pests of vegetables
TRANSCRIPT
BHENDI
BORERS
Distribution South Europe, India, China, North Australia, South East Asia and
Africa
Host range Cotton, Bhendi, Holly hock, Hibiscus cannabinus , Abutilon
indicum and other malvaceous plants
Biology of E. vitella
Egg period: 2 – 4 daysEggs: Singly – plant parts Crown shaped, sculptured
Larval: 10 – 12 daysBrownish without finger shaped processesLongitudinal white stripes – dorsal sidePupal:7-10 days
Pupation: outside the bolls
Adult:
Forewing with a green wedge
Biology of E. insulana
Egg period: 3 daysSky blue colour
Larva: 9 – 20 daysBrownish with finger shaped processes – orange dots on prothorax
Pupal: 7 – 21 days, boat shaped
Pupation: plants, fallen buds and bolls or in soil
Adult: Complete green forewingsLongivity: 8-25
Management
Collect and destroy the infested shoots, buds, flowers and fruits
Avoid cultivation of alternate weed hosts: Hibiscus cannabinus, H.
abelmoschus and Abutilon indicum
Light trap @ 1/ ha
Pheromone traps @ 12/ ha
Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma chilonis @ 1,00,000/ha
Egg larval parasitoid: Chelonus blackburni @ 10,000/ha
Insecticides: Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 650 ml/ha
Stem weevil: Pempherulus affinis, Curculionidae: Coleoptera
DistributionIndia, Myanmar, Thailand and Philippines
Host rangeCotton, Jute, Abutilon indicum, Hibiscus rosasinesnsis and H. cannabinusJatropha spp.
Biology
Egg period: 6-10 days
Eggs: 50 – 121/ female
Grub: 35 – 37 days
Pupa: 10-15 daysPupation: pupal chamber
Adult:
Dirty brown weevil
Longevity: 25 – 30 days
* 5 generations/ year
Neem cake @ 500 kg / ha at the time of last ploughing
Carbofuran 3G @ 30Kg or phorate 10 G @ 10 kg / ha
Management
LEAF FEEDERS
Leaf roller: Sylepta derogata
Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera
DistributionIndia, Africa, Myanmar, Srilanka, China, East Siberia, Japan and JavaTTTTT
Host rangeCotton, Bhendi, Abutilon indicum and other Malvaceous crops
BiologyEgg period: 2-4 days
Eggs: singly – undersurface of the leaves
Larval Period: 14 – 21days
Shiny green and transparent,
Dark head with prothoracic shield
Adult:
3-5 generations / year
Yellow wings – brown
Wavy marks Pupal Period: 6-12 days
Pupation: Leaf rolls
* Larval hibernation
Leaf roller: Sylepta derogata
Larva
Adult
Management
Collect and destroy the rolled leaves
Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma spp.
Larval Parasitoids: Brachymeria tachardiae
Trichospilus pupivora
Insecticides:
Phosalone 35 EC @ 500 ml / ha
Distribution
India, Africa, Asia and Australia
Host rangeCotton, Tomato, Bhendi and other malvaceous plants
Biology – A. flavaEgg period: 4-5 days
Eggs: singly – undersurface of the leaves
Larval Period: 18 – 20 days
4 -5 instars
Green – 5 longitudinal stripesPupal period: 5-7 days
Pupation: inside the leaf mine
Adult:
Minute, pale yellow in colour
Semiloopers: Anomis flava Xanthodes graellsi Tarache nitidula, Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Semilooper: Anomis flava
Larva Adult
Biology – X. graellsi
Eggs: singly on tender leaves
Larval :
Green – horse shoe and black warts
Pupation: Soil cocoon – dry leaves
Adult:Yellowish with black markings
Biology – T. nitidulaEgg period: 3-4 day
Eggs: singly on tender leaves
Adult:Bright white wing with dark markings
Larval period: 20 –22 days
Dark brown colour
Pupal Period: 10 – 12 days
Pupation:: Soil
Anomis flava – ( Heavy rainfall – larva occurs epidemically)
Xanthodes graellsi – (Continuous wet weather – more common in occurrence)
Tarache nitidula – (Occurs occasionally coincides with monsoon showers)
Management
Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma minutum
Larval parasitoid: Carcelia kockiana
Pupal parasitoid: Tetrastichus ayyari
Dichlorvos 76 WSC 1000 ml /ha or Endosulfan 35 EC @ 1000 ml/ha
SAP FEEDING INSECTS
Green leafhopper: Amrasca devastans, Cicadellidae: Hemiptera
Distribution
All over inidia
Host range:Cotton, Potato, Bhendi, Brinjal, Castor, Tomato and Sunflower
Biology
Nymphal period: 7 days
Egg period: 4 – 11 days
Eggs - singly within leaf vein
Adult: Greenish yellow in colourTLC: 15 – 46 days
Management
Seed treatment :
Imidacloprid 70 WS 7 g / kg of seeds or
Thiamethaxam 70 WS 4 g/ kg of seeds
Light trap to attract the broods of leafhopper
Predators: Chrysoperla spp.
