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The problem
Controlling insect pests on crops is essential if we are to increase our food
provision for a population predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050.
Crop pests are traditionally controlled using insecticides. However, loss of
control due to the emergence of resistance to key insecticides, along with fears
over their impact on farmland biodiversity, means we must seek alternative
control strategies.
It is therefore imperative that we develop a range of techniques to control
insect pests that are compatible with other innovations to increase yield and
that are beneficial to farmland biodiversity.
Science-led solutions:
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPM involves applying an understanding of the insect’s life cycle, its interactions
with its host plant and its natural enemies, to create conditions where the pest
is unable to thrive and/or cause economic damage. IPM programmes are
based on the use of preventative methods, monitoring of pest
numbers/damage and guidelines for thresholds when control action is needed.
Biological control. Controlling pests using their natural enemies — predators,
parasites & pathogens. Conservation biocontrol encourages populations of our native
natural ememies through careful landscape management.
Cultural, Mechanical and Physical controls. Reducing pest
establishment, reproduction and survival using methods such as crop rotation, trap
crops, intercropping, trapping and exclusion barriers.
Semiochemical control. Using airborne chemicals naturally derived from
plants or insects to influence the behavior of the pest and/or its natural enemies.
Examples include pheromones used in traps, repellents and antifeedants.
Chemical control. Spraying synthetic insecticides in IPM occurs only when
needed and in combination with other approaches for more effective, long-term control
which minimizes their possible harm to people and the environment.
Optimizing field margins for biodiversity and
conservation biological control
Petals vs Pests: the use of petal colour and
scent in IPM strategies
IPM pest control methods:
The importance of IPM in the crop protection armoury has never been
greater. At Rothamsted Research we are optimising IPM strategies to
ensure sustainable protection against the major pests of arable crops.
Our results can often be applied to horticultural and garden situations.
Pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) are major pests of oilseed rape (OSR)
(Brassica napus) crops which are grown for cooking oil and as biofuel. Insecticides
are applied to control pollen beetles but over-use has led to resistance and
alternative control strategies are required.
Controlling by colour
The attraction of pollen beetles to the yellow petals of OSR can be exploited in
trap cropping strategies in which pollen beetles are attracted to small areas of
early-flowering turnip rape (Brassica rapa) planted around the edge of a later-
flowering OSR crop. Pest infestation and the need for insecticides are therefore
reduced in the OSR crop.
What if the flowering OSR crop wasn't yellow? We explored the possibility of
reducing infestation of OSR by pests by making it less attractive by changing the
petal colour. Using an experimental line of OSR with white petals, we dyed the
petals red, blue and yellow using food colouring which was taken up by the roots
of potted plants. Pollen beetle infestation was greater on plants with yellow and
white flowers while blue and red flowers were least preferred.
Do pollen beetles have a sense of smell? We measured the response of
beetles' antennae to different components of the floral scent released by OSR and
determined that a compound (phenylacetaldehyde), released from the petals, is
particularly attractive and important for locating host plants.
This knowledge helped to explain why some brassica plants such as turnip rape
are more attractive to pollen beetles than others when developing trap crops.
We used this scent to bait a monitoring trap which enables farmers to easily
assess the numbers of pollen beetles in the crop and inform their management
decisions; helping to save unnecessary insecticide sprays.
Scent from non-host plants can be used to repel or mask the attractive scent of
host plants. We found that the essential oil from lavender flowers (Lavendula
anguistifolium) is highly repellent to pollen beetles and was particularly successful
in reducing pollen beetle numbers when used in conjunction with a trap crop.
Field margins are commonly found at the edge of crops, planted by farmers
as part of Government agri-environment schemes. They range from simple
grassy borders to strips of wild flowers containing dozens of plant species.
Aside from adding beauty to an otherwise functional environment, field
margins also provide resources that can enhance farmland biodiversity.
These include pollen and nectar for invertebrates and winter food for
farmland birds.
Field margin mixes that contain flowering plants provide significantly more
resources than simple grassy borders and therefore support greater
biodiversity. While margin mixes have been designed to provide resources
for birds and pollinators, they are also capable of supporting natural
enemies of crop pests such as ladybirds, parasitic wasps, ground beetles
and spiders. These species can perform important biological control
services. We therefore believe that field margins are an essential
component of IPM schemes.
However, most current margin mixtures do not contain the variety of plant
species required to support the diversity of natural enemies required to
control pests on all crop types. For example, brassica plants are needed in
margin mixes to support the specialist natural enemies of OSR pests. Our
mixtures therefore contain cereal, brassica and legume species to support
high numbers of natural enemies of all crops types. We are assessing
which margin mixes are utilised by most natural enemies, designing mixes
that flower for longer periods of the season and comparing the relative
benefits of perennial and biennial wildflower margin mixes.
Petals & PestsPetals & Pests
Flower-powered IPM: Understanding and
applying the attraction of flowers to insects
To facilitate pollination, flowers produce brightly coloured petals, sweet-
smelling scents and food resources in the form of pollen and nectar to attract
and reward insect pollinators. These include bees and butterflies.
However, some insects that visit flowers may cause more damage than good to
the plant and are classed as pests. Examples include the pollen beetle, which
feeds on the pollen of brassica plants and lays its eggs inside developing flower
buds resulting in reductions in seed yield, and aphids which infest the stems
and leaves of flowers and cause damage through feeding and virus
transmission.
In contrast, some insects provide a useful role in controlling pests and are
classed as natural enemies. For example, predatory insects such as ladybirds
visit flowering plants to feed on pest insects while lacewings and hoverflies use
the pollen and nectar from flowers as food and the plants themselves as egg-
laying sites.
At Rothamsted Research we are gaining an understanding of insect attraction
to flowers and their role in providing resources for natural enemies and
applying it to develop novel and effective IPM strategies.
Petals & PestsPetals & Pests
RESEARCHROTHAMSTED
®
RESEARCHROTHAMSTED
®
Using flowers
to minimise insecticide use
and
enhance biodiversity
Rothamsted Researchwhere knowledge grows
Rothamsted has been providing the world with
independent, cutting edge research for over 170 years.
We continue to develop innovations that benefit our
health, agriculture and the environment.
Rothamsted Research
West Common, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ
Telephone: +44 (0)1582 763133
Further information
Scientific lead at Rothamsted, Dr Sam Cook,
Department of AgroEcology
www.rothamsted.ac.uk/field-margins
http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/science-stories
Petals & PestsPetals & Pests