pest1

Spatio-temporal Distribution of Host Plants of

Cotton Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis

Tinsley in India

S. Vennila, Y.G. Prasad, M. Prabhakar, Rishi Kumar

V. Nagrare, M. Amutha, Dharajyothi, Meenu Agarwal, G. Sreedevi

B. Venkateswarlu, K.R. Kranthi and O.M. Bambawale

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

LBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi 110 012

NCIPMTechnical Bulletin 26

Contribution under NAIP/COMP 4/DSS C 2046

Research into Decision Support System for Insect Pests of Major Rice andCotton Based Cropping Systems

AuthorsS. Vennila1, Y.G. Prasad4, M. Prabhakar4, Rishi Kumar5, V. Nagrare2, M. Amutha3,

Dharajyothi3 , Meenu Agarwal1, G. Sreedevi4, B. Venkateswarlu4,K.R. Kranthi2 and O.M. Bambawale1

Cover page designMs. Neelam Mehta

Cover page photographsTop–Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Bottom–Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

Left–Parthenium hysterophorus L. Right–Hibiscus sabdariffa L.Center–Gossypium hirsutum L.

CitationS. Vennila, Y.G. Prasad, M. Prabhakar, Rishi Kumar, V. Nagrare, M. Amutha, Dharajyothi, Meenu Agarwal, G. Sreedevi, B. Venkateswarlu, K.R. Kranthi and O.M. Bambawale 2011, Spatio-temporal Distribution of Host Plants of CottonMealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in India, Technical Bulletin No. 26,National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi P 50.

Published byDr. O.M. Bambawale

DirectorNational Centre for Integrated Pest Management LBS Building, Pusa campus, New Delhi 110 012

Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.ncipm.org.in

1: National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi 2: Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur3: Central Institute for Cotton Research (Regional Station), Coimbatore 4: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad

5: Central Institute for Cotton Research (Regional Station), Sirsa

Printed atM/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 028

Invasive pest especially on an economically important crop often leads to serious socialeconomic and environmental hardships to growers and the nation. The invasion and widespread infestation of the polyphagous mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley emergedas a potential threat to the important commercial crop Cotton since 2005 across North, Centreand South cotton growing zones of India. Immediate and intensive research undertaken tounderstand the biology, host range and natural control of the species besides evaluation ofinsecticides against the pest for their efficacy led to formulation of management strategiesfor different agro-ecologies. The wider and quicker spread of the P. solenopsis across variedcropping systems and differing agro climatic conditions of the country required holistic approachto understand the host range over space and time, respectively. The readily availableinformation so far on the host range of the pest in India has been specific to a geographicallocation. However, documentation of the host range and its analyses for commonality andexclusiveness based on distribution, seasonality and severity at the national level are expectedto provide not only insights into the credentials of P. solenopsis ability to be a pest but moreimportantly the formulation of general and specific management strategies that could bepreventive and most economical.

The bulletin on “Spatio-temporal distribution of host plants of cotton mealybug,Phenacoccus solenopsis in India” not only documents the host plants across the country butalso makes a comprehensive analysis that leads to the overall and zone specific informationon host plant diversity along with their location in the agro ecosystem. Additionally, theseasonality of the host plants supporting the insect development measured in terms of severityhas brought out the narrow range of hosts on which monitoring and cultural managementoptions should be done. While spread of the pest on Cotton from North through Central toSouth Zones could be visualized to be due to the sequentially placed cotton seasons, thelarge number (194) of host plants especially of weed category (108) across the country issuggestive of weed management as a pivotal option towards an attempt for eradication ofthe pest. The extreme severity of the pest on the ornamentals and vegetables in urbanlandscapes/backyards conveys the possibility of the increased travel and trade as one of thereasons for invasion. The large number of offseason hosts documented implies the pest’sadaptability to varied climate and hence demanding attention throughout the season. Theelucidated information for the location of host plants on road-side and field borders in allcotton agro ecosystems largely contributing to pest build is a revelation enforcing theessentiality of off-field sanitation also.

The work is a projection of the cumulative efforts of many cotton researchers across thecountry and such a team work deserves special appreciation. I earnestly hope that this bulletincan be a resource book for global researchers.

(N. GOPALAKRISHNAN)Assistant Director General

(Commercial Crops)ICAR, New Delhi

FOREWORD

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 11.1. Scenario of cotton cultivation in India 11.2. Scenario of cotton mealy bug 11.3. Importance of alternate hosts 2

2. Zonal and all India scenario 22.1. Distribution of host plants 22.1.1. Host records 22.1.2. Familial distribution of host plants 32.1.3. Host plant categories 32.2. Seasonality of host plants 42.3. Severity of P. solenopsis on host plants 42.4. Seasonality versus severity 5

3. Zone specific and common scenario of host plants 53.1. Host records exclusive and common across cotton growing zones 53.1.1. Familial distribution of zone specific and common host plants 63.2. Seasonality of P. solenopsis among exclusive hosts 73.3. Severity of P. solenopsis among exclusive hosts 93.4. Seasonality versus severity of the exclusive and 12 common hosts of P. solenopsis

4. Spatial distribution of hosts of P. solenopsis 144.1. Severity and seasonality of exclusive and common hosts in 15 relation to spatial Distribution

5. Cultural management strategies for P. solenopsis 17

6.Conclusions 21

7. References 27

Annexures

Annexure I : Host plants of P. solenopsis across cotton growing zones 29Annexure II : Frequency distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis by 40

familiesAnnexure III : Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis exclusive 43

and common among cotton growing zones groupedby families

Annexure IV : Common hosts across zones with dissimilar seasonality 44of P. solenopsis

Annexure V : Common hosts across zones with dissimilar severity of 46P. solenopsis

Annexure VI : Common hosts of P. solenopsis across zones with 48different spatial distribution

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Scenario of cotton cultivation in IndiaArea under the commercial cultivation of cotton in India is 10.1 million hectares. Three

designated cotton growing zones viz., North, Central and South grow cotton under variedagro climatic conditions such as seasons and cropping systems. Traditionally designatedNorth (Hirsutum and Arboreum ) zone comprising States of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan,Central (Hirsutum, Arboreum, Herbaceum and hybrid) zone with States of Gujarat, MadhyaPradesh and Maharashtra, and South (Hirsutum, Arboreum, Herbaceum, Barbadense andhybrid) zone spread across Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are largely growingBt cotton hybrids at present. The general growing seasons and cropping systems in North,Central and South zones are April-November, June-December and August-February, andcotton-wheat, cotton+ pigeon pea-fallow and cotton + pulse – maize, respectively. The cottoncultivation at North zone is completely under irrigation. Near to 65% of cotton grown in Southand Central zones is rainfed. The productivity levels of cotton zones during 2009-10 were ofthe order South (661 kg/ha) > Central (471 kg/ha) > North (448 kg/ha). Commercial productionof Bt transgenic cotton hybrids started since 2002 at Central and South zones. The Northzone largely cultivating only cotton varieties shifted to Bt transgenic hybrids since 2005. Bttransgenic hybrid cultivation across all cotton growing zones brought out drastic reduction inpesticide use against bollworms. However, the need for management of sucking pests viz.,jassids, aphids, thrips and whitefly was imminent almost across all the zones of country. Thechanging cultivation profile of Bt cotton hybrids also provided niche for the development ofan exotic mealybug species.

1.2. Scenario of cotton mealy bugThe cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

with its origin in Central America (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) has its spread at theCaribbean and Ecuador (Ben-Dov,1994), Chile (Larrain, 2002), Argentina (Granara de Willink,2003), Brazil (Culik & Gullan, 2005), Pakistan and India (Hodgson et al., 2008) and Nigeria(Akintola & Ande, 2008), Sri Lanka (Prishanthini and Laxmi, 2009), China (Wang et al. 2009;Wu & Zhang, 2009) and Australia (Admin, 2010). Such a vast and fast distribution ofP. solenopsis across the globe largely during the past few years and its economic damageto several crops make it necessary to characterize the ecological factors associated withthe pest. In India, reports of mealybugs on cotton were made at Gujarat during the2004-05, 2005-06, and 2006-07 crop seasons although species identity as P. solenopsiscould be established only during 2008 (Jhala and Bharpoda, 2008a and Jhala et al. 2008).Hodgson et al. (2008) confirmed the presence of P. solenopsis in India and Pakistan basedon taxonomic comparisons of specimens gathered across geographical locations. All nineStates of the three cotton growing zones having P. solenopsis was noticed during 2008-09crop season (Dharajyoti et al. 2008; Dhawan et al. 2008 and 2009; Jhala and Bharpoda,2008 b & c; Suresh and Kavitha, 2008 a&b; Nagrare et al. 2009). Information on its biology,

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOST PLANTS OF COTTONMEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS SOLENOPSIS TINSLEY IN INDIA

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host range (Vennila et al. 2010 a & b), and management (Nagrare et al. 2011) are welldocumented.

1.3. Importance of alternate hostsGeographic range and species abundance as well as severity and timing of attack of an

invasive polyphagous herbivore are directly dependent on organism’s ability to feed andreproduce on wide range of host plants besides its adaptability to other biotic and abioticenvironmental resistant forces. Arif et al. (2009) recorded 154 plant species from 53 familiescomprising 20 field and horticultural crops, 45 ornamentals, 64 weeds and 25 bushes andtrees as hosts of P. solenopsis in Pakistan. The species P. solenopsis commonly describedas cotton mealybug due to its large scale occurrence on cotton attained damaging populationssimultaneously across many fields. Sudden and large scale occurrence of the pest amongthe States of Northern Indian cotton growing zone required preparedness for restriction of itsspread to other parts of the country. Since the study of host range over space and timeconstitutes foundation for understanding the source and time of pest spread, investigationwas undertaken to document host plants at different parts of the country. Existence of manyalternate hosts in cotton–wheat of Haryana (Saini et al., 2009), cotton + pigeon pea croppingsystem Maharashtra (Vennila et al., 2010b) have been documented. Although such studiesbrought in focus the role of host range of P. solenopsis at specific geographical regions,a wider scale of documentation across all cotton growing zones vis a vis analysis forexclusiveness and commonality in distribution, seasonality and severity of hosts is importantfor formulation of a general and specific management strategies towards the containmentof this pest. Current report presents comprehensive analysis on the host plants ofP. solenopsis based on studies carried out between 2007 and 2010 across cotton growingzones of India.

2. ZONAL AND ALL INDIA SCENARIO

2.1. Distribution of host plants2.1.1. Host records

Seventy one, 141, 124 and 194species of plants belonging to 27, 45,43 and 50 families served as hosts forP. solenopsis at North, Central, andSouth and across all cotton growingzones, respectively (Annexure I). Thediversity of hosts for P. solenopsis wasgreater at Central (72.6%) followed bySouth (63.9%) and North (36.6%)zones. Weed hosts constituted 38, 58.9and 47.5 per cent in respect of North,Central and South zones. Out of the total194 hosts of P. solenopsis documentedacross the country, 55.6% were weeds(Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis

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Table 2. Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis across plant categories

2.1.2. Familial distribution of host plantsHighest number of host plants of P. solenopsis in respect of North, Central, South, and

all cotton growing zones belonged to Solanaceae (10), Asteraceae (17), Fabaceae (14) andMalvaceae (23) (Table 1). The order of importance of hosts of P. solenopsis from thedocumented families was Malvaceae>Asteraceae>Fabaceae>Euphorbiaceae>Amaranthaceae>Lamiaceae & Solanaceae, wherein ten or more hosts were recorded. Thenumber of hosts within a family ranged from one to 17 (Annexure II).

*: number of hosts (number of families)

Table 1. Major families of host plants of P. solenopsis

2.1.3. Host plant categoriesLargest number of hosts of P. solenopsis was from weeds followed by ornamentals,

trees and vegetables and field crops. Fruit plants and spice crops also served as hosts ofP. solenopsis (Table 2).