ETL: 50 nymphs / 50 leaves
Botanical insecticides: Margocide 0.5 % or neem oil 3% thrice at 15
days interval
Chemical insecticides: Acephate 75 SP 650 /ha or imidacloprid 200
SL 100 ml / ha
Red spider mite: Tetranychus telarius
Tetranychidae:Acarina
Distribution
Africa, Pakistan, India, Srilanka, South East Asia and Japan
Host range:
Tomato, Brinjal, Bhendi,Castor, Gourds, Jute, Tea, Citrus, Grapes, Rose, Jasmine and Marigold
Biology
Egg period: 3-5 daysNymphal:6-10 days
Adult:
Ovate, reddish brown
Management
Wettable sulhpur 50 WP @ 1500 g/ ha or dicofol 18 EC 1500 ml/ha
Other pests
Shoot weevil: Alcidodes affaber, Curculionidae: Coleoptera
Pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa, Agromyzidae: Diptera
Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera, Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Cut worm: Spodoptera litura, Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Leaf weevil: Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae: coleoptera
Leaf miner: Trachys herilla, Buprestidea, Coleoptera
Grasshoppers: Poekilocerus pictus, Acrididae:Orthoptera
Oxya japonica, Acrididae:Orthoptera
Contd..,
. Aphid: Aphis gossypii, Aphididae: Hemiptera
Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci, Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera
Red cotton bug: Dysdercus koenigii, Pyrrhocoridae: Hemiptera
Dusky cotton bug: Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, Lygaeidae: Hemiptera
Mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera
Scales: Saissetia coffeae, Diaspididae: Hemiptera
Parasaissetia nigra, Diaspididae: Hemiptera
Thrips: Thrips tabaci, Thripidae, Thysanoptera
Chaffer beetle: Oxycetonia versicolor, Cetonidae: Coleopteras
Blister beetle: Mylabris pustulatus, Meloidae: Coleoptera
BORERS
Distribution East Africa, Northan Australia, Taiwan, Japan, South China, South East Asia and IndiaHost range Musk Melon, Melon, Bitter Gourd, and Snake Gourd
Biology Egg period: 1 day1-26 eggs/ days/ female
Maggot: 3-21 daysDirty white apodous maggot
Pupal: 3-9daysPupation: soil
Adult:
Reddish brown fly with lemon yellow curved vertical markings - thorax
Management
Grow resistant varieties: Arka – tinda ( round gourd); Arka-saryamakhia (pumpkin)
Change the sowing dates as the fly population is low in hot dry conditions and its peak during rainy season
Ribbed gourd as trap crop – malathion 50 EC 2 ml/ lit of water on congregating adult flies- undersurface of leaves
Use attractants – citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar oil (acetic acid), destrose and lactic acid
Collect and destroy all fallen and damaged fruits
Rake up soil under vines or plough infested field to destroy puparia and endosulfan 4% @ 25 kg/ha on soil
Polythene sachet methyl eugenol lure trap @ 25/ ha or
Prepare methyl eugenol and malathion 50 EC mixture @ 1:1 and take 10 ml/ polythene bag with six holes and place 12 traps/ ha or
Keep 5 g wet fish meal in a polythene bag with six holes and add 0.1 of dichlorvos – 12 traps/ha
Use bait spray: molasses or jaggery 10 g/lit + fenthion 100 EC 1ml/ lit or malathion 50 EC 2ml/lit or dimethoate 30 EC 1ml/lit, tow rounds at fortnight interval before ripening of the fruits
Spray neem oil 2% to prevent the oviposition by adult flies
Neem seed kernel extract 5% to deter the flies against egg laying
Do not use DDT, Lindane, 1.3% dust, copper fungicides and sulphur dusts - phytotoxic
Stem borer or clear winged moth: Melittia eurytion
Aegeriidae: LepidopteraDistribution
All over India
Host range
Snake gourd
BiologyEgg period:
Eggs laid – lower surface of leaves
Larval:
White in colour
Adult:
Clear winged with fan – like tufts of hairs on legs Pupal: 20-24 days
Pupation: earthen cocoon in the soil
Management
Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts with
larvae
Encourage activity of parasitoid: Apanteles spp.
