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M U R P H Y A L E S S IP E R U M A L

Her i tage Consul tants

PERUMAL MUR

PM-15001

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

Stations of the Cross, Maryfields, Campbelltown May 2015

PHY ALESSI Level 2, 458-468 Wattle Street Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia T: 61 2 9212 5524 E: [email protected] A.B.N. 15 297 972 794

Conservation Management Plan ▪ Stations of the Cross, Maryfields, Campbelltown May 2015

Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 2

This and other pages have been left blank for double sided printing.



Table of contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 5 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Context of the report ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Background and heritage listing status ..................................................................................... 7 1.3 Methodology and objectives...................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Documentary and Photographic Sources ................................................................................. 8 1.5 Terminology .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Site Identification ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Authorship & acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 10

2.0 Documentary Evidence ............................................................................................... 11

2.1 Early development of the area and site .................................................................................. 11 2.2 Development of the site .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 History in context and local themes ........................................................................................ 24 2.4 Historical Chronology and summary ....................................................................................... 25

3.0 Physical Evidence ....................................................................................................... 29

3.1 The site .................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 The Stations of the Cross ........................................................................................................ 35 3.3 Summary analysis ................................................................................................................... 47

4.0 Assessment of Significance ....................................................................................... 49

4.1 Comparative analysis .............................................................................................................. 49 4.2 Evaluation criteria .................................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Statement of Significance ....................................................................................................... 55 4.4 Grading of significant elements ............................................................................................... 55 4.5 Curtilage .................................................................................................................................. 57

5.0 Constraints, Opportunities and Requirements ......................................................... 59

5.1 Issues arising from the Statement of Significance .................................................................. 59 5.2 Issues arising from the physical condition of the place ........................................................... 59 5.3 Owners aims & requirements .................................................................................................. 60 5.4 Heritage management framework & listing status .................................................................. 60 5.5 Archaeological management .................................................................................................. 61 5.6 Building regulations and Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) ................................................. 61

6.0 Conservation Policies ................................................................................................. 63

6.1 Management of the place ........................................................................................................ 63 6.2 Use .......................................................................................................................................... 65 6.3 Access and security ................................................................................................................ 66 6.4 Conservation of significant fabric and ongoing repair and maintenance ................................ 67 6.5 Setting and landscaping .......................................................................................................... 68 6.6 Element specific policies ......................................................................................................... 69 6.7 Signage and lighting ................................................................................................................ 71 6.8 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................... 71 6.9 Archaeological management .................................................................................................. 72

7.0 Implementing the Plan ................................................................................................ 75

7.1 Proposed Conservation Works ............................................................................................... 75 7.2 On-going Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 76

8.0 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 81



9.0 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 83

9.1 Additional images .................................................................................................................... 83 9.2 Report from Balmain Stone Pty Ltd ........................................................................................ 86



Executive Summary This report has been prepared on behalf of the Association of the Franciscans Order of Friars Minor to outline the history and significance and provide policies and guidelines for the long term conservation, use, interpretation and maintenance of the Stations of the Cross Statues at Maryfields, Campbelltown. Maryfields is located to the west of the Campbelltown centre on the northern side of Narellan Road and was initially used as farmland with cleared pasture and large farmhouse owned and occupied by the Rudd family and members of the Keane family for nearly 100 years prior to its donation to the Franciscan order in 1930. The Franciscans occupied the house in 1934 and constructed a Novitiate and other buildings on the site from this time. On Good Friday 1936 the Friars organised what is believed to be the first major outdoor Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross ceremony for the Sydney region on the site using temporary wooden crosses and natural features of the property. This event drew a crowd of around 20,000 which prompted plans for a permanent installation. Over the following year, with support of various Catholic groups and local community, the Friars imported and mounted a series of fourteen Statues with garden and water features across an open field to mark the Stations of the Cross and symbolise Christ’s journey to Calvary. Following the 1937 ceremony an additional installation, the Garden of Gethsemane, was constructed to the east of the main group. The group terminated on a rise near the Novitiate building and continued to be a focus of the broader Catholic community, (albeit in a reduced way), until 1990. Small groups continue to use the site to the present day by arrangement with the Friars. In 1993 the Campbelltown Heritage Study recognised the Stations of the Cross statues as being of cultural significance. The Stations of the Cross were subsequently listed as heritage items. The listing also appears to include the Garden of Gethsemane. No other elements on the site were listed or recognised. In 1995 and 2000 Conservation Plans were prepared by Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton in the context of the proposed rezoning of the site. A number of options were assessed at this time, however, it was resolved that the option of “do nothing” be accepted so that “the future management of the heritage item can be undertaken effectively”. The Novitiate buildings were demolished between 2007 and 2009 following the relocation of the main Friary activities off the site and a structural assessment which deemed the main building to be in extremely poor condition. Since that time the reduced use of the site has prompted further consideration of of the use of the site and ongoing conservation and use of the Statues in light of reduced needs and development of the surrounding area and surrounding road networks. In 2013 the site remained largely vacant, dotted by various modern buildings, including a Monastery occupied by Sisters of the Poor Clare order (constructed in 1968) and Friary (1990) which are surrounded by open grassed and treed areas. The Monastery and Friary buildings continue to be used and remain as separate entities with separate access and potential additional connections to the residential areas to the north. A creek and associated ponds extend across the southern section of the site and partly bound a small landscaped garden area and an open grassed field on which the Station of the Cross statues are interspersed. The site has also undergone some changes including resumptions for road widening which resulted in the relocation of Station 11. One of the Statues had also been vandalised, possibly as a result of the reduced “presence” on the site and overall are in varying condition.