S. Families No. of hostsNo. North Central South All India1. Malvaceae 9 15 12 232. Asteraceae 6 17 10 203. Fabaceae 5 10 14 174. Euphorbiaceae 2 10 12 145. Amaranthaceae 4 8 10 136. Lamiaceae 0 8 5 107. Solanaceae 10 8 8 108. Cucurbitaceae 7 3 5 79. Poaceae 4 4 1 710. Acanthaceae 0 3 3 511. Verbenaceae 1 4 4 512. Others* 23 (18) 51 (34) 40 (32) 63 (39)

Total number of families 27 45 43 50

S. No. Host category Cotton growing zone All IndiaNorth Central South

1. Weeds 27 83 59 1082. Ornamentals 10 14 17 243. Trees 10 11 15 184. Vegetables 12 12 12 185. Field crops 6 9 11 136. Fruit plants 5 7 7 87. Spices 1 5 3 5

Total 71 141 124 194

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The order of hosts of P. solenopsisacross plant categories at North, Centraland South zones was similar, withweeds occupying the top position. Fieldcrops, fruit crops and spices in theirdecreasing order represented lower endof host spectrum (Fig. 2). The spread ofhost range largely across weeds,ornamentals, trees and vegetables overfield crops indicate the priority ofmonitoring and management of P.solenopsis on these categories of plantsin the cotton production system acrosszones.

2.2. Seasonality of host plantsDistribution of host plants of P. solenopsis was equal (26) during crop and off seasons at

North zone. However at Centraland South zones, off season (73&52) hosts dominated over cropseason hosts (43). Number ofhosts of crop and off seasons wasgreater at South (29) over Central(25) and North (19) zones (Table3). Highest number of off seasonhosts at Central zone indicatedhigher possibility of pest carry-over than other two zones.

2.3. Severity of P. solenopsis on host plantsThe trend of P. solenopsis severity among host plants across zones was clearly different

although G1 plants were the highest at all zones. More number of Grade 1 hosts at all threezones indicated their possible role in carryover than perpetuation of P. solenopsis. The hostplants with extreme severity (G4) were of the order: Central>South>North and a total of 47(24.2%) hosts had G4 severity among the total host plants documented for the country (Table 4).

Fig. 2. Distribution of hosts of P. solenopsis across plant categories

Table 3. Seasonal distribution of hosts of P. solenopsis

S. Seasonality Cotton growing zoneNo.

North Central South1. Crop season 26 43 432. Off season 26 73 523. Crop and off seasons 19 25 29

Total 71 141 124

S. No. Severity Cotton growing zone All IndiaNorth Central South

1. Grade I (G1) 29 61 57 812. Grade II (G2) 12 31 35 423. Grade III (G3) 13 12 13 244. Grade IV (G4) 17 37 19 47

Total 71 141 124 194

Table 4. Distribution of severity of P. solenopsis among hosts plants

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2.4. Seasonality versus severityG4 hosts during crop and crop + off seasons were more at Central (14) over other two

zones. North zone had less off season G4 hosts (2) over other two zones. Among the hostswith extreme severity (G4) of P. solenopsis the off season hosts were less than the cropseason or crop +off season hosts across all zones. Considering the preference of P. solenopsisfor cotton and the lesser frequency of G4 hosts during offseason, it becomes clear that thewider host range during offseason aids in providing the species with the continuum overspace and time. The hosts belongingto different plant categories viz.,Carica papaya (fruit), Lycopersiconesculentum (vegetable), Partheniumhysterophorus (weed) and Hibiscusrosa - sinensis (ornamental) werecommon across zones during cropand off seasons. The cultivatedspecies of cotton were the onlycommon host across zones duringthe crop season (Table 5).

The G4 host plants of P. solenopsis was 23.9, 26.2 and 15.3 per cent of the total recordedhosts at North, Central and South zones, respectively.

3. ZONE SPECIFIC AND COMMON SCENARIO OF HOST PLANTS

3.1. Host records exclusive and common across cotton growing zonesNumber of North, Central and South zone specific (exclusive) host plants was 22, 45

and 24 belonging to 13, 21 and 13 families, respectively. Weed hosts specific to zones were11, 36 and 13 in respect of North, Central and South zones indicating the dominance ofweeds as exclusive hosts at Central zone. While common hosts were minimal between Northand Central (3), and North and South (7) zones, and the highest commonality was observedbetween Central and South (54) zones (Fig. 3). Thirty nine hosts were common acrossall zones dominated again by weeds (13) followed by vegetables (8) and ornamentals(6). Common hosts put togetheroutnumbering the exclusive hostsacross zones (Table 6) indicated theregional similarity in preference of hostsby P. solenopsis.

Although weeds dominated theexclusive hosts of all three zones andcommon hosts of North-Central, Central-South and North-Central-South, onlyone weed host Portulaca grandiflora wascommon between North-South zones.Field crops, vegetables and treesoutnumbered weeds among commonhosts of North-South zone.

Fig.3. Exclusive and common hosts of P. solenopsis among cotton

growing zones

Table 5. Seasonality versus extreme severity (G4)hosts of P. solenopsisS. Seasonality Cotton growing zoneNo.

North Central South1. Crop season 7 13 72. Off season 2 10 33. Crop and off seasons 8 14 9

Total 17 37 19

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3.1.1. Familial distribution of zone specific and common host plantsMalvaceous plants (3) outnumbered as hosts of P. solenopsis over other families at

North zone (Fig. 4). However, more number of species from Asteraceae (8), Malvaceae (7),Lamiaceae (5), Apiaceae (3) and Poaceae (3) also served as hosts of P. solenopsis at Centralzone (Fig. 5). Plant species representation was greater from Malvaceae (5) followed byAmaranthaceae (3) and Fabaceae (3) among South zone specific hosts of P. solenopsis(Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. South zone specific hosts of P. solenopsis across

families

Fig. 7. Common hosts of North and South zones of

P. solenopsis across families

Fig. 5. Central zone specific hosts of P. solenopsis across

families

Fig.4. North zone specific hosts of P. solenopsis across

families

Table 6. Distribution of zone specific and common hosts of P. solenopsisCategory North (N) Central (C) South (S) NC NS CS NCS TotalWeeds 11 36 13 2 1 32 13 108Ornamentals 4 3 6 - - 5 6 24Trees 3 - 2 - 2 6 5 18Vegetables 2 4 2 - 2 - 8 18Field crops 1 - 1 1 2 6 2 13Fruit plants 1 - - - - 3 4 8Spices - 2 - - - 2 1 5Total 22 45 24 3 7 54 39 194

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The two monocots viz., Cyperus rotundus. and Cynodon dactylon were the only commonhosts of P. solenopsis other than cotton between North and Central zones. Jatropha curcas,Dalbergia sissoo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Lablab purpureus, Sorghum bicolorand Portulaca grandiflora were common hosts between North and South zones. Amongthese, two hosts belonged to Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae, and one each to Euphorbiaceae,Poaceae and Portulacaceae (Fig. 7). Highest number of common hosts between Centraland South zones belonged to Euphorbiaceae (9) followed by Fabaceaea (8), andAmaranthaceae and Asteraceae (5). Families viz., Caesalpiniaceae, Malvaceae andVerbanaceae had two common hosts. At least 18 families had single host that were commonbetween Central and South zones (Fig. 8). Among the universal hosts of P. solenopsis acrossall cotton growing zones, eight, five, four and three hosts belonged to Solanaceae, Malvaceae,Asteraceae and Cucurbitaceae, respectively. Two hosts each from Amaranthaceae, Moraceaeand Myrtaceae and single host from additional 13 families were common among all zones(Fig. 9) (Annexure III).

3.2. Seasonality of P. solenopsis among exclusive hostsExclusive hosts of North and Central zones were higher during off season. On the

contrary, seasonal hosts were dominant among South zone. The number of exclusive hosts

Fig. 9. Common hosts of North, Central and South zones

of P. solenopsis across families

Fig. 8. Common hosts of Central and South zones of


Fig.10. Seasonality of exclusive hosts of P. solenopsis

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of P. solenopsis present during crop as well as off seasons was six, eight and six in respectof North, Central and South zones. Although hosts of P. solenopsis were different, the numberof hosts during the season were equal (16) at Central and South zones (Fig.10).

Host plants of Zygophyllaceae (Tribulusterrestris) exclusive to crop season and ofBrassicaceae (Brassica sp and Raphanusraphanistrum) exclusive to off season werenoted at North zone (Fig.11). Distribution ofthe hosts of P. solenopsis within the samefamily had either crop and off seasons(Amaranthaceae and Poaceae) or crop aswell as both seasons (Asteraceae andFebaceae), and off and both seasons(Malvaceae). Among Central zone specifichosts of P. solenopsis, seasonality wasexclusive during crop season among familiesof Poaceae (3), Acanthaceae (2),Boraginaceaea (1), Convolvulaceae (1),Fabaceae (1), Portulacaceae (1) andTiliaceae (1). Five species of plants fromLamiaceae and one each fromAsclepiadaceae, Menispermaceae,Oxalidaceae, Papilionaceae, andPhyllanthaceae were off seasonal hosts atCentral zone (Fig.12). At South zone, 14 hostsfrom eight families were exclusive to cropseason and a single vegetable host fromBasellaceae (Basella alba) was exclusive tooff season. Five plant species fromMalvaceae, two of Acanthaceae andLamiaceae, and one each from Asteraceae,Menispermaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Tiliaceaeand Verbanaceae were exclusive during cropseason among South zone specific hosts(Fig.13).

The seasonality of the common hostsindicated the dominance of off season hostsbetween Central and South and among allthree zones (Table 7). Variations ofseasonality of same hosts across zones werealso noticed. Exactly 50% of hosts of allseasons at North zone were weeds and theproportion of weeds was higher at Centralzone. No weed exclusively served asP. solenopsis host during off season or during

Fig.11. Seasonality North zone specific hosts of P.

solenopsis across families

Fig.13. Seasonality of South zone specific hosts of

P.solenopsis across families

Fig.12. Seasonality of Central zone specific hosts of


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both crop and off seasons at South zone. This indicated non necessity of focus on off seasonweed management at South zone for P. solenopsis management. Cyperus rotundus is theonly weed host common between North and Central zones during crop season. The commonweeds between Central and South zones were greater over the three zones put together.The only weed host (Portulaca grandiflora: Portulacaceae) between North and South zones haddifferential seasonality viz., crop as well as crop+ off seasons, respectively (Annexure IV).

Digera muricata (Amaranthaceae),Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) andSolanum virginianum (Solanaceae) duringcrop season, and Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae), Convolvulusarvensis (Convolvulaceae) and Datura metel(Solanaceae) during off season, and Physalisminima (Solanaceae), Partheniumhysterophorus (Asteraceae) and Abutilonindicum (Malvaceae) during both seasonswere the common weed hosts across all threezones (Fig.14).

3.3. Severity of P. solenopsis among exclusive hostsData on severity of P. solenopsis indicated that 27, 18.2, 31.8 and 22.7 % of North zone

specific host plants had grades of G1, G2, G3 and G4 respectively. The percentage of G1,

Fig.14. Seasonality of common hosts of cotton growing

zones

Fig. 15. Severity among exclusive hosts of P. solenopsis

Table 7. Seasonality of exclusive and common hosts

Season Exclusive hosts (nos.) Common hosts (nos.)North Central South NC NS CS NCS

Crop season 6(3) 16(13) 16(13) 2(1) 2 11(6) 7(3)Off season hosts 10(5) 21(17) 2(0) - 2 23(12) 12(3)Crop in parenthesis and off seasons 6(3) 8(6) 6(0) - - 6(2) 6(2)

Figures are number of weed hosts out of total exclusive and common hosts

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G2, G3 and G4 severity among exclusive hosts in respect of Central and South zones was46.7, 20, 6.6 and 26.7, and 54.2, 29.2, 8.3 and 8.3, respectively. While host plants withextreme severity (G4) were highest at Central zone, they were lowest at the South zone. Ingeneral, similarity of severity among the common hosts was of the order North-Central >Central-South> North-Central-South> North-South (Fig. 15).

The North zone specific host plants that had the highest severity were Vigna radiata(Fabaceae), Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), Helianthus debilis and Helianthus sp.(Asteraceae) and Sida cordifolia (Malvaceae). Plants of Malvaceae and Asteraceae familieshad shown P. solenopsis extreme severity at North and Central zones, only former family atSouth zone had G4 (Fig. 16). Host plants with severity G3 and G4 at North zone belonged toAsteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Solanaceae andZygophyllaceae.

The plant species viz., Vicoa indica (Asteraceae), Abelmoschus ficulneus , Hibiscussabdariffa and Azanza lampas (Malvaceae), Portulaca quadrifida (Portulacaceae),Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae), Lactuca runcinata, Acmella uliginosa and Pentanemaindicum (Asteraceae), Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae), Asteracantha longifolia(Acantheceae) and Triumfetta rhomboidea (Tiliaceae) were the exclusive Grade 4 hosts atthe Central zone (Fig. 17). At the Central zone, the G3 and G4 severity was noted withmembers of Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae,Phyllanthaceae, Protulacaceae, and Tiliaceae. Sida acuta was the only Malvaceous weedhost other than Sea Island cotton, Gossypium barbadense that had extreme severity at theSouth zone (Fig. 18). One host each from Fabaceae and Phyllanthaceae, and two fromMalvaceae had G3 and G4 severity, respectively at South zone.

Fig.16. Severity among North zone specific hosts of


Fig.17. Severity among Central zone specific hosts of

P.solenopsis across families

Among three common hosts between North and Central zones, cotton had Grade 4severity and the other two hosts viz., Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon had severityof Grade 1.

While the frequency of common hosts across zones with similar severity are depicted inFigure 19, those with dissimilar severity are furnished in Annexure V . Three weed hosts viz.,

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Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbiaheterophylla (Euphorbiaceae), andCorchorus trilocularis (Tiliaceae)besides Murrya koenigii (Rutaceae)had Grade 4 severity at both Centraland South zones. Twenty one, elevenand three of the common hosts hadGrade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3severities of P. solenopsis,respectively at Central and Southzones (Fig. 20).

Differential severity was highlyobvious among the common hostsbetween Central and South zonesimplying the ecological influences onthe biology of P. solenopsis. Nocommon hosts between North andSouth zones had extreme severity(Fig.21). The weed host Portulacagrandiflora (Portulacaceae) had aP. solenopsis severity of Grade 3 atNorth zone, but only Grade1 atSouth zone. Jatropha urcas (Euphorbiaceae), Dalbergia sissooand Lablab purpureus (Fabaceae),Lagenaria siceraria (Cucurbitaceae)and Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) hada maximum severity of Grade 1implying their insignificant role inaiding the buildup of P. solenopsis inNorth and South zones.

Fig.19. Severity among common hosts of cotton growing

zones

Fig.18. Severity among South zone specific hosts of


Fig.20. Severity among common hosts of Central and South zones

across families

Fig. 21. Severity among common hosts of North and South zones

across families

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Out of 39 common hosts across all thethree cotton zones three hosts of Malvaceae(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Gossypium arboreumand Gossypium hirsutum) and one each fromAsteraceae (Parthenium hysterophorus),Solanaceae (Lycopersicon esculentum),Caricaceae (Carica papaya) and Aizoaceae(Trianthema portulacastrum) had shown G4severity of P. solenopsis (Fig. 22).

Eleven, two and single host that werecommon among North, Central and Southzones had G1, G2 and G3 severity,respectively. Difference in severity of samehosts across zones was also obvious.Eighteen of the hosts from different familieshad differential severity at least with one of the zones.

3.4. Seasonality versus severity of the exclusive and common hosts of P. solenopsisAll scales (G1 to G4) of severity of P.

solenopsis during the crop season wasnoticed among North zone specific hostplants. No exclusive hosts in North zone hadextreme severity during off season althoughnumber of host species in other severityscales (G1 to G3) were equal or higher thancrop or crop + off seasons. Crop + off seasonhosts (6) of P. solenopsis had equal share ofG3 and G4 severity (Fig.23). Helianthusdebilis (Asteraceae) and Vigna radiata(Fabaceae) during crop season, andHelianthus spp.(Asteraceaea), Sida cordifolia(Malvaceae) and Withaniasomnifera (Solanaceaea) during both cropand off seasons had G4 severity. P. solenopsishad extreme severity of G4 among exclusivehosts across all seasons at Central zone(Fig.24). Five hosts each during crop andcrop+off seasons had extreme severity. WhileG1 hosts were dominant during off seasononly two hosts (Portulaca quadrifida(Portulacaceae) and Triumfetta rhomboidea(Tiliaceae)) had G4 severity. It is notable thatall of the exclusive hosts except one ofornamentals (Vicoa indica (Asteraceae)) ofCentral zone during off season were weeds.

Fig. 22. Severity among common hosts of North, Central

and South zones across families

Fig. 23. Seasonality versus severity among North zone

specific hosts of P. solenopsis

Fig. 24. Seasonality versus severity among Central zone


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Among the South zone specific hosts of P. solenopsis, large numbers (16) occurredduring the crop season with the dominance of G1 and G2 severity (Fig. 25). Only two of theSouth exclusive off season hosts (Basella alba (Bacellaceae) and Plumeria acutifolia(Febaceae)) had lowest G1 severity. No South zone specific host plants of P. solenopsis thatoccurred during both crop and off seasons had G4 severity. Overall, all South specific hostshad transient and carry over role over supporting P. solenopsis perpetuation.

Among the two common hosts of P. solenopsis, only G. herbaceum grown at North andCentral zones had G4 severity during crop season (Fig. 26). There were no common hostsbetween North and South zones either during off or crop + off seasons (Fig. 27). Only threeand a single host common between North and South zones during crop and off seasonsrespectively had the lowest severity (G1). Common hosts of Central and South (15) andacross all three zones (7) during offseason had G1 severity implying their significance incarryover of P. solenopsis (Fig. 28).

A weed host (Euphorbia hirta: Euphorbiaceae) and a spice crop Murrya koenigii(Rutaceae) common between Central and South zones during off and crop+off seasons,respectively had G4 severity. Out of the six common hosts with G4 severity across all three

Fig. 25. Seasonality versus severity among South zone


Fig. 26. Sesonality versus Severity among common hosts

of P. solenopsis between North and Central zones


of P. solenopsis between North and South zones


of P. solenopsis between Central and South zones

14

zones, cotton crop of G. hirsutum andG. arboreum are the common hosts duringcrop season (Fig. 29).

There was no common host across zonesduring off season with P. solenopsis G4severity. One species each from fruit,ornamental, vegetable and weed plantcategories viz., Carica papaya (Caricaceae),Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae),Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae) andParthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) hadG4 severity of P. solenopsis during crop aswell as off seasons, thus deserving attentiontowards monitoring and management in farmas well as urban landscapes across the country.

Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae), a weed host with G4 severity of P. solenopsisacross all three zones had off season distribution at North and Central zones but occurredduring crop and off seasons at South zone (Table 8).


of P. solenopsis among North, Central and South zones

4. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOSTS OF P. SOLENOPSISHost plants of P. solenopsis were largely located at roadside in South (54) and North

(38) zones over other locations. Field located host plants were the highest at Central zone(36) followed by South (34) and North (26) zones. However, among all the host plants ofP. solenopsis at North zone, their distribution at fields was the highest (26) followed by roadside(38). The host plants exclusively distributed at border of fields (6), within fields (36), border offields and roadside (10), within fields and field borders (12), within fields+field borders+roadside(14) and within fields +field borders+roadside+water channels (7) were the highest at Centralzone. Host plant distribution at within fields +roadside (19) and roadside (54) was the highestfor South zone (Fig. 30).

The host plants of P. solenopsis exclusive to roadside+water channels and within fields+roadside+water channels were only at North zone besides the two exclusive hosts viz.,Rumex retroflexus (Amaranthaceae) and Brassica sp. (Brassicaceae) located alongside waterchannels.

Table 8. Seasonality versus severity of G4 hosts exclusive and common across zones

(Figures in parenthesis imply the number of weed hosts)

Details of hosts Exclusive hosts Common hostsNorth Central South NC NS CS NCS

G4 hosts of cotton season 2 5 (5) 2 1 - - 2G4 hosts of off season 0 2 (1) - - - 1 (1) -G4 hosts of both cotton and 3 5 (4) - - - 1 4 (1)off seasons

15

The exclusive host plants of P. solenopsis were distributed among eight, seven andthree diverse locations at Central, North and South zones. Weeds at roadside dominated ashosts of P. solenopsis among Central and South specific hosts, and common hosts of Centraland South, and all three zones. Such a situation implied requirement of utmost focus onroadside weed management at Central and South zones in particular and across all threezones, in general (Fig.31).

The common hosts of Central and South zones were distributed across 9 out of the 12locations documented. The common hosts across all three zones were found distributedwithin fields (13), roadside (10), borders of fields (2) and one each at within fields +fieldborders and within fields +field borders+roadside. The hosts common at North and Southzones were from Cucurbitaceae (Lagenaria siceraria and Luffa acutangula), Fabaceae(Lablab purpureus) and Poaceae (Sorghum bicolor) that were only present within cottonfields (Annexure VI).

Fig. 30. Spatial distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis Fig. 31. Spatial distribution of exclusive and common weed

hosts of P. solenopsis

4.1. Severity and seasonality of exclusive and common hosts in relation to spatialdistribution

North zone specific hosts with extreme severity were from roadside (Sida cordifolia:Malvaceae), within fields + roadside+water channels (Helianthus spp.:Asteraceae), withinfields (Helianthus debilis (Asteracaea) and Vigna radiata (Fabaceaea) and roadside + waterchannels (Withania somnifera: Solanaceaea). The only host seen across locations of withinfields +field borders+roadside+water channels was Acrachne racemosa (Poaceae) and hadG2 with its occurrence during crop season. Higher number of North zone specific off seasonhosts of P. solenopsis had their distribution at water channels, roadside, within fields andwithin fields+field borders+roadside (Fig. 32).

Among the nine roadside located Central zone specific hosts, seven and two hosts werepresent during off and crop seasons, respectively. Only one roadside weed host Triumfettarhomboidea (Tiliaceae) had G4 severity during crop season. Portulaca quadrifida(Portulacaceae) and Azanza lampas (Malvaceae) weeds distributed at field borders androadside had P. solenopsis severity of G4 during crop season. Phyllanthus niruri(Euphorbiaceae) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae) occurring during crop as well as off

16

seasons with G4 severity were located within cotton fields (Fig. 33). Weed hosts Acmellauliginosa (Asteraceae) and Abelmoschus ficulneus (Malvaceae) located at fields and bordersduring crop and off seasons too had G4 severity of P. solenopsis. Asteracantha longifolia(Acanthaceae) and Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) present during crop and both seasons,respectively having G4 severity were located at within fields +field borders+roadside.

Sida acuta (Malvaceae) other thancotton crop during the crop season locatedon roadside alone had G4 severity ofP. solenopsis among 24 South zone specifichosts. Roadside hosts of P. solenopsis hadall severity levels of G1 to G4 across seasons(Fig. 34).

Two monocot weeds viz., Cyperusrotundus (Cyperaceae) and Cynodondactylon (Poaceae) located within fields +fieldborders+roadside had P. solenopsis severityof G1 with the former host occurring duringcrop season and the later with differential seasonality between North and Central zones(Fig. 35).

Three common hosts between North and South zones with P. solenopsis severity of G1were located within fields (Lagenaria siceraria (Cucurbitaceae); Lablab purpureus (Fabaceae)& Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae)). Among these only L. purpureus had similar seasonality.Additional host Luffa acutangula (Cucurbitaceae) had differential severity but similarseasonality was located within fields at both the zones (Fig. 36).

Higher similarity among common hosts of Central and South zones for seasonality andseverity of P. solenopsis analysed in terms of spatial distribution indicated eight each of G1hosts were located on roadside and within fields. While common hosts of Central and Southzones with G4 severity were located at field borders+roadside (Murrya koenigii : Rutaceaea),fields+borders+roadside (Corchorus trilocularis:Tiliaceae) and within fields+fieldborders+roadside+water channels (Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia heterophylla :Euphorbiaceae), 13 of the offseason hosts were located on roadside. Four of crop season

Fig. 32. Severity and seasonality of P. solenopsis hosts over

space at North zone


space at Central zone


space at South zone

17

common hosts were located within fields viz., Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae), Cajanuscajan (Fabaceae), Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) and Senna tora (Caesalpiniaceae) (Fig. 37).

The common hosts of P. solenopsis across all three zones were found across fivelocations viz., within fields, field borders, within fields+field borders, within fields +fieldborders+roadside and roadside. While G1 hosts of P. solenopsis were restricted to roadsideand within fields, G4 hosts were additionally found within fields +field borders+roadside acrosszones. Distribution of large number of hosts within fields during crop as well as off seasons,and along roadside during off season forms the basis for successful spread of P. solenopsisacross fields in the same locality/region, and over wider area across many regions (Fig. 38).

Fig. 35. Severity and seasonality of common hosts of

P. solenopsis over space between North and Central zones

Fig.36. Severity and seasonality of common hosts of

P. solenopsis over space between North and South zones

Fig. 37. Severity and seasonality of common hosts of

P. solenopsis over space between Central and South zones

Fig.38. Severity and seasonality of common hosts of

P. solenopsis over space among North, Central and South zones

5. CULTURAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR P. SOLENOPSISSince P. solenopsis is a pest of exotic origin, its prevalence and spread can be limited

with a through temporal and spatial understanding of the factors responsible for its perpetuationand carryover in different agroecosystems. While the features of polyphagy and highreproductive potential associated with P. solenopsis provide innate capacity to be a pest ofeconomic significance. The vast range of alternate host plants available seasonally or yearlongoffer sustenance to the species. It becomes a pest on cotton grown contiguously in largerareas during the sequentially placed cotton seasons of the Indian continent.

18

The comprehensive analysis on the alternate host plants in each of the cotton growingzones and India as a whole, in addition to investigation of exclusive and common hosts forindividual and between cotton growing zones, respectively brought out not only the similaritiesof P. solenopsis host plant interactions but also the need to follow region specific culturalmanagement strategies. The highlights of the management strategies evolved hereunderhave been based on the seasonality, severity and spatial distribution of host plants ofP. solenopsis. This would serve as a reminder for exercising what, when and where to monitorfor its host plants for early detection and their cultural management. Cultural managementfor P. solenopsis in the current context implies need for monitoring and field sanitation byremoval of alternate hosts of P. solenopsis and their proper disposal. Disposal of P. solenopsisinfested hosts should be through burying or burning that would result in complete destructionof pest stages. While burial practice can be practiced for host plants of herb categorieswith severity one and two, for hosts with extreme severity burning is advocated. In case oftrees and perennial plants, removal of P. solenopsis infested portion and burning are to befollowed.

Recommendations for the management of P. solenopsis1. Large number of incidental hosts that have low population of P. solenopsis found

within fields, field borders and roadside during offseason should be removed anddisposed by burial or burning.

2. Management of P. solenopsis on weed hosts on roadside and field bordersshould be a priority in all zones to prevent spatial spread and limit severity on cottoncrop.

3. Ornamentals and vegetables in urban landscapes and home backyards should bemonitored closely.

4. The extent of offseason management determines the magnitude of incidence andseverity of P. solenopsis.

5. Cotton season cultural practices should focus on field sanitations and proper weedmanagement.

Table 9 outlines the cultural management strategies to be followed for effectively managingP. solenopsis in different cotton growing zones of India.

Table 9. List of alternate host plants to be monitored for P. solenopsis cultural management

Region Host plants Season LocationAll cotton Papaya Throughout Orchards and kitchengrowing Carica papaya the year gardenszones

Shoe flower Backyards and roadsideHibiscus rosa-sinensisTomato Cultivated fieldsLycopercicon esculentumCongress grass Fields, field borders and roadsideParthenium hysterophorus

19

Region Host plants Season LocationIndian Mallow, Kanghi Within fields, field borders, roadsideAbutilon indicum and irrigation channelsPotato Cotton season Cultivated fieldsSolanum tuberosumBrinjalSolanum melongenaGiant pigweed Off season Within fields and roadsideTrianthema portulacastrum

North and Burdock datura Cotton season Within fields, fieldCentral Xanthium strumarium borders and roadsidezones

Bhindi Off season Cultivated fieldsAbelmoschus esculentus

Central Curry leaf Murrya koenigii Throughout Backyards and roadsideand South the yearzones

Oleander RoadsideNerium oleanderCommon spurge Off season Within fields, field borders,Euphorbia hirta roadside and irrigation channelsLantana Field borders, roadside andLantana camara irrigation channelsCoat buttons Within fields, field borders andTridax procumbens roadsideCustard apple RoadsideAnnona squamosaWhiskered commelinaCommelina benghalensis

North zone Country mallow khareti RoadsideSida cordifolia ThroughoutAshwagandha the year Roadside and irrigation channelsWithania somniferaGule dupehri Cotton season Within fields and roadsidePortulaca grandifloraMoong, Moss rose Cultivated fieldsVigna radiataBeach sunflowerHelianthus debilisGuarCyamopsis tetragonoloba

Central Wild Jute Throughout Within fields, field borderszoneCorchorus trilocularis the year and roadsideRed hogweedBoerhavia diffusaHazardani Within fieldsPhyllanthus niruri

20

Region Host plants Season LocationAmbadiHibiscus sabdariffaMarsh Para Cress Within fields and field bordersAcmella uliginosaRan bhendiAbelmoschus ficulneusJangli-bhendi Cotton season Border and roadsideAzanza lampasWild purslanePortulaca quadrifidaPathari Within fieldsLactuca runcinataChillyCapsicum annumFalse Amaranth Within fields and field bordersDigera muricataWater spiny ball Within fields, field borders andAsteracantha longifolia roadsideBurr Bush RoadsideTriumfetta rhomboideaRan shevanti Off season Within fields and field bordersVicoa indicaSonkadiPentanema indicumPala aku, Wild poinsettia Within fields, field borders, roadsideEuphorbia geniculata and water channels

South zone Mountain knot grass Throughout Within fields and roadsideAerva lanata the yearJangali amla Within fields, field borders andPhyllanthus amarus roadsideGliricidia Within fields and roadsideGliricidia sepiumChilaka paraka, Common Cotton season Roadsidewire weed, Sida acutaPulicheru, Black honey shrubPhyllanthus reticulatusWild Jute Within fields, field borders andCorchorus trilocularis roadsideWild poinsettia Within fields and roadsideEuphorbia geniculataPurslane Field borders, roadside and waterPortulaca oleracea channels

21

CONCLUSIONSThe vast diversity of host plants of P. solenopsis suggests the possibility of its yearlong

presence in different agroecosystems. Although the vast host range of P. solenopsis posesrisk in terms of quicker and large scale spread, equal opportunities exists to exploit them formanagement of the pest when their exact role is identified. Since the mode of dispersal isalso wide and varied, pest status needs continuous monitoring. Abbas et al. (2010 a) reported173 plant species across 54 families from 26 countries representing different ecological zones.Current records from India would alter the host dimension across the globe. Host rangeanalysis clearly indicated the larger monoculture of cotton vis a vis P. solenopsis for malvaceoushosts as one reason for the increased incidence and severity on the crop. Host plants viz., H.rosa-sinensis, Withania somnifera, portulaca grandiflora, Abelmoschus esculentus andXanthium strumarium have been among the top ten hosts infested by P. solenopsis in Pakistan(Abbas et al. 2010b) and all of them had extreme (G4) severity in India, indicating similaritiesof host range and developmental attributes of the pest within Asian continent. Compilationand comparison of the exclusive and common hosts of P. solenopsis across continentsthrough a global mealybug network would prove useful for understanding the ecological andevolutionary aspects of the pest over time and space that can prevent invasion into othercountries in addition to doing a pest risk analysis. Effective control of P. solenopsis by Aenasiusbambawalei Hayat (Encyrtidae), on cotton in India has been observed (Nagrare et al. 2011).P.solenopsis parasitizing by A. bambawalei observed among alternate hosts (Rishi Kumaret al. 2009) is also expected to sustain the biological balance over time and is a research gapat present.

Current analysis of the significant life history aspects of seasonality, severity and spatialdistribution of P. solenopsis vis a vis host plants brought out clearly the carry over hostscommon and specific across cotton growing zones. The diversity of hosts largely weedsoffer scope for a feasible cultural method of management. Management of alternate hostshaving moderate to high severity located along roadside, within fields and field borders wouldeffectively suppress the pest. Continued practice of such recommendations has the potentialto eradicate the pest from India, if practised simultaneously over cotton growing regions.The general and specific recommendations of the current study distilled out at individualzonal and all India level would serve as an “user’s guide” for cultural management ofP. solenopsis.

27

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29

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f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

18

.G

om

phre

na g

lobosa

L.

Glo

be

Am

aran

th,

Orn

amen

tal

IO

S,

SR

Bac

hel

ors

butt

on

19

.R

um

ex

retr

ofl

exu

s L.

Jangal

i pal

akW

eed

IO

SW

20

.A

na

card

iace

ae

Mangif

era

indic

a L

.M

ango

Fruit p

lant

II

OS

OS

RR

21

.A

nn

on

ace

ae

Annona s

quam

osa

L.

Sugar

Apple

,Fr

uit

pla

nt

III

III

OS

OS

RR

Cust

ard a

pple

22

.A

pia

cea

eC

ente

lla a

siati

ca L

.In

dia

n P

ennyw

ort

,W

eed

IIII

OS

, S

OS

, S

F,B

,RF,

B,R

Coin

wort

, A

siat

icco

inw

ort

,

23

.D

aucus

caro

ta L

.C

arro

t,

Gaj

arV

eget

able

IIO

SF

24

.Foenic

ulu

m v

ulg

are

Mill

erFe

nn

el,

Sp

ice

IO

SF,

RS

wee

t fe

nnel

25

.Tr

achys

perm

um

am

mi

(L.)

Ajw

ain

Spic

eI

SF

Sp

erg

.

26

.A

po

cyn

ace

ae

Neri

um

ole

ander

L.O

lean

der

Orn

amen

tal

III

III

OS

, S

OS

, S

RR

27

.A

scle

pia

da

cea

eC

alo

tropis

gig

ante

a

R.

Br.

Cro

wn F

low

er,

Wee

dI

IO

SO

SR

RC

alo

tro

pis

28

.C

alo

tropis

pro

cera

R

. B

r.R

ubber

bush

,W

eed

II

IS

OS

OS

RR

Rap

ple

of

Sodom

29

.H

em

ide

smu

sIn

dia

n S

arsa

par

illa

Wee

dI

OS

Rin

dic

us

(L.)

R.B

r.

30

.A

ste

race

ae

Acm

ell

a u

ligin

osa

Mar

sh P

ara

Cre

ssW

eed

IVO

S,

SF,

B(S

W.)

Cas

s.

31

.B

ac

ch

aro

ide

sIr

on w

eed

Wee

dI

OS

F,B

,Ranth

elm

inti

ca (

L.)

Moen

ch

32

.B

iden

s pilo

sa L

.B

eggar

Tic

k,W

eed

IO

SF,

R

33

.C

hry

santh

em

um

indic

um

L.

Ch

rysa

nth

emum

,O

rnam

enta

lII

III

IIO

S,

SS

SB

FF

Sh

ewan

ti.

34

.G

ail

lard

ia p

ulc

hell

a F

ouger

Bla

nke

t Fl

ow

er,

Orn

amen

tal

IS

FFi

rew

hee

l, In

dia

nbla

nke

t flo

wer

31

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

tyS

ea

son

ali

tyLoca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

35

.H

eli

anth

us

annuus

L.

Sunflow

er,

Fiel

d c

rop

IIII

SS

FF

Su

rajm

ukh

i

36

.H

eli

anth

us

debil

is L

.B

each

Sunflo

wer

,O

rnam

enta

lIV

SF

Cucu

mber

lea

fS

un

flo

wer

37

.H

eli

anth

us

spp..

Jangal

i su

rajm

ukh

iW

eed

IVO

S,

SF,

R,W

38

.La

ctu

ca r

uncin

ata

L.

Pat

har

i /

Cab

bag

eW

eed

IVS

Fle

ttu

ce

39

.La

ctu

ca s

ati

va L

.L

ettu

ceW

eed

II

SS

FF

40

.La

gasc

ea m

oll

is C

av.

Silk

lea

fW

eed

IIS

R

41

.P

art

heniu

m h

yste

rophoru

s L.

Car

rot

Gra

ss,

Wee

dIV

IVIV

OS

, S

OS

, S

OS

, S

F,B

,RF,

B,R

F,B

,RC

ongre

ss g

rass

,V

ish

apo

on

du

42

.P

enta

nem

a in

dicu

m (

L.)

Y. L

ing

So

nka

di

Wee

dIV

OS

F,B

43

.Sonchus

arv

ensi

s L.

Fiel

d S

ow

-This

tle,

Wee

dI

IO

SS

F,R

F,R

44

.Sonchus

ole

raceus

L.

Pac

har

/ S

ow

this

tleW

eed

IIS

F,R

45

.Ta

gete

s ere

cta

L.

Mar

igold

, G

enda

Orn

amen

tal

III

IIII

SS

OS

,SF

F,B

R

46

.Ta

raxa

cum

off

icin

ale

Wig

g.

Dan

del

ion

Wee

dIV

IIO

SO

S,S

RF,

R

47

.Tr

idax

pro

cum

bens

L.

Trid

ax D

aisy

,W

eed

III

III

OS

OS

F,B

,RF,

B,R

Coat

Butt

ons

48

.V

icoa i

ndic

a (

L.)

DC

.R

an s

hev

anti/

Orn

amen

tal

IVO

SF,

BS

on

kad

i

49

.X

anth

ium

str

um

ari

um

L.

Com

mon C

ock

lebur,

Wee

dIV

IVII

SS

SF,

R,W

F,B

,RR

bro

ad b

ur,

burd

ock

dat

ura

50

.B

ase

lla

cea

eB

ase

lla a

lba

L.

Mal

abar

spin

ach,

Veg

etab

leI

OS

F,R

Cre

epin

g s

pin

ach,

Kodi

pas

alai

51

.B

om

ba

cace

ae

Salm

ali

a m

ala

bari

ca

Silk

cott

on

Tree

IO

S,

SR

(DC

.) S

chott

& E

ndl.

52

.B

ora

gin

ace

ae

Tric

hodesm

a i

ndic

um

R.

Br.

India

n b

ora

ge

Wee

dI

SF,

R

32

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

Seaso

nali

ty

Loca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(M

axi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

53

.B

rass

ica

cea

eB

rass

ica s

p.

Wild

must

ard

Wee

dI

OS

W

54

.R

aphanus

raphanis

trum

L.

Wild

rad

ish

Wee

dII

OS

F

55

.C

aesa

lpin

iace

ae

Bauhin

ia p

urp

ure

a

L.

Butt

erfly

pla

nt,

Tree

II

OS

OS

RR

Pin

k butt

erfly

pla

nt

56

.C

ass

ia f

istu

la L

.A

mal

tas,

Gold

enTr

eeI

II

OS

OS

OS

RR

Rsh

ow

er p

lant,

India

n L

aburn

um

57

.Senna t

ora

L.

Coff

ee w

eed/

sick

leW

eed

II

SS

F,B

,R,W

Rpod S

tinki

ng C

assi

a,C

hin

ese

senna,

sick

le s

enna

58

.C

ap

pa

rid

ace

ae

Cle

om

e v

iscosa

L.

Yel

low

spid

er f

low

er,

Wee

dII

III

OS

OS

, S

F,R

F,B

,RC

leom

e, T

ickw

eed,

Nai

kad

ugu,

59

.C

ari

cace

ae

Cari

ca p

apaya

L.

Pap

aya,

Mel

on

Fruit

pla

nt

IVIV

IVO

S,

SO

S,

SO

S,

SF

FF

pla

nt,

Paw

paw

,

60

.C

henopodia

ceae

Beta

vulg

ari

s L.

Bee

troot,

Sugar

bee

tV

eget

able

IIS

F

61

.C

henopodiu

m a

lbam

L.

Pig

wee

d,

Bat

hua

Wee

dII

IIS

SF,

RF,

R

62

.Spin

acea o

lera

cea

L.

Spin

ach,

Pal

akV

eget

able

IIO

S,S

F,B

63

.C

om

meli

nace

ae

Com

meli

na b

enghale

nsi

s L

.W

his

kere

dW

eed

III

III

OS

OS

RR

Co

mm

elin

a

64

.C

on

volv

ula

cea

eA

rgyr

eia

hookeri

C

.B.C

lark

eH

ooke

r's

Wood r

ose

, W

eed

IS

BH

ooke

r's

Morn

ing

Glo

ry ,

Gay

ri

65

.C

onvo

lvulu

s arv

ensi

s L

.Fi

eld B

ind w

eed,

Wee

dI

III

III

OS

OS

OS

F, R

F,B

,R,W

F,B

,R,W

Hir

anpug,

Hir

ankh

uri

66

.Ip

om

oea i

ndic

a

L.

Bush

Morn

ing G

lory

,W

eed

IIII

OS

OS

WW

Morn

ing G

lory

Pla

nt

67

.C

ucu

rbit

ace

ae

Cit

rull

us

lanatu

sW

ater

mel

on

Veg

etab

leI

IIII

OS

OS

OS

FF

F(T

hum

b)

Man

sf.

33

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

S

easo

nali

ty

L

oca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(M

axi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

68

.C

itru

llus

vulg

ari

s S

ch.

Round m

elon

Veg

etab

leI

SF

69

.C

ucum

is m

elo

L.

Mu

skm

elo

n,

Veg

etab

leI

OS

FS

ugar

mel

on

70

.La

genari

a s

icera

ria

L.

Bott

le G

ourd

, B

itter

Veg

etab

leI

IS

OS

FF

calb

ash g

ourd

,K

aippan

chura

71

.Lu

ffa

aegyp

tiaca

M

ill.

Sponge

Gourd

,V

eget

able

II

IO

SO

SO

SF

FF

72

.Lu

ffa a

cuta

ngula

L.

Bee

ra/R

idge

gourd

/V

eget

able

III

SS

FF

Rib

bed

gourd

73

.M

om

ord

ica c

hara

nti

a L

.B

itter

guar

dV

eget

able

II

IS

OS

OS

FF

F

74

.C

ype

race

ae

Cyp

eru

s ro

tundus

L.

Nut

gra

ss,

Wee

dI

IS

SF,

B,R

F,B

,RC

om

mon N

ut

Sed

ge,

coco

gra

ss

75

.E

up

ho

rbia

cea

eA

caly

pha i

ndic

aM

uri

pin

di/

Ind

ian

Wee

dIV

IIO

SS

BR

copper

lea

f

76

.A

caly

pha l

anceola

ta L

.In

dia

n C

opper

leaf

Orn

amen

tal

II

OS

OS

F,B

,RF,

B,R

77

.C

odia

eum

vari

egatu

mC

roto

nO

rnam

enta

lI

OS

, S

R(L

.) A

.Juss

78

.C

roto

n p

etr

aC

roto

nO

rnam

enta

lI

OS

, S

R

79

.C

roto

n s

parc

iflo

rum

Moro

ng

Cro

ton

Orn

amen

tal

IIII

OS

OS

FF

80

.Euphorb

ia g

enic

ula

ta L

.P

ala

aku/

Wee

dIV

III

OS

SF,

B,R

,WF,

RW

ild p

oin

sett

ia

81

.Euphorb

ia g

ranula

ta F

orss

kH

azar

dan

iW

eed

III

OS

R

82

.Euphorb

ia h

ete

rophyl

la L

.W

ild P

oin

sett

ia,

Wee

dIV

IVO

S,

SO

SF,

B,R

,WF,

B,R

,WW

ild s

purg

e S

purg

e,M

oth

i doodhi

83

.Euphorb

ia h

irta

L.

Ast

hm

a W

eed,

Wee

dIV

IVO

SO

SF,

B,R

,WF,

B,R

,WC

om

mon s

purg

e

84

.Euphorb

ia p

ulc

herr

ima

L.

Po

inse

ttia

Orn

amen

tal

II

OS

OS

FF

85

.Ja

tropha c

urc

as

L.

Jatr

op

ha,

Tree

II

OS

OS

RF

Bar

bad

os

nut

34

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

Seaso

nali

ty

Loca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(M

axi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

86

.P

hyl

lanth

us

am

aru

s L.

Nir

uri

/O

thei

te,

Wee

dII

IVS

OS

, S

F,B

F,B

,RJa

ngal

i am

la,

Jon

dh

ali

87

.P

hyl

lanth

us

nir

uri

L.

Haz

ardan

i/W

eed

IVO

S,

SF

Sto

neb

reak

er

88

.R

icin

us

com

munis

L.

Cas

tor

bea

nFi

eld c

rop

II

OS

OS

FF

89

.F

ab

ace

ae

Acacia

spp

.A

caci

aTr

eeII

IO

S,

SR

90

.B

ute

a m

onosp

erm

a R

oxb

.Fl

ame

of

fore

stTr

eeI

IO

SO

SR

R

91

.C

aja

nus

caja

n (

L.)

Mill

.A

rhar

/ P

igeo

n P

ea/

Fiel

d c

rop

II

SS

FF

Red

gra

m

92

.C

icer

ari

tianum

L.

Ch

ickp

ea/

Fiel

d c

rop

II

OS

OS

FF

Ben

gal

gra

m

93

.C

lito

ria t

ern

ate

a L

.B

utt

erfly

Pea

Wee

dIV

IIO

SO

SF,

RF,

R

94

.C

rota

lari

a v

err

ucosa

L.

Blu

e ra

ttle

wee

dFi

eld c

rop

II

OS

OS

RR

95

.C

yam

opsi

s te

tragonolo

ba

Gu

arV

eget

able

IVII

IIS

SS

FF

F(L

.) T

aub.

96

.D

alb

erg

ia s

isso

o R

oxb

.In

dia

n r

ose

wood/

Tree

II

OS

OS

R,

WR

Sh

ish

am

97

.D

esm

odiu

m d

ichoto

mum

L.

Ch

ikta

Wee

dI

SR

98

.G

liri

cid

ia s

epiu

m (

Jacq

.)G

liric

idia

Tree

III

OS

, S

F,R

Kunth

ex.

Walp

.

99

.La

bla

b p

urp

ure

us

Isw

eet

Lab

lab B

ean,

Fiel

d c

rop

II

SS

FF

Hya

cinth

bea

n

10

0.

Leucaena l

eucocephala

L.

Wild

tam

arin

d,

Tree

III

OS

OS

RR

White

Bab

ool,

10

1.

Plu

meri

a a

cuti

foli

a L

.The

tem

ple

tre

e ,

Orn

amen

tal

IO

SR

Go

rurc

ham

pa

10

2.

Pro

sopis

juli

flora

L.

Alg

aro

ba,

Tree

IIII

SS

RR

Jungle

e ki

kar

10

3.

Rhyn

chosi

a m

inim

a D

CB

urn

-Mouth

Vin

e,W

eed

II

OS

OS

RR

rhyn

cho

sia

35

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

S

easo

nali

ty

L

oca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

10

4.

Tephro

sia p

urp

ure

a L

.V

empal

i/Wild

indig

o/

wee

dI

SR

Purp

le t

ephro

sia

10

5.

Vig

na r

adia

ta L

.M

oong

Fiel

d c

rop

IVS

F

10

6.

La

mia

cea

eA

nis

om

ele

s heyn

eana B

enth

Wes

tern

Hill

Cat

min

t,W

eed

IO

SB

,RC

han

dhar

a, G

opal

i

10

7.

Hyp

tis

sauve

ole

ns

Ma

bhee

ra/

Wee

dI

SF

Sir

na

tula

si/

Am

eric

an m

int

10

8.

Leucas

cil

iata

L.

Tuft

ed L

euca

sW

eed

IO

SR

10

9.

Leucas

urt

icaefo

lia B

r.D

ron

pu

shp

i/W

eed

IO

SF,

BW

hite

dea

d n

ettle

11

0.

Menth

a p

iperi

ta

L.P

epper

min

tS

pic

eI

IO

S,

SO

S,

SF

F

11

1.

Ocim

um

basi

licum

L.

Bas

il, R

an T

uls

iW

eed

II

OS

OS

RR

11

2.

Ocim

um

canum

sim

sP

itchi

tula

si/

Wee

dII

SR

Kukk

a tu

lasi

/H

oar

y bas

il

11

3.

Ocim

um

sanctu

m L

.Tu

lsi/

India

n B

assi

lW

eed

IIO

SF,

R

11

4.

Ocim

um

tenuif

loru

m L

.H

oly

bas

il, T

uls

iW

eed

II

OS

OS

RR

11

5.

Salv

ia o

ffic

inali

s L.

Sal

via

Wee

dI

OS

R

11

6.

Lyth

race

ae

Law

sonia

inerm

is

L.

Hen

na,

Meh

endi

Wee

dI

II

OS

OS

OS

RR

R

11

7.

Ma

lva

cea

eA

belm

osc

hus

esc

ule

ntu

s L.

Okr

a, B

hin

di,

Veg

etab

leIV

IVII

OS

OS

OS

FF

FLad

ies

Finger

,

11

8.

Abelm

osc

hus

ficuln

eus

White

Wild

Musk

Wee

dIV

OS

, S

F,B

(L.)

Wig

ht

& A

rn E

x.W

ight

Mal

low

, N

ativ

e ro

sella

Jangli

bhin

di,

Ran

bhen

di

11

9.

Abelm

osc

hus

manih

ot

L.Yel

low

Hib

iscu

sW

eed

IIII

OS

OS

RR

12

0.

Abuti

lon h

irtu

m (

Lam

)In

dia

n M

allo

w,

Wee

dII

OS

RS

wee

t va

r. h

ete

rotr

ichum

Countr

y M

allo

w,

(Hoch

st.

Ex.

Mat

tei

)A

butil

on,

India

nab

util

on,

Pet

ari

36

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

tyS

ea

son

ali

tyLoca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

12

1.

Ma

lva

cea

eA

buti

lon i

ndic

um

(L)

Sw

eet

India

n M

allo

w,

Kan

ghi

Wee

dII

IIV

IVO

S,S

OS

,SO

S,S

B,

RF,

B,R

,WF,

B,R

Countr

y M

allo

w

12

2.

Abuti

lon t

heophra

sti

Sw

eet

Vel

vetle

af,

Chin

a ju

teW

eed

IIO

SF,

B

12

3.

Alc

ea r

ose

a L

.H

olly

hock

, G

ulk

hai

raO

rnam

enta

lII

IO

SR

12

4.

Alt

haea s

p.H

olly

ho

ckO

rnam

enta

lII

IO

SR

12

5.

Aza

nza

lam

pas

(Cav

.) A

lef.

Jan

gli-

bh

end

iW

eed

IVS

B,R

12

6.

Goss

ypiu

m a

rbore

um

L.

Des

hi

cott

on

Fiel

d c

rop

IVIV

IVS

SS

FF

F

12

7.

Goss

ypiu

m b

arb

adense

L.

Egyp

tian c

ott

on

Fiel

d c

rop

IVS

F

12

8.

Goss

ypiu

m h

erb

aceum

L.

Upla

nd C

ott

on,

Fiel

d c

rop

IVIV

SS

FF

Mex

ican

Cott

on,

12

9.

Goss

ypiu

m h

irsu

tum

L.

Am

eric

an C

ott

on

Fiel

d c

rop

IVIV

IVS

SS

FF

F

13

0.

Hib

iscus

cannabin

us

Go

ng

ura

/Mes

ta/

Veg

etab

leI

SF

Ken

af

13

1.

Hib

iscus

mic

ranth

us

Nity

a m

alli/

Tiny

Orn

amen

tal

IIS

Rflo

wer

hib

iscu

s

13

2.

Hib

iscus

pandura

efo

rmis

Jangli

Bhen

di/

Wee

dII

OS

RB

urm

Wild

Lad

y's

Finger

13

3.

Hib

iscus

rosa

-sin

ensi

s L.

Chin

a R

ose

,O

rnam

enta

lIV

IVIV

OS

,SO

S,S

OS

,SR

RR

Chin

ese

hib

iscu

s

13

4.

Hib

iscus

sabdari

ffa

L.

Rose

lle,

Am

bad

iV

eget

able

IVO

S,S

F

13

5.

Ma

lva

stru

mFa

lse

Mal

low

,W

eed

IVII

IO

S,S

OS

F,B

F,B

cora

mandeli

num

Gar

cke

Bro

om

wee

d

13

6.

Sid

a a

cuta

L.

Chila

ka p

arak

a/W

eed

IVS

R/C

om

mon

wir

e w

eed

13

7.

Sid

a c

ord

ifoli

a L

.C

ountr

y M

allo

w,

Wee

dIV

OS

,SR

Kh

aret

i

13

8.

Thesp

esi

a l

am

pas

L.

Ban

Kap

as,

Wee

dI

OS

RC

om

mon M

allo

w

13

9.

Ure

na s

inuata

L.

Burr

mal

low

/ N

alla

Wee

dI

SR

ben

da/

Ped

da

ben

da

37

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

Seaso

nali

ty

L

oca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(M

axi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

14

0.

Me

lia

cea

eA

zadir

achta

indic

a A

. Ju

ss.

Nee

mTr

eeI

II

OS

OS

OS

RR

R

14

1.

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Cocculu

s hir

sutu

s L.

Bro

om

Cre

eper

,O

rnam

enta

lI

OS

Rin

k ber

ry

14

2.

Co

ch

losp

erm

um

Butt

er c

up t

ree/

Wee

dII

SR

ha

lic

ac

ab

um

Ched

u p

utn

alu/

Konda

buru

ga

14

3.

Mora

ceae

Fic

us

indic

a (

L.)

Mill

.B

urg

adTr

eeII

IO

S,S

R

14

4.

Fic

us

reli

gio

sa L

.P

eepal

, bodhi

pla

nt,

Tree

III

IO

SO

SO

SR

RR

holy

pla

nt,

sca

red f

ig

14

5.

Moru

s alb

a L

.W

hite

Mulb

erry

,Tr

eeI

II

OS

OS

OS

RR

RS

ilkw

orm

Mulb

erry

,R

uss

ian M

ulb

erry

14

6.

Mo

rin

ga

cea

eM

ori

nga o

leif

era

L.

Dru

mst

ick

pla

nt,

Tree

IIII

SS

RR

Sen

jan

a

14

7.

Myr

tace

ae

Eucaly

ptu

s sp

p.

Euca

lypts

Tree

IO

SR

14

8.

Mela

leuca l

eucadendro

n L

.B

ott

le b

rush

Tree

II

IIO

S,

SO

SO

SR

RR

14

9.

Psi

diu

m g

uaja

va L

.G

uav

a, A

mro

od

Fruit

pla

nt

II

IO

SO

SO

SF

FF

15

0.

Nyc

tag

ina

cea

eB

oerh

avi

a d

iffu

sa C

hois

.R

ed h

ogw

eed,

Wee

dIV

OS

, S

F,B

,RW

inef

low

er

15

1.

Boerh

avi

a r

epens

Chois

.P

un

arn

ava/

Wee

dII

IO

SF,

RS

pre

adin

g h

og

wee

d

15

2.

Bougain

vill

ea g

labra

L.

Bo

ug

ain

ville

aO

rnam

enta

lI

II

OS

, S

OS

OS

RR

R

15

3.

Oxa

lid

ace

ae

Oxa

lis

corn

icula

ta L

.C

reep

ing W

ood

Wee

dI

OS

FS

orr

el,

Cre

epin

gO

xalis

15

4.

Pa

pa

vera

cea

eA

rgem

one m

exi

cana

L

.M

exic

an p

rick

lyW

eed

II

OS

OS

B,R

B,R

poppy,

Sat

yanas

hi

15

5.

Papil

ionace

ae

Pso

rale

a c

ory

lifo

lia

L.

Bab

chi

See

ds,

Wee

dI

OS

B,R

Bav

ach

i

15

6.

Pedali

ace

ae

Sesa

mum

indic

um

L.

Ses

ame

Fiel

d

crop

II

SS

FF

38

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

Seaso

nali

ty

Loca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

15

7.

Ph

ylla

nth

ace

ae

Phyl

lanth

us

frate

rnus

L.

Gulf

Lea

f-Fl

ow

erW

eed

III

OS

B

15

8.

Phyl

lanth

us

reti

cula

tus

Bla

ck h

oney

shru

b/

Wee

dII

IS

RP

oir

Pulic

her

u/

Nel

ap

uru

gu

du

15

9.

Poace

ae

Acra

chne r

acem

osa

Mak

hra

gra

ssW

eed

IIS

F,B,R

,W(B

.Hey

ne e

x.R

oem

er &

Sch

ult)

16

0.

Cyn

odon d

acty

lon

Per

s.D

oob g

rass

,W

eed

II

OS

SF,

B,R

F,B

,RB

erm

uda

gra

ss

16

1.

Din

ebra

retr

ofl

exa

L.

Vip

er g

rass

Wee

dI

SF,

R

16

2.

Ele

usi

ne i

ndic

a

(L.)

Gae

rtn.

Mad

ham

a, I

ndia

nW

eed

IIO

SF,

B,R

Cro

wfo

ot

Gra

ss,

India

n g

oose

gra

ss

16

3.

Era

gro

stis

cil

ianensi

s L.

Stin

k G

rass

, Can

dy g

rass

Wee

dI

SB

,R

16

4.

Sorg

hum

bic

olo

r (L

.) M

oenc

hS

org

hum

jw

or

Fiel

d c

rop

II

SO

SF

F

16

5.

Uro

chlo

a p

anic

oid

es

L.

Gar

den

gra

ssW

eed

IS

B,R

,W

16

6.

Po

rtu

laca

cea

eP

ort

ula

ca g

randif

lora

Hook

Gule

dupeh

riW

eed

III

IS

OS

, S

F, R

R

16

7.

Port

ula

ca o

lera

cea L

.P

urs

lan

eW

eed

IIV

SS

B,R

,WB

,R,W

16

8.

Port

ula

ca q

uadri

fida

L.

Wild

purs

lane

Wee

dIV

SB

,R

16

9.

Pu

nic

ace

ae

Punic

a g

ranatu

m L

.P

om

egra

nat

e, A

nar

Fruit

pla

nt

III

IO

S,

SO

SO

SB

BB

17

0.

Rh

am

na

cea

eZi

ziphus

mauri

tiana L

amk.

Ber

Fruit

pla

nt

III

IO

S,

SO

SO

SF

BB

17

1.

Ro

sace

ae

Rosa

indic

a L

.O

rnam

enta

lO

rnam

enta

lI

II

OS

OS

OS

RF

F

17

2.

Ru

tace

ae

Murr

ya k

oenig

ii S

pre

ng

Curr

y le

afS

pic

eIV

IVO

S,

SO

S,

SB

,RB

,R

17

3.

Sa

pin

da

cea

eCar

dios

perm

um h

alic

acab

um L

.B

allo

on v

ine

Wee

dII

IO

SO

S,

SB

,RR

17

4.

Sa

po

tace

ae

Achra

s za

pota

L.

Sap

ota

Fruit

pla

nt

II

OS

, S

OS

, S

FF

17

5.

So

lan

ace

ae

Capsi

cum

annum

L.

Chill

yS

pic

eII

IVII

SS

SF

FF

17

6.

Datu

ra f

ast

uro

sa L

.D

hat

ura

Wee

dII

IO

S,

SR

, W

17

7.

Datu

ra m

ete

l L.

dev

il's

trum

pet

, m

etel

Wee

dII

IIII

OS

OS

OS

BB

B

17

8.

Lyco

pers

icon

esc

ulen

tum

Mill

.To

mat

oV

eget

able

IVIV

IVO

S,

SO

S,

SO

S,

SF

FF

17

9.

Phys

ali

s m

inim

a L

.G

roun

d C

herr

y,W

eed

II

IO

S,

SO

S,

SO

S,

SF,

B,R

B,R

B,R

Sun b

erry

39

S.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

Pla

nt

Se

veri

ty

Seaso

nali

ty

L

oca

tion o

f host

sN

o.

nam

eca

tegory

(

Maxi

mum

gra

de)

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

18

0.

Sola

num

melo

ngena

L.

Bri

nja

l, E

gg p

lant

Veg

etab

leIV

IVII

IO

S,

SS

SF

FF

18

1.

Sola

num

nig

rum

L.

