pests and pollinators. the terms: pests and weeds pest: any organism that damages crops that are...
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Pests and Pollinators
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The Terms: Pests and WeedsPest: Any organism that damages crops that are valuable to us.
Weed: any plant that competes with our crops.
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We have developed thousands of chemical pesticides.There are thousands of artificial chemicals
developed to kill pests.InsecticidesHerbicidesFungicides
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Pests Evolve Resistance to Pesticides
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Resistant PestsGreen peach AphidColorado potato
beetleDiamondback moth
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Biological Control Pits One Organism Against AnotherBiological control/biocontrol: “the enemy of
one’s enemy is one’s friend”.
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Biological Control Agents Themselves May Become Pests
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Biocontrol“should be used with our eyes wide open—
and as a last resort”---Daniel Simberloff
“only a small percentage of efforts have resulted in demonstrable nontarget effects, and perhaps fewer than 10% of these effects were substantial.”---two British scientists reviewing cases from 2000
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Integrated Pest management combines Biocontrol and Chemical Methods
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Numerous techniques are integrated to achieve long-term suppression of pests, including biocontrol, use of chemicals when added, close monitoring of populations, habitat alteration, crop rotation, transgenic crops, alternative tillage methods, and mechanical pest removal.
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We depend on insects to pollinate cropsPollination: the process by which male sex
cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of plant
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PollinatorsCultivars Percentage of Plants
Cultivated by Them
Bees 73%
Flies 19%
Wasps 5%
Beetles 5%
Moths and Butterflies 4%
Bats 6.5%
Birds 4%
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U.S. Stamp Depicting Pollinators