A heritage assessment and Statement of Heritage Impact report was prepared in late 2013 to accompany a land Planning Proposal for repositioning and repair works to the Station of the Cross statues and rezoning of the Maryfields site (Nos. 168-192 Narellan Road, Campbelltown). The Stations of Cross Statues and Garden of Gethsemane at Maryfields are of local historic, aesthetic and social significance as a group of statues that remain as evidence of a notable event in the history of religious worship in Australia. The annual celebration at Maryfields reflects the beliefs and attitude of the Catholic Church in the Inter-war and Post-war periods and prior to Vatican II (1970s). The cessation of the ceremony at Maryfields in 1990 represents the shift away from the large scale pilgrimage and ceremony to smaller scale, parish based celebrations based on the Vatican II principles and also developments in the local area with the closure of the local train line and expansion of the road networks which impacted on the pilgrimage experience. Despite physical changes to the site the group are of some aesthetic significance as a good representation of Christ’s journey to Calvary and are enhanced by the natural features and cultural landscape defined by the ponds and lakes and associated native and cultural/ exotic plantings, open grassed area and symbolic rise to the 12th station. The site and Stations are associated with the Catholic Church and in particular the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor and Poor Clare Nuns who have continued to occupy the site since the 1930s and 1960s (respectively), although this association has been reduced by the relocation of the Order office and functions, demolition of the Novitiate buildings and reduction of their use. The plan to retain and reposition most of the Station of the Cross statues within a reduced curtilage and rezone part of the site for aged care/ seniors living, mixed density residential and business use (the Maryfields Planning Proposal) was endorsed by unanimous vote by Councillors at Campbelltown Council on 3rd June 2014 and by late June the proposal had been referred to NSW Planning for a Gateway determination. The Gateway determination for Maryfields was made in December 2014. A Development Application relating to the repositioning of the Statues was submitted in February 2015. Major changes are currently being undertaken to the road networks around the site and particularly along Narellan Road frontage. The Statues will be retained and will continue to occupy the south western portion of the Maryfields site. The 12th Station will remain insitu and other statues, including the Garden of Gethsemane are to be repositioned and located within a “heritage precinct” with the existing lakes and associated green zone located along the Narellan Road frontage. This zone will continue to provide a backdrop and symbolic water crossing for the Statues and provide a buffer from the surrounding roadways and development. A new sealed pedestrian pathway along the northern side of the western lake within the existing open field with circuit extending up to the 12th Station is to be provided. The Stations will partly follow the same alignment of the existing locations and will face the pathway. The existing form and rise will be retained with Station 13 and 14 located below, at the end of the circuit. The Statues will be repaired and remain as visual cues and as a reminder of the significant event that occurred here. The reduced curtilage and repositioning has been carefully considered so that a sense of the “pilgrimage” and experience of rising to the 12th Station is retained and can continue to be interpreted. The new pathways, improved vehicular access, works to the roadways and provision of delineated car parking areas will provide safe and equitable access and improve the use and interpretation of the Statues. The rezoning of the site will facilitate the much needed repair and long term conservation and maintenance of the Statues and interpretation of their values so that they can continue to contribute to the cultural heritage of the City of Campbelltown.



1.0 Introduction

1.1 Context of the report This Conservation Management Plan (CMP) has been prepared on behalf of the Association of the Franciscans Order of Friars Minor to outline the history and significance of the Station of the Cross statues at Maryfields and provide policies and guidelines for their long term conservation, use and maintenance as part of the cultural heritage of Campbelltown.

1.2 Background and heritage listing status Maryfields is located to the west of the Campbelltown centre on the northern side of Narellan Road. The site was initially used as farmland and comprised of cleared pasture with large farmhouse owned and occupied by the Rudd family and members of the Keane family for nearly 100 years prior to its donation to the Franciscan order in 1930. The Franciscans occupied the house in 1934 and constructed a Novitiate and other buildings on the site from this time. The Friars organised what is believed to be the first major outdoor Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross ceremony for the Sydney region on the site on Good Friday 1936 using temporary wooden crosses and natural features of the property. This event drew a crowd of around 20,000 which prompted plans for a permanent installation. Over the following year, with support of various Catholic groups and local community, the Friars imported and mounted a series of fourteen Statues with garden and water features across an open field to mark the Stations of the Cross and symbolise Christ’s journey to Calvary. The group terminated on a rise near the Novitiate building (now demolished) and continued to be a focus of the broader Catholic community, (albeit in a reduced way), until 1990. Small groups continue to use the site to the present day by arrangement with the Friars. The Stations of the Cross statues were identified as having heritage significance in the 1993 Campbelltown Heritage Study and were subsequently listed in Council’s Draft Local Environmental Plan 1996. In 1995 and 2000 Conservation Plans were prepared by Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton in the context of the proposed rezoning of the site. A number of options were assessed at this time it was resolved that the option of “do nothing” be accepted so that “the future management of the heritage item can be undertaken effectively”. The site and Stations are not covered by any instruments under the NSW Heritage Act (1977) and are not classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). The Stations of the Cross statues are, however, listed as a heritage item in Schedule 1 of the Campbelltown (Urban Area) Local Environmental Plan 2002 and Schedule 5 of the Draft Local Environmental Plan 2014. In 2013 investigation of the whole site owned by the Friars was undertaken and discussions commenced with Campbelltown Council regarding the possible subdivision of the site. It was proposed to provide formal and safer vehicular access, retain the Statues, however, reposition most within a reduced curtilage to enable rezoning and subdivision of the site for aged care/ seniors living, mixed density residential and business use. The existing creeks and ponds and treed areas were to be retained. The existing Monastery and Friary were also proposed to remain. The Maryfields Planning Proposal was endorsed by unanimous vote by Councillors at Campbelltown Council on 3rd June 2014 and by late June the proposal had been referred to NSW Planning for a Gateway determination. The Gateway determination for Maryfields was made in December 2014. A Development Application pertaining to the repositioning of the Stations was submitted following further consultation with Council in February 2015.



1.3 Methodology and objectives This Conservation Management Plan has been prepared in accordance with guidelines outlined in The Burra Charter: the Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 1999, known as The Burra Charter; the NSW Heritage Office’s Guidelines on Conservation Management Documents, and James Semple Kerr's, The Conservation Plan (sixth edition) 2004. The Burra Charter proposes processes and principles for the conservation of an item. The NSW Heritage Manual explains and promotes the standardisation of heritage investigation, assessment and management practices in NSW. The key methodology of both documents is to identify the nature of any heritage significance as a basis for making decisions which will affect the future of the place. The initial sections of the CMP provide an analysis of the Statues, based on documentary and physical evidence. This analysis includes a historical summary, description of the Statues in their original location and condition prior to their relocation and repair and overall significance. The following sections address various management issues and the role and objectives of the relevant heritage authorities. They provide the framework for the conservation policies and implementation guidelines also outlined in this report. The main objective of this report is to provide policies and guidelines for the ongoing conservation, interpretation, use and maintenance of the Statues, their values and fabric.

1.4 Documentary and Photographic Sources This report follows the preparation of Statement of Heritage Impact report prepared in the context of the recent planning proposal. The history and description are based on the content prepared as part of that report (PMA, December 2013). The 2000 Conservation Plan prepared by Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd (PMW) in association with William Ashton provided the basis for the historical summary with additional research using sources including Campbelltown Library, Local Studies, Mitchell Library, Trove, Land and Property Information Office. All contemporary photographs included in this report, unless otherwise stated, were taken by PMA in 2013.

1.5 Terminology The terminology used in this report, where referring to conservation processes and practices, follows the definitions as presented in The Burra Charter. Article 1 of the Burra Charter gives the following definitions1 - Place means site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works, and may include components, contents, spaces and views. Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. 1 Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999, p. 2.


Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects. Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so to retain its cultural significance. Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction. Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration. Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. Reconstruction means returning the place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric. Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use. Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at the place. Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchment. Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.

1.6 Site Identification The Statues are located to the west of the Campbelltown centre on the northern side of Narellan Road and area generally bounded by the Hume Highway and Maryfields Drive. The LEP listing has their address as No. 192 Narellan Road, Campbelltown and part of Lot 1 DP 247902.

Figure 1.1 Location plan (Source: Google maps) Site location




1.7 Limitations The historical development of the site is restricted to the European occupation and development of the whole Maryfields site for context. A separate report, the Aboriginal Heritage Aboriginal Due Diligence Assessment, Maryfields Estate, Campbelltown (October 2013) by Niche Environment and Heritage Pty Ltd outlines indicates the indigenous use and occupation of the area. The subsequent sections of the CMP, however, concentrates on the area occupied by the Statues delineated in the recent Planning Proposal and Development Application and Stations themselves. 1.8 Authorship & acknowledgements This report has been prepared by Luisa Alessi of Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants. The author would like to thank the following for their assistance with this project:

Mr Wayne Camenzuli, Capital Syndications Pty Ltd; Mr Marco Simoni and Mr Khoi Bui of Balmain Stone Pty Ltd.



2.0 Documentary Evidence

2.1 Early development of the area and site Development of the area began at the time of Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1810-21) who made a tour of inspection in 1810 as he was planning for sites of new towns for settlement. He decided that the area should form a new district which he initially named “Airds”, after his wife’s family estate. The first land grants comprising of large acreages were made between January 1810 and October 1811, however, the area was heavily wooded and large land holdings remained until 1820, when Macquarie officially founded and named the township “Campbell-Town” also in honour of Mrs Elizabeth Macquarie (based on her maiden name). Macquarie was not able to fulfil his plans for the township and the subsequent Colonial administration was not interested in the development of the area. It wasn't until 1827, a year after Brisbane was replaced as Governor by Sir Ralph Darling, that the first measured plan of "Campbell Town" was finally drawn up by surveyor, Robert Hoddle, and it wasn’t until 1831 that the large estates began to be subdivided and first “settlers” took possession of the land. By the 1830s a number of substantial houses had been constructed, however, it was the development of a water reservoir from 1838 that assisted the development of the town. In 1857 railway services to Sydney commenced and Campbelltown Railway Station was opened in the following year. Like in other areas, the coming of the railway also resulted in further growth.2 The site is part of 130 acres, Portion 156 of the Parish of St Peters granted to Patrick Cullen on 30 June 1823.3 The Parish plan (Figure 2.1) shows the land, to the west of Campbelltown and its regular grid street layout. Cullen’s land was bounded to the south east by the railway line. A creek line and a roadway traverse the northern portion that is now part of the subject site. The 130 acres was sold by Cullen’s heirs in December 1831 to prominent land owner John Terry Hughes. It is not clear if Hughes developed the site in any way. Some sources indicate a connection between the site and Father JJ Therry who was Campbelltown parish Catholic priest between the years 1835 and 18384, however, the Land Titles do not support this. He may have resided on or near the land (in a cottage around the intersection of Gilchrist Drive and Narellan Road), however, it is not clear where and the 130 acres were subsequently transferred to John Rudd in July 1838. Rudd divided the land into two parcels and sold the slightly larger parcel, comprising 67 acres 2 roods and 32 perches, to his brother James Rudd for £195. He retained the second holding, an area of 62 acres, 1 rood, 8 perches.5 The land (refer to Figure 2.2) was essentially the northern half of the original grant and was cut in two by the roadway that connected Camden and Campbelltown (now Narellan Road). James Rudd developed the property, known as “Maryfields” as a farm and resided on the property until his death in 1851. He raised a family of five sons and five daughters, however, none of his sons resided permanently at Maryfields. In 1832 two of his sons, James and Isaac, selected three large Stations on the Murrumbidgee River and four of his sons later became prominent Riverina pastoralists and one a well known banker. His widow and daughters, however, lived on for many years at Maryfields after James’ death. His will devised his property to his wife Mary for her life and after her death it was to be divided equally between his children. Mary Rudd died in 1889 and from that time shares were conveyed between the siblings. The last two daughters, Mrs Keane and Miss Georgina Rudd died there in the 1920s.

2 Campbelltown Council website, History of Campbelltown & Pollon, F., (ed) The Book of Sydney Suburbs (1988), p. 45-46. 3 Land and Property Information, Primary Application No. 26624. 4 Liston, Carol, Campbelltown The Bicentennial History (1988), p. 58 & Australian Dictionary of Biography, Therry, John Joseph (1790-1864). 5 Campbelltown Library, Local Studies Room, Vertical file, “Maryfields”, summary prepared by JB Munro.


The property was left to Miss Sarah Mary Keane (granddaughter of James Rudd) who then donated to the property to the Franciscan Order in 1929. The family was known around Campbelltown for its charity and generosity to the poor. Maryfields had been their home for almost a century and was handed over by deed of gift by the last remaining occupant.6 Land Title documents indicate that Georgina Mary Rudd and her niece, Sara Mary Keane, both of Campbelltown and Francis Solanus McNamara, Andrew Wogan, Antony Grealy all of Waverley, Clerk of Holy Orders became the proprietors of the estate in September 1927. Following the death of Georgina Mary Rudd, the land was formally transferred to Francis Solanus McNamara, Andrew Wogan, Antony Grealy and Roger Paul Piper of Waverley on 27 March 1930.7 The Franciscans did not move into the large farmhouse at Maryfields (Figure 2.3) until 7 September 1934. The homestead building, which was located near the remaining Hoop Pines at the top of the drive and near the existing Caretaker’s dwelling, served as living quarters, chapel, and rooms for the young Franciscans living there until a new building was constructed.8

Figure 2.1 Parish Plan showing Cullen’s 130 acres. The subject site is part of the northern portion which was traversed by a creek line and roadway. (Source: Land and Property Information, Historic Parish Plan, St Peter 2)

Figure 2.2 Plan of the parcel of land purchased by James Rudd and subsequently transferred to representatives of the Franciscan Friars Minor. (Source: Land and Property Information Certificate of Title, Volume 4052 Folio 108)

6 Campbelltown Library, Local Studies Room, Vertical file, “Maryfields”. Letter dated 9 April 1970 from Arthur J Rudd (great grandson of James Rudd) to the Mayor of Campbelltown & summary prepared by JB Munro & Bayley, William A, History of Campbelltown (1966), p. 144. 7 Land and Property Information, Certificate of Title, Volume 4052 Folio 108.


8 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000), p. 4.


Figure 2.3 Maryfields farmhouse. At left: c. 1934. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 004\004441) Below: undated image. Note the pines. (Source: Payten Collection, Campbelltown & Airds Historical Society)

2.2 Development of the site The Franciscan Friars (OFM) were founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in 1209. Originally Irish Friars came to Australia as individual priests to serve Catholics in Australia but in 1879 the Friars were given an area in eastern Sydney to establish a Franciscan Mission. Paddington, Edgecliff and Waverley were all part of the original Franciscan Mission area.9 It wasn’t until 1904 that the first Australians entered the Order and the Franciscan presence in Australia started to expand.10 It would appear that the rapid expansion and gift of land at Campbelltown contributed to the development of a new Novitiate on the site. The polished granite foundation stone for the Novitiate was laid on 19 May 1935 by the Most Rev Dr Sheehan, coadjutor Archbishop of Sydney and the partially complete building was opened on 15 December of the same year. It was reported that owing to lack of funds, it was only possible to build a section of the proposed building to suit current needs. Special trains were arranged for the crowds expected to attend the opening ceremony from the Franciscan parishes at Waverley, Paddington and Woollahra. The opening was performed by the Rev Sylvester O’Brien, Provincial Order in Australia. Father Bernard Nolan OFM was the Superior of the Novitiate and noted that the new building realised a long cherished hope and expressed the gratitude of the Franciscan Fathers to Miss SM Keane and the Rudd family for their generosity to the Order.11 The opening ceremony possibly signalled things to come. Father Nolan led one of two groups who had long thought about organising an outdoor Via Crucis in Australia.

9 Parish of St Francis and St Joseph website. 10 Franciscan Friars Provence of the Holy Spirit website. 11 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000), p. 4 & The Catholic Press, Franciscan Novitiate, Campbelltown Building Extensions, May 19, Thursday 2 May 1935, p. 17, The Picton Post, Franciscan Novitiate Near Campbelltown Building Extensions Foundation Stone to be laid by the Archbishop, Thursday 16 May 1935, p. 3, The Campbelltown News, Maryfields. Opening of New Novitiate, 20th December 1935, p. 3. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 13



The other, a group of Catholic laymen led by Dr Harold Norrie were determined to organise such an event much like the large Good Friday ceremonies held at a Franciscan mission in Oakland, California. Norrie had visited Oakland and seen over 100,000 people attend and with a committee had begun a search for an appropriate site. They felt that the site should be permanent and fulfil three essential conditions:

it should be sufficiently far away from Sydney to constitute a “pilgrimage”; it must be sufficiently near the city to allow people of limited means an opportunity of

attending and be convenient to public transport; and the general surroundings must harmonise with the solemnity of the occasion.12

The third point was seen as important as there was offence taken at the Sydney Show being held during Holy Week. A member of the committee of laymen had visited the recently opened Novitiate and realised that it was an appropriate setting. The wheels were set in motion. With the blessing of the Archbishop and the Apostolic Delegation, Dr Norrie and Fr Nolan proceeded to organise the first Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross ceremony on the site for Good Friday, 1936.13 The Franciscans erected 14 wooden crosses along a path in a pasture at the Novitiate. The stations were placed with reference to the Gospel. One station was placed on one side of the creek which continued to traverse the site and represented the brook of Kedron outside Jerusalem, near the Garden of Gethsemane tableau. Other crosses were placed at intervals up a hill and the route was culminated with the 12th station and Crucifix at the top of the hill, near the Novitiate. The 13th and 14th stations traversed downhill to another garden. The overall placement was planned to correspond with the original Via Dolorosa and to recreate a sense of climbing the hill to Calvary.14 Just before the event, The Catholic Press reported that fourteen large wooden crosses had been erected at the base and on a gentle hill on which the Novitiate stood by early February and that the “movement” was gaining support. Co-operation was sought from various groups such as the St Vincent de Paul Society and the Catholic Women’s Association to assist and businesses such as the Verity Press who had donated paper for flyers and correspondence. It was also noted that whilst such a ceremony was common in Europe and in cities in the United States and South America, it was understood that it had not been observed in Australia in such a public way.15 On the day, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that it was expected that more than 30,000 would attend the ceremony, the “first ever performed in Australia in the open”. It was noted that the ceremony would start at 2pm and introduced by the Franciscan fathers as a counter to the growing tendency to make Good Friday more of a holiday than a holy day. The article also outlined the special trains leaving from Central Station (at 10.10 am, 11.53 am and 12.18 pm) and that other trains going as far as Campbelltown could also be taken.16 On Good Friday 1936, thousands (at least 6,000 and more than 30,000 also reported)17 travelled by special trains of nine carriages and cars to attend the ceremony at Maryfields. The special trains extended from Central and Campbelltown Station to the platform at Rudd’s Gate on the Camden line. 12 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 6. 13 Ibid., p. 7 14 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000), p. 7. 15 The Catholic Press, “Via Crucis” Celebration at Franciscan Novitiate, Campbelltown, Thursday 13 February 1936, p. 25 & “Via Crucis” Pilgrimage. At “Maryfields”, Campbelltown, Thursday 5 march 1936, p. 21. 16 Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis”. Ceremony at Maryfields, Friday 10 April 1936, p. 8. 17 Bayley, William A, History of Campbelltown (1966), p. 144 & Sydney Morning Herald, 11 April 1936, p. 16 & The West Australian, Via Crucis Pilgrimage, Memorable Scenes at Novitiate, 11 April 1936, p. 18.


Father Nolan stood at the platform leading the prayer. Rev Br Pascal led a procession of clergy bearing the cross followed in turn by the immense crowd from station to station. A guard of honour was also provided by about 200 members of the St Vincent de Paul Society. Photographs taken on the day (Figures 2.4 - 2.6) show the large crowd and parts of the procession. The Church hailed it as a success and was pleased by the large numbers that attended and plans were soon made to perpetuate the event. Offers of assistance were extended and the Franciscans decided to erect stations which could withstand the elements, would be self explanatory and be large enough to be seen by a crowd.18 The railway line had been extended from Campbelltown to Picton in 1863. Rudd’s Gate was the first platform on the line19 which appears to have run partly along the alignment of Narellan Road. The success of the initial Via Crucis startled Campbelltown and whilst the Church arranged for the next event in 1937, the government extended the platform at Rudd’s Gate, which was located towards the south western corner of the site and renamed it Maryfields. Attendees travelled by train to the annual Via Crucis ceremony until the closing of the railway at the end of 1962. Motor and bus traffic subsequently increased to take pilgrims to the site.20

Figure 2.4 Pilgrims attending the first Via Crucis ceremony. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 003\003845)

Figure 2.5 Scene at the 12th Station, 10 April 1936. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 004\004442)

18 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000), p. 7. 19 Campbelltown Council website, History of Campbelltown & Bayley, William A, History of Campbelltown (1966), p. 144. 20 Bayley, William A, History of Campbelltown (1966), p. 186 & Liston, Carol, Campbelltown The Bicentennial History (1988), p. 187. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 15


Figure 2.6 Friars holding crosses at the 12th Station during the Via Crucis, 10 April 1936. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 004\004444)

2.2.1 Via Crucis, The Way of the Cross The Way of the Cross is one of the most time honoured and familiar exercises of Christian piety observed today. Its most solemn observance is on Good Friday as a devotion to the sufferings of Christ along the Via Dolorosa. The word “stations” comes from the Latin word, “statio”, meaning standing still or a gathering place. Devotees stop along a route marked by crosses in a Church or outdoors to meditate and reflect on the event. Pilgrimages to the holy places of Christ’s passion began in the early centuries of Christendom. It is believed to have grown from the tradition established by Mary, the Blessed Virgin and other devoted women, who frequently visited the sacred sites of Jesus’ route to Calvary. Devotion to the Passion of Christ was also encouraged by the veterans of the Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries. A shift in doctrine occurred from about the 6th century to the time of St Francis where the emphasis was placed on the humanity of Christ and role Christ played as a man rather than a God. The inclusion of the Corpus, the suffering of Christ on the Cross became apparent in the graphic representations of the period. After the fall of Constantinople to the Muslims in 1307, it became almost impossible for devoted Christians to visit the Holy Places. The Franciscans, who were charged with the care of the Holy Sepulchre in 1342, erected crosses in their monasteries, Friary chapels and churches, to provide an alternative to visiting the actual Holy sites. At first they simply comprised of wooden crosses, but later were ornamented with pictorial representations of the scenes along Jesus’ journey to Calvary. Although there were numerous varieties and interpretations relating to the number of stations, the number 14 became widely accepted from around the 16th century. The Stations are generally based on the gospels beginning at the Garden of Gethsemane. Originally the Pope allowed the stations to be erected only by the Friar Minor Observants, however, this has extended and all Churches are allowed to erect them and they have become an integral part of Church design and focus around the globe. 2.2.2 The Stations of the Cross at Maryfields Maryfields had been an active farm for most of its life and comprised of cleared pasture land with a small creek extending across the southern most portion. The Franciscans built dams and created the ponds along the creek line which remain today. Artists and manufacturers of statuary were consulted regarding the best materials to be used and designs were chosen. A set of three dimensional statues were ordered from France.




The cost of £3,000 was met by donations from Catholic families, including the Rudd/Keane family. Individual statues were dedicated to family donors. High brick pedestals were constructed so that the attending pilgrims could see the statues above the crowds and were rendered so that the base of the statues resembled stone. A cast cement plaque of the Paschal Lamb was placed on each alternate pedestal. This represents the sacrifice of the Old Testament. On the others there is a plaque showing a chalice with grapes and wheat, which represents the Holy Sacrifice and the New Testament. The artists who designed the plaques and pedestals were Mr E Smith of Edgecliff and Miss E Chalmers of Strathfield. As per tradition, the Stations start at a representation of the Garden of Gethsemane located on the southern side of the pond and watercourse that traverses the southern section of the site. The 14 statues are as follows:

1. Christ is condemned to death by Pilate; 2. Jesus is made to carry the cross; 3. Jesus falls the first time; 4. Jesus meets His Blessed Mother; 5. The Cross is laid on Simon of Cyrene; 6. Veronica wipes the face of Jesus; 7. Jesus falls the second time; 8. Jesus speaks to the women of Jerusalem; 9. Jesus falls the third time; 10. Jesus is stripped of His garments and receives gall to drink; 11. Jesus is nailed to the cross; 12. Jesus dies on the cross; 13. Jesus is taken down from the cross; and 14. Jesus is laid in the sepulchre.

The 12th station sits atop a mound with large altar, statuary and crucifix. It sits over a spacious vault, which was intended to be used for burial of Franciscans from the Novitiate. This was an afterthought and actual vault, which has a cruciform shape, but has not been used mainly due to damp. A separate cemetery on a nearby hill was created.21 The Sydney Morning Herald reported that in view of the large attendances that took part in the first ceremony, the Franciscan fathers decided to make the ceremony an annual one. It announced that seven special trains have been arranged to depart from Central Station at intervals from 9.45 am and that the ceremony would also bless the “new set” of Stations.22 Although the 12th station was not completed until after Easter in 1937, the other stations were in place when the crowd of 20,000 arrived on Good Friday. The procession along the way to the 12th station was marked by the blessing of wooden crosses which were embedded in the rendered pedestals (Figure 2.7). On approaching each station Rev. Fr Nolan announced what was to take place and the meaning of each of the stations. The Campbelltown News reported the event and that at the 12th station the congregation knelt in silent meditation for 3 minutes in memory of the three hours Christ suffered on the Cross. The silence was broken by a blast of three trumpets. At the 12th Station, His Excellency, the Apostolic Delegate, Archbishop Panico gave an address and pronounced the Benediction. The ceremony continued to be held in the following years. In April 1938 the Sydney Morning Herald reported that more than 10,000 people attended travelling by five special trains and by motor car which were parked in the paddocks below the monastery.23 21 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000), p. 6-8. 22 Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Annual Franciscan Ceremony”. Tuesday 16 March 1937, p. 12. 23 Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Maryfields Ceremony 10,000 people attend”. Saturday 16 April 1938, p. 16.