Bla

ck n

ights

had

e,W

eed

IIII

IIS

OS

OS

F,B

,RB

,RB

,RB

lack

-ber

ry n

ight

shad

e, P

ois

onber

ry

18

2.

Sola

num

tubero

sum

L.

Pota

toV

eget

able

III

IVIV

OS

, S

SS

FF

F

18

3.

Sola

num

vir

gin

ianum

L.

Thorn

y N

ights

had

e,W

eed

III

IIS

SS

RR

RYel

low

Ber

ried

,Thai

eggpla

nt

18

4.

Wit

hania

som

nif

era

(L.)

Ask

and,

aksu

nO

rnam

enta

lIV

OS

, S

R,

WD

un

al.

Ash

wag

and

ha

18

5.

Tili

ace

ae

Corc

horu

s oli

tori

us

L.N

alta

jute

/Jan

um

u/

Wee

dII

SR

Par

inta

kura

18

6.

Corc

horu

s tr

ilocula

ris

L.

Wild

Jute

, A

fric

an j

ute

Wee

dIV

IVO

S,

SS

F,B

,RF,

B,R

18

7.

Triu

mfe

tta r

hom

boid

ea L

.B

urr

Bush

,W

eed

IVS

RC

hin

ese

Burr

18

8.

Ve

rbe

na

cea

eD

ura

nta

ere

cta

L.

Sky

flow

er, P

igeo

n B

erry

Wee

dII

II

OS

,S

OS

RR

18

9.

Dura

nta

repens

L.

Piv

ali

Men

di/

Wee

dI

OS

, S

RG

old

en d

ura

nta

19

0.

Lanta

na c

am

ara

L.

Lan

tan

aO

rnam

enta

lII

IVIV

SO

SO

SR

, W

B,R

,WB

,R,W

19

1.

Tecto

na g

randis

L.

F.Te

ak,

Sag

un

Tree

IIII

IO

SO

S,

SR

R

19

2.

Vit

ex

negundo L

.Q

uad

rangula

r C

has

teW

eed

IS

Rtr

ee/V

avili

/Nal

la v

avili

19

3.

Vit

ace

ae

Vit

is v

inif

era

L.

Gra

pe

Fruit

pla

nt

IIO

SF

19

4.

Zyg

op

hyl

lace

ae

Trib

ulu

s te

rrest

ris

L.B

hak

ari,

Punct

ure

Wee

dII

IS

F,B

,RV

ine,

Cal

trop,

Yel

low

Vin

e, G

oath

ead,

Gok

haru

# Sev

erity

(Max

imum

gra

de) :

G 1

: A

bout

1-1

0 m

ealy

bugs

sca

ttere

d ov

er th

e pl

ant G

2: O

ne b

ranc

h in

fest

ed h

eavi

ly w

ith m

ealy

bugs

, G 3

: Tw

o or

mor

e br

anch

es in

fest

ed h

eavi

ly w

ithm

ealy

bugs

, up

to 5

0% p

lant

affe

cted

and

G 4

: Com

plet

e pl

ant a

ffect

ed w

ith m

ealy

bugs

## S

easo

nalit

y: S

= C

otto

n se

ason

. OS

= O

ff-se

ason

###Lo

catio

n of

hos

ts: F

: With

in fi

eld;

B: F

ield

bor

der;

R: R

oads

ide;

W: W

ater

cha

nnel

40

No. of families Family Name North Central South All India

1. Acanthaceae 0 3 3 5

2. Aizoaceae 1 1 1 1

3. Amaranthaceae 4 8 10 13

4. Anacardiaceae 0 1 1 1

5. Annonaceae 0 1 1 1

6. Apiaceae 0 4 1 4

7. Apocynaceae 0 1 1 1

8. Asclepiadaceae 1 3 2 3

9. Asteraceae 6 17 10 20

10. Basellaceae 0 0 1 1

11. Bombacaceae 0 0 1 1

12. Boraginaceae 0 1 0 1

13. Brassicaceae 2 0 0 2

14. Caesalpiniaceae 1 3 3 3

15. Capparidaceae 0 1 1 1

16. Caricaceae 1 1 1 1

17. Chenopodiaceae 0 3 1 3

18. Commelinaceae 0 1 1 1

19. Convolvulaceae 1 3 2 3

20. Cucurbitaceae 7 3 5 7

21. Cyperaceae 1 1 0 1

22. Euphorbiaceae 2 10 12 14

23. Fabaceae 5 10 14 17

24. Lamiaceae 0 8 5 10

25. Lythraceae 1 1 1 1

26. Malvaceae 9 15 12 23

27. Meliaceae 1 1 1 1

28. Menispermaceae 0 1 1 2

29. Moraceae 3 2 2 3

30. Moringaceae 0 1 1 1

31. Myrtaceae 3 2 2 3

32. Nyctaginaceae 1 3 1 3

33. Oxalidaceae 0 1 0 1

34. Papaveraceae 0 1 1 1

35. Papilionaceae 0 1 0 1

36. Pedaliaceae 0 1 1 1

37. Phyllanthaceae 0 1 1 2

38. Poaceae 4 4 1 7

39. Portulacaceae 1 2 2 3

40. Punicaceae 1 1 1 1

41. Rhamnaceae 1 1 1 1

42. Rosaceae 1 1 1 1

43. Rutaceae 0 1 1 1

Annexure II: Frequency distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis by families

41

No. of families Family Name North Central South All India

44. Sapindaceae 0 1 1 1

45. Sapotaceae 0 1 1 1

46. Solanaceae 10 8 8 10

47. Tiliaceae 0 2 2 3

48. Verbenaceae 1 4 4 5

49. Vitaceae 1 0 0 1

50. Zygophyllaceae 1 0 0 1

Total number of hosts 71 141 124 194

42

S.No. Family North (N) Central (C) South (S) NC NS CS NCS Total

1. Acanthaceae 2 2 1 5

2. Aizoaceae 1 1

3. Amaranthaceae 2 1 3 5 2 13

4. Anacardiaceae 1 1

5. Annonaceae 1 1

6. Apiaceae 3 1 4

7. Apocynaceae 1 1

8. Asclepiadaceae 1 1 1 3

9. Asteraceae 2 8 1 5 4 20

10. Basellaceae 1 1

11. Bombacaceae 1 1

12. Boraginaceae 1 1

13. Brassicaceae 2 2

14. Caesalpiniaceae 2 1 3

15. Capparidaceae 1 1

16. Caricaceae 1 1

17. Chenopodiaceae 2 1 3

18. Commelinaceae 1 1

19. Convolvulaceae 1 1 1 3

20. Cucurbitaceae 2 2 3 7

21. Cyperaceae 1 1

22. Euphorbiaceae 1 1 2 1 9 14

23. Fabaceae 2 1 3 2 8 1 17

24. Lamiaceae 5 2 3 10

25. Lythraceae 1 1

26. Malvaceae 3 7 5 1 2 5 23

27. Meliaceae 1 1

28. Menispermaceae 1 1 2

29. Moraceae 1 2 3

30. Moringaceae 1 1

31. Myrtaceae 1 2 3

32. Nyctaginaceae 2 1 3

33. Oxalidaceae 1 1

34. Papaveraceae 1 1

35. Papilionaceae 1 1

36. Pedaliaceae 1 1

37. Phyllanthaceae 1 1 2

38. Poaceae 2 3 1 1 7

39. Portulacaceae 1 1 1 3

40. Punicaceae 1 1

41. Rhamnaceae 1 1

42. Rosaceae 1 1

Annexure III. Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis exclusive and common amongcotton growing zones grouped by families

43

S.No. Family North (N) Central (C) South (S) NC NS CS NCS Total

43. Rutaceae 1 1

44. Sapindaceae 1 1

45. Sapotaceae 1 1

46. Solanaceae 2 8 10

47. Tiliaceae 1 1 1 3

48. Verbenaceae 1 1 2 1 5

49. Vitaceae 1 1

50. Zygophyllaceae 1 1

Total 22 45 24 3 7 54 39 194

44

Ann

exur

e IV

: Com

mon

hos

ts a

cros

s zo

nes

with

dis

sim

ilar

seas

onal

ity o

f P. s

olen

opsi

s

S.N

o.

Code n

o.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

nam

eP.

sole

nopsi

s se

aso

nali

ty

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

1.

NC

1P

oac

eae

Cyn

odon d

acty

lon P

ers.

Doob g

rass

, B

erm

uda

gra

ssO

SS

2.

NS

1C

ucu

rbit

acea

eLa

genari

a s

icera

ria L

.B

ott

le G

ourd

, B

itter

cal

bas

h g

ourd

, K

aippan

chura

SO

S

3.

NS

2P

oac

eae

Sorg

hum

bic

olo

r (L

.) M

oen

chS

org

hum

, Jo

war

SO

S

4.

NS

3P

ort

ula

cace

aeP

ort

ula

ca g

randif

lora

Hook

Gule

dupeh

riS

OS

, S

5.

CS

1A

can

thac

eae

Cro

ssandra

infu

ndib

uli

form

is L

inn.

Cro

ssan

dra

, Fi

recr

acke

r Fl

ow

erO

SO

S,

S

6.

CS

2V

erb

enac

eae

Tecto

na g

randis

L.

F.Te

ak,

Sag

un

OS

OS

, S

7.

CS

3C

app

arid

acea

eC

leom

e v

iscosa

L.

Yel

low

spid

er f

low

er,

Cle

om

e, T

ickw

eed,

Nai

kad

ugu,

OS

OS

, S

8.

CS

4S

apin

dac

eae

Card

iosp

erm

um

hali

cacabum

L.

Bal

loon v

ine

OS

OS

, S

9.

CS

5A

ster

acea

eTa

raxa

cum

off

icin

ale

Wig

g.

Dan

del

ion

OS

OS

,S

10

.C

S6

Ast

erac

eae

Sonchus

arv

ensi

s L.

Fiel

d S

ow

-This

tle,

OS

S

11

.C

S7

Eu

ph

orb

iace

aeEuphorb

ia g

enic

ula

ta L

.P

ala

aku/W

ild p

oin

sett

iaO

SS

12

.C

S8

Eu

ph

orb

iace

aeA

caly

pha i

ndic

a L

.M

uri

pin

di/I

ndia

n c

opper

lea

fO

SS

13

.C

S9

Ver

ben

acea

eD

ura

nta

ere

cta

L.

Sky

flo

wer

, P

igeo

n B

erry

OS

,S

OS

14

.C

S1

0E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Euphorb

ia h

ete

rophyl

la L

.W

ild P

oin

sett

ia,

Wild

spurg

e S

purg

e, M

oth

i doodhi

OS

, S

OS

15

.C

S1

1Ti

liace

aeC

orc

horu

s tr

ilocula

ris

L.W

ild J

ute

, A

fric

an j

ute

OS

, S

S

16

.C

S1

2M

alva

ceae

Malv

ast

rum

cora

mandeli

num

Gar

cke

Fals

e M

allo

w,

Bro

om

wee

dO

S,S

OS

17

.C

S1

3A

mar

anth

acea

eA

erv

a l

anata

(L.)

Juss

Mounta

in K

not

Gra

ss,

Chhay

a, k

apurm

adhuri

SO

S,

S

18

.C

S1

4E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Phyl

lanth

us

am

aru

s L.

Nir

uri

/O

thei

te,

Jangal

i am

la,

Jondhal

iS

OS

, S

19

.N

CS

1A

izo

acea

eTr

ianth

em

a p

ort

ula

cast

rum

L.

Itsi

t, S

anra

i, D

eser

t H

ors

e P

urs

lane,

Gia

nt

pig

wee

dO

SO

SO

S,

S

20

.N

CS

2N

ycta

gin

acea

eB

ougain

vill

ea g

labra

L.

Bo

ug

ain

ville

aO

S,

SO

SO

S

21

.N

CS

3M

yrta

ceae

Mela

leuca l

eucadendro

n L

.B

ott

le b

rush

OS

, S

OS

OS

22

.N

CS

4P

un

icac

eae

Punic

a g

ranatu

m L

.P

om

egra

nat

e, A

nar

OS

, S

OS

OS

23

.N

CS

5R

ham

nac

eae

Zizi

phus

mauri

tiana L

amk.