Insecticides: Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml and methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ ha
LEAF FEEDERS
Pumpkin semilooper: Plusia signata, P. peponis
Noctuidae: LepidopteraDistribution
All over India
Host range
Snake gourd
BiologyEgg period: 4 -5 daysWhite spherical eggs laid singly –tender leaves
Larva: 28 daysGreen in colour with longitudinal white stripe, humped last abdominal segmentsPupal: 5-7 days
Pupation: inside leaf fold
Adult:
Brown moth with shiny brown forewings
Management
Collect and destroy the caterpillars
Encourage activity of Apanteles taragamae
A. plusiae
Insecticides: Malathion 50EC @ 500 ml/ ha or
dimethoate 30 EC @ 500ml/ha or methyl demeton 25
EC @ 500ml/ha
Pumpking beetle: Aulacophora foveicollis A.cincta, A. intermedia Galerucidae: Coleoptera
Distribution
India, Asia, Australia, Africa and Southern Europe
Host range
Pumpkin, Ash gourd, Melon and Cucumber
Biology Egg period:6-15 days300 eggs/femaleEggs laid singly or groups in soil
Grub: 13-25 days
Pupal: 7-17 daysPupation: soil
Adult: A.foveicollis – red coloured beetleA.cincta- grey coloured beetleA. Intermedia – blue coloured beetle
*Adult hibernation
Management
Deep plough the cucurbits fields just after harvesting to minimize the
beetles
Collect and destroy adult beetles
Sow cucumber in April – May to escape from the pest attack
Carbofuran 3 G @ 50 kg /ha at sowing, vining and flowering stages
Dust: Endosulfan 4% D @ 25kg/ha
Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml and methyl
demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ ha
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Cucurbitaceous plants
BiologyEgg period: 3-6 daysEggs laid singly or in groups –lower surface of leaves
Larval: 9-14 daysBright green with a pair of white mid dorsal lines
Pupal: 5-13 daysPupation: inside a cocoon among the leaves
Adult:
Whitish wings with broad and dark marginal patches
Pumpkin caterpillar: Diaphania indica
Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera
Management
Collect and destroy early stage caterpillars
Encourage activity of parasioid: Apanteles spp.
Insecticides: Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml and methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ ha
Distribution
India, South and East Africa, Japan, Indonesia and Philippines
Host range
Bottle gourd
Bottle gourd plume moth: Sphenarches caffer Pterophoridae:Lepidoptera
BiologyEgg period:
Eggs laid singly – buds and leaves
Larval:
Yellowish green with spines all over body
Pupal:
Greenish – brown pupa
Adult:
Tiny plume moth
Management
Collect and destroy larvae and pupae
Insecticides: Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml and methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ ha
Other pestsSnake gourd stem weevil: Baris trichosanthis, Curculionidae: Coleoptera
Bitter gourd stem gall fly: Neolasioptera falcata, Cecidomyiidae: Diptera
Leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii, Agromyzidae: Diptera
Spotted leaf beetles: Epilachna dodecastimga, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera
E. vigintioctopunctata,
Snake gourd stem boring beetle: Apomecyna saltator, Cerambycidae:
Coleoptera
Blister beetle: Mylabris pustulata, Meloidae: Coleoptera
Aphid: Aphis gossypii, Aphididae: Hemiptera
Stink bug: Cordius janus, Pentatomidae: Hemiptera
Leaf footed bug: Fabrictilis australis, Coreidae: Hemiptera
Mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera