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) CHEMISTRYUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PAHANG

Since early 1990’s, the industry is developed

supported by Malaysian Government and Petroliam National Berhad (PETRONAS)

Petrochemicals:

Chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas.

The chemicals the used to manufacture the products people use every day.

Building blocks for body armor and other high-tech materials.

INTRODUCTION

Raw materials that keep safe while driving the car, communications and also viewing website.

Products made of: plastic, medicines and medical services, cosmetic, furniture, appliance, TVs, radio, computer, part used in transportation, solar power panel and wind turbines.

Organic chemicals derived from two feedstocks:

Natural gas liquid (NGL): natural gas processing Oil refinery streams: Naphtha and light gas oil

Natural gas liquid

Ethane, propane, butane: Cracked at higher temperature to yield ethylene,

propylene, butylene and butadiene

Oil

Craking crude oil of higher ratio of the ethylene co-

products propylene, butylenes and butadiene,

aromatic products.

Raw materials and feedstock Primary petrochemicals

Petrochemicals intermediate and

derivatives

Major end use market

Diagram 1 The flow of petrochemical processes (Ophardt, 2003)

Production

(oil well)

Transportation (pipeline or

boat)

Refining

(retails product)

Marketing (terminal and filling station)

Petrochemicals/ olefin

Figure 1 Sectors of petrochemical industry

CATEGORY OF WASTES

The category of wastes and code in First Schedule (Regulation 2) cited under Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005.

SW 3 Waste containing principally organic constituents who may contain metals and inorganic materials

SW 308 Oil tanker sludges

SW 311 Waste of oil or oily sludge

SW 314 Oil or sludge from oil refinery plant maintenance operation

SW 315 Tar or tarry residues from oil refinery or petrochemical plant

SW 318 Waste, substances and articles containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT)

SW 319 Waste of phenols or phenol compounds including chlorophenol in the form of liquids or sludges

SW 320 Waste containing formaldehyde

SW 321 Rubber or latex wastes or sludges containing organic solvents or heavy metals

SW 325 Uncured resin waste containing organic solvents or heavy metals including epoxy resin and phenolic resin

SW 4 Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents

SW 410 Rags, plastics, papers or filters contaminated with scheduled waste

SW 417 Waste of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish

SW 425 Wastes from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticides, herbicides or biocides

SW 431 Waste from manufacturing or processing or use of explosives.

Production polyvinyl chloride (PVC), resin manufacture, ethylene glycol (polyester), styrene and also vinyl acetate

Oil sludge during oil tank cleaning operation and also from

Residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC).

The catalyst like zeolite

ORIGIN OF THE WASTE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical Properties Waste

PVC Resin manufacture

Ethylene glycol Styrene Vinyl acetate

Boiling point (oC) N/A 537.778 197.6 145.2 72.2

Flash point (oC) 391 ≥ 321.11 111 31.1 -7.8

Melting point (oC) >250 N/A -13 -30.6 -93.2

Vapor density N/A Not applicable 2.14 3.59 3

Physical state Free flowing powder

Tacky Solid Liquid (syrupy) Liquid (clear viscous

liquid)

Liquid

Flammability of the product

Non-flammable N/A May be combustible at

high temperature

Flammable Flammable

Solubility (in water) Insoluble in water Insoluble in water Soluble in cold and hot water.

Very slightly soluble in cold

water

Soluble in cold water

RISKS

Production of PVC

Eye contact

Ingestion

Inhalation

Skin contact

Resin manufacture

irritating the nose and

throat.

Low oral toxicity

Irritation to the eyes

irritation and dermatitis especially the skin.

Ethylene glycol

inhalation

ingestion

Skin contact:

irritant and permeator

Eye contact: irritant Styrene

Eye contact: irritant

Ingestion

InhalationSkin contact: irritant and permeator

Inflammation of eye cause

redness, watering and

itching

Vinyl acetate

Skin contact: irritant

Eye contact: irritant

Inhalation: lung irritant

Inflammation of eyes: redness, watering,

itching

Inflammation of skin: itching, scaling,

reddening

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Control of odours

Release of toxic chemicals

VOC emission

Generation of greenhouse gases

Emission of contributors to acid rain

Ozone depleting substances

Land contamination

Storage and handling minshap

Handling of petrochemical plant scheduled waste.

o Hazardous waste from petrochemical plant should be separated, handled and disposed of separately from the other waste produced.

o Labeling of hazardous waste should include the content, the date when the container was filled and sealed and also an appropriate hazard-warning label.

o Worker or those who in charge to handle the petrochemical scheduled waste should wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as heavy duty gloves, dust mask, safety glasses and overalls.

o All the oil sludge, used oil and slop oils from wastewater and other hazardous waste from petrochemical plant must be put in a suitable drum and containers. These containers must be leaks proof.

Procedure in storage scheduled waste of petrochemical plant

i. Fenced and located separately from the general waste storage area with a clear warning sign;

ii. Accessible for authorized persons only and should be locked when no access required.

iii. Well ventilated and well lit;

iv. Located on well-drained, impervious hard-standing.

Transportation at producer site

LABELING• The container that containing scheduled waste

should be labeled by using a permanent marker or paint and the labeling symbol from the third scheduled under Environmental Quality (scheduled wastes) regulations, 2005/1989.

• The label must include the following information which is the words “scheduled or hazardous waste”, a clear waste description and the accumulation start date which is the first date of waste was collected into a container,

LABELING

Recommended treatment and recovery

The alternatives to recycling or reuses process of petrochemical waste;I. The fuel olis residues that are generated from olefin

plants could be reuse as a feed for carbon black production.

II. The waste olis can be refined and reused by further process.

III. The low quality polymer produced can be in plastic industries.

IV. Regenerated and reused the spent adsorbent and molecular sieve.

RECOMMENDED TREATMENT/ RECOVERY

• Eliminate the odors and VOCs• A cleaner, greener world

Dolan’s Green Solution (DGS)

• Clean up oil spillsBOCs (Bioorganic Catalysts)

• Oil dispersant & bioremediation accelerant used in a cost manner directly in a water and ground. NONTOX

• Reducing energy & infrastructure costEcosystem PLUS

• Perform cleaning product• Breakdown of harmful chemicals before they

reach to the drain.MC501

DISPOSAL OF SCHEDULED WASTESo The scheduled waste from petrochemical plant

usually disposed at KualitiAlamSdn. Bhd.o There are five major facilities of treatment and

disposal scheduled waste which is incineration plant, physical and chemical treatment plant, solidification, secure landfill and leachate treatment plant.

o The used oils commonly undergo chemical treatment and the other petrochemical wastes were usually disposed at secure landfills and incinerators.

CONCLUSION

Suitable technique to treats and handle hazardous waste from petrochemical plants was required to protect public health and environments. Thus, reduced the hazardous waste production and handling cost.

REFERENCES• H.M. Freeman, (1998). Standard Handbook Of Hazardous Waste Treatment

and Disposal. McGraw Hill

• Material Safety Data Sheet, Science Lab.com.

• M.R.Sulaiman, K.M. Ariff,.(2006). Hazardous waste management with thw references to the Enviromental Quality Act, 1974.Upena.

• Orphardt, C.E., (2003). Oil to Petrochemicals. Virtual Chembook, El humst College.

• (2010). 10ed. Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005. Environmental Quality Act and Regulations, MDC Publishers Sdn.Bhd, 135-156.