Ber

OS

, S

OS

OS

24

.N

CS

6S

ola

nac

eae

Sola

num

tubero

sum

L.

Pota

toO

S,

SS

S

25

.N

CS

7A

ster

acea

eC

hry

santh

em

um

indic

um

L.

Chry

santh

emum

, S

hew

anti.

OS

, S

SS

26

.N

CS

8S

ola

nac

eae

Sola

num

melo

ngena L

.B

rinja

l, E

gg p

lant

OS

, S

SS

27

.N

CS

9C

ucu

rbit

acea

eM

om

ord

ica c

hara

nti

a L

. B

itter

guar

dS

OS

OS

28

.N

CS

10

Asc

lep

iad

acea

eC

alo

tropis

pro

cera

R

. B

r.R

ubber

bush

, ap

ple

of

Sodom

SO

SO

S

45

S.N

o.

Code n

o.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

nam

eP.

sole

nopsi

s se

aso

nali

ty

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

29

.N

CS

11

So

lan

acea

eSola

num

nig

rum

L.

Bla

ck n

ights

had

e, B

lack

-ber

ry n

ight

shad

e, P

ois

onber

ryS

OS

OS

30

.N

CS

12

Ver

ben

acea

eLa

nta

na c

am

ara

L.

Lan

tan

aS

OS

OS

31

.N

CS

13

Am

aran

thac

eae

Achyr

anth

es

asp

era

Lin

n.

Puth

kanda,

Cro

cus

stuff

, D

evil’

s hors

ewhip

SO

S,

SO

S,

S

32

.N

CS

14

Ast

erac

eae

Tagete

s ere

cta

L.

Mar

igold

, G

enda

SS

OS

,S

46

Ann

exur

e V:

Com

mon

hos

ts a

cros

s zo

nes

with

dis

sim

ilar

seve

rity

of P

. sol

enop

sis

S.N

o.

Code n

o.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

nam

eP.

sole

nopsi

s se

veri

ty

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

1.

NS

1C

ucu

rbit

acea

eLu

ffa a

cuta

ngula

Bee

ra/R

idge

gourd

/ R

ibbed

gourd

/I

II

2.

NS

2P

ort

ula

cace

aeP

ort

ula

ca g

randif

lora

Hook

Gule

dupeh

riII

II

3.

CS

1Fa

bac

eae

Leucaena l

eucocephala

L.

Wild

tam

arin

d,

White

Bab

ool

III

4.

CS

2P

ort

ula

cace

aeP

ort

ula

ca o

lera

cea L

.P

urs

lan

eI

IV

5.

CS

3S

apin

dac

eae

Card

iosp

erm

um

hali

cacabum

L.

Bal

loon v

ine

III

6.

CS

4V

erb

enac

eae

Tecto

na g

randis

L.

F.Te

ak,

Sag

un

IIII

I

7.

CS

5C

app

arid

acea

eC

leom

e v

iscosa

L.

Yel

low

spid

er f

low

er,

Cle

om

e, T

ickw

eed,

Nai

kad

ugu,

IIII

I

8.

CS

6E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Phyl

lanth

us

am

aru

s L.

Nir

uri

/O

thei

te,

Jangal

i am

la,

Jondhal

iII

IV

9.

CS

7V

erb

enac

eae

Dura

nta

ere

cta

L.

Sky

flo

wer

, P

igeo

n B

erry

III

I

10

.C

S8

Am

aran

thac

eae

Alt

ern

anth

era

paro

nyc

hio

ides

Sm

ooth

Chaf

f Fl

ow

er,

Res

him

kata

.II

III

A.S

t.H

il.

11

.C

S9

Am

aran

thac

eae

Aerv

a l

anata

(L.)

Juss

Mounta

in K

not

Gra

ss,

Chhay

a, k

apurm

adhuri

III

IV

12

.C

S1

0Fa

bac

eae

Cli

tori

a t

ern

ate

a L

.B

utt

erfly

Pea

IVII

13

.C

S1

1A

ster

acea

eTa

raxa

cum

off

icin

ale

Wig

g.

Dan

del

ion

IVII

14

.C

S1

2E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Acaly

pha i

ndic

aM

uri

pin

di/I

ndia

n c

opper

lea

fIV

II

15

.C

S1

3E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Euphorb

ia g

enic

ula

taP

ala

aku/W

ild p

oin

sett

iaIV

III

16

.C

S1

4M

alva

ceae

Malv

ast

rum

cora

mandeli

num

Fals

e M

allo

w,

Bro

om

wee

dIV

III

Gar

cke

17

.N

CS

1C

ucu

rbit

acea

eC

itru

llus

lanatu

s (T

hum

b)

Man

sf.

Wat

erm

elo

nI

IIII

18

.N

CS

2C

on

volv

ula

ceae

Convo

lvulu

s arv

ensi

s L

.Fi

eld B

ind w

eed,

Hir

anpug,

Hir

an k

huri

III

III

I

19

.N

CS

3M

yrta

ceae

Mela

leuca l

eucadendro

n L

.B

ott

le b

rush

II

II

20

.N

CS

4S

ola

nac

eae

Sola

num

vir

gin

ianum

L.

Thorn

y N

ights

had

e, Y

ello

w B

erri

ed,

Thai

eggpla

nt

III

II

21

.N

CS

5P

un

icac

eae

Punic

a g

ranatu

m L

.P

om

egra

nat

e, A

nar

III

I

22

.N

CS

6R

ham

nac

eae

Zizi

phus

mauri

tiana L

amk.

Ber

III

I

23

.N

CS

7V

erb

enac

eae

Lanta

na c

am

ara

L.

Lan

tan

aII

IVIV

24

.N

CS

8S

ola

nac

eae

Capsi

cum

annum

L.

Chill

yII

IVII

25

.N

CS

9A

mar

anth

acea

eD

igera

muri

cata

(L.)

Tandla

, Fa

lse

Am

aran

thII

IVI

26

.N

CS

10

Mo

race

aeFic

us

reli

gio

sa L

.P

eepal

, bodhi

pla

nt,

holy

pla

nt,

sca

red f

igII

II

27

.N

CS

11

So

lan

acea

eS

ola

num

tuber

osu

m L

.P

ota

toII

IIV

IV

47

S.N

o.

Code n

o.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

nam

eP.

sole

nopsi

s se

veri

ty

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

28

.N

CS

12

Ast

erac

eae

Chr

ysan

them

um

indic

um

L.

Chry

santh

emum

, S

hew

anti

III

IIII

29

.N

CS

13

Mal

vace

aeA

butil

on i

ndic

um

(L)

Sw

eet

India

n M

allo

w,

Countr

y M

allo

wII

IIV

IV

30

.N

CS

14

Ast

erac

eae

Taget

es e

rect

a L

.M

arig

old

, G

enda

III

IIII

31

.N

CS

15

Mal

vace

aeA

bel

mosc

hus

escu

lentu

s L.

Okr

a, B

hin

di,

Lad

ies

Finger

,IV

IVII

32

.N

CS

16

So

lan

acea

eS

ola

num

mel

ongen

a L.

Bri

nja

l, E

gg p

lant

IVIV

III

33

.N

CS

17

Fab

acea

eC

yam

opsi

s te

trag

onolo

ba

(L.)

Tau

b.

Guar

IVII

II

34

.N

CS

18

Ast

erac

eae

Xan

thiu

m s

trum

ariu

m L

.C

om

mon C

ock

lebur,

bro

ad b

ur,

burd

ock

dat

ura

IVIV

II

48

Ann

exur

e VI

: Com

mon

hos

ts o

f P. s

olen

opsi

s ac

ross

zon

es w

ith d

iffer

ent s

patia

l dis

trib

utio

nS

.No

.C

ode n

o.

Fa

mil

y B

ota

nic

al

nam

eEngli

sh/

Vern

acu

lar

nam

eLoca

tion

of

P. s

ole

nopsi

s

host

s

Nort

hC

entr

al

South

1.

NS

1E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Jatr

opha c

urc

as

L.Ja

tropha,

Bar

bad

os

nut

RF

2.

NS

2Fa

bac

eae

Dalb

erg

ia s

isso

o R

oxb

.In

dia

n r

ose

wood,

Shis

ham

R,

WR

3.

NS

3P

ort

ula

cace

aeP

ort

ula

ca g

randif

lora

Hook

Gule

dupeh

riF,

RR

4.

CS

1E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Acaly

pha i

ndic

a L

.M

uri

pin

di/I

ndia

n c

opper

lea

fB

R

5.

CS

2S

apin

dac

eae

Card

iosp

erm

um

hali

cacabum

L.

Bal

loon v

ine

B,

RR

6.

CS

3C

app

arid

acea

eC

leom

e v

iscosa

L.

Yel

low

spid

er f

low

er,

Cle

om

e, T

ickw

eed,

Nai

kad

ugu,

F, R

F,B

,R

7.

CS

4E

up

ho

rbia

ceae

Phyl

lanth

us

am

aru

s L.

Nir

uri

/O

thei

te,

Jangal

i am

la,

Jondhal

iF,

BF,

B,R

8.

CS

5A

mar

anth

acea

eA

erv

a l

anata

(L.)

Juss

Mounta

in K

not

Gra

ss,

Chhay

a, k

apurm

adhuri

F,B

,RF,

R

9.

CS

6C

aesa

lpin

iace

aeSenna t

ora

L.

Coff

ee w

eed/

sick

le p

od S

tinki

ng C

assi

a, C

hin

ese

senna,

F,B

,R,W

Rsi

ckle

sen

na

10

.C

S7

Eu

ph

orb

iace

aeEuphorb

ia g

enic

ula

ta L

.P

ala

aku/W

ild p

oin

sett

iaF,

B,R

,WF,

R

11

.C

S8

Ast

erac

eae

Tara

xacum

off

icin

ale

Wig

g.

Dan

del

ion

RF,

R

12

.N

CS

1M

alva

ceae

Abuti

lon i

ndic

um

(L)

Sw

eet

India

n M

allo

w,

Countr

y M

allo

wB

, R

F,B

,R,W

F,B

,R

13

.N

CS

2A

mar

anth

acea

eA

chyr

anth

es

asp

era

Lin

n.

Puth

kanda,

Cro

cus

stuff

, D

evil’

s hors

ewhip

B,R

,WF,

B,R

F,B

,R

14

.N

CS

3A

ster

acea

eTa

gete

s ere

cta

L.

Mar

igold

, G

enda

FF,

BR

15

.N

CS

4R

ham

nac

eae

Zizi

phus

mauri

tiana L

amk.

Ber

FB

B

16

.N

CS

5A

izo

acea

eTr

ianth

em

a p

ort

ula

cast

rum

L.

Itsi

t, S

anra

i, D

eser

t H

ors

e P

urs

lane,

Gia

nt

pig

wee

dF,

B,R

F, R

F, R

17

.N

CS

6S

ola

nac

eae

Phys

ali

s m

inim

a L

.G

round C

her

ry,

Sun b

erry

F,B

,RB

, R

B,

R

18

.N

CS

7S

ola

nac

eae

Sola

num

nig

rum

L.

Bla

ck n

ights

had

e, B

lack

-ber

ry n

ight

shad

e, P

ois

onber

ryF,

B,R

B,

RB

, R

19

.N

CS

8A

ster

acea

eX

anth

ium

str

um

ari

um

L.

Com

mon C

ock

lebur,

bro

ad b

ur,

burd

ock

dat

ura

,F,

R,W

F,B

,RR

20

.N

CS

9R

osa

ceae

Rosa

indic

a L

.O

rnam

enta

lR

FF

21

.N

CS

10

Ver

ben

acea

eLa

nta

na c

am

ara

L.

Lan

tan

aR

, W

B,

R,

WB

, R

, W

22

.N

CS

11

Ast

erac

eae

Chry

santh

em

um

indic

um

L.

Chry

santh

emum

, S

hew

anti.

FF

49

Acknowledgement

We sincerely acknowledge the vision of the Consortium Advisory Committee andfinancial assistance in recommending and publishing the work, respectively underNAIP (NAIP/DSS/C2046).

pest1

Documents

host range

central research institute

invasive pest

central institute

specific management

new delhi p

intensive research

bambawalenational centre