In the following year the same reported that over 15,000 people attended and prior to the commencement of the procession the “Gethsemane statuary” given by Mr and Mrs Charles Cam and family was blessed by the Apostolic Delegate, Archbishop Panico.24 The Catholic Press reported that about 25,000 pilgrims had attended the 1939 ceremony transported by up to 2000 cars parked on the grounds and a regular sequence of trains. It also confirmed the later addition of further terra cotta statuary in the form of Christ and the Angel in the Garden of Gethsemane standing in a partly planted enclosure near the lower entrance to the grounds.25

Figure 2.7 Inauguration of the present Stations of the Cross, 27 March 1937 and cementing into place one of the timber crosses. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 004\004439)

Figure 2.8 Undated image (assume late 1930s) showing the crowd attending. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Franciscan Provincial Office Collection, 003\003846)

The large attendances continued in 1940 and 1941 when more than 10,000 were reported to have attended.26 Despite the large numbers, the ceremony was suspended during the War years and did not resume until 1946 when 8,000 pilgrims were reported to have made their way to the site by foot, car and train.27 The numbers appeared to have steadily increased again over the following years with about 12,000 attendees reported in 1951.28 Meanwhile the Friars continued to occupy the site which was left largely untouched apart from tree planting around the site. 24 Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Maryfields Ceremony 15,000 people attend”. Saturday 8 April 1939, p. 17. 25 The Catholic Press, The “Maryfields” Via Crucis Impressive Ceremonies Attended by Great Crowds, Thursday 13 April 1939, p. 15. 26 Sydney Morning Herald, Ceremony of “Via Crucis” Campbelltown Procession. Saturday 12 April 1941, p. 12. 27 Sydney Morning Herald, Revival of Via Crucis. Saturday 20 April 1946, p. 3.


28 The Biz (Fairfield) Via Crucis Ceremonies 12,000 at Maryfields, Thursday 29 March 1951, p. 11.



The original road and access to the Novitiate was the palm-lined drive located in the south western corner of the site. The palms were planted around 1950. A number of large trees also surrounded the Novitiate buildings which related to the original farmhouse which remained on the site to this time. Other, indigenous trees also were located around the ponds and dams which have grown mostly through natural progression.29 Additions to the Novitiate were commenced in March 1955. A large area of ground on the rise near the 12th, 13th and 14th stations was cleared to construct the additions. The bulk of the work was undertaken by the Friars themselves, many of whom were competent tradesman and was overseen by a German Brother who was a trained Civil Engineer and draftsman. A neighbour, a foreman bricklayer with the Council also offered his services and trained the brothers. Work was hampered by flooding rains, however, after digging and laying the foundations the first brick was laid by Father Celestine Moriarty on 17 May 1955. The work was completed with the assistance of the local community and the extended Novitiate was opened in 1956.30 In 1960 part of the site located on the southern side of Narellan Road was sold and it would appear that the land gifted to the order was incrementally reduced from this time. In 1974 parts were resumed by the Commissioner of Main Roads and the remaining portion to the south of Narellan Road appears to have been sold by 1975 by which time The Association of the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor were the registered proprietors of the site.31 Part of the northern section of the site has also been portioned off and the Bethlehem Monastery, home of the Poor Clare Sisters was constructed in 1968. The Order of Saint Clare, the Poor Clares, is part of the Franciscan family founded by St Francis and St Clare in 1212. A group of Poor Clares came to Australia in 1951 at the invitation of the Australian Province of the Friars Minor which was established in 1939. Five sisters from the historic monastery of Nun’s Island, Galway, settled in the Franciscan parish at Waverley. As Australians soon joined them, it became necessary to build a larger and permanent monastery to accommodate the growing community. The nuns moved to Campbelltown in 1968 and the building remains and at the time of writing continues to be home for just twelve nuns of an elderly average age.32 Photographs of the 1969 procession (Figures 2.9-2.10) indicate that large crowds continued to attend to this time, however, there was a noted decline which was affected by a number of factors. The convenient train service from Campbelltown ceased in 1962/1963 to make way for a new road and freeway. As a result attendees had to travel by bus or car and search for parking on arrival. This changed the pilgrimage experience and inclement weather also reduced attendance on some occasions.33 During the 1960s and 1970s the site had hosted various retreats and school groups and activities in addition to maintaining the Good Friday procession. However, the 1980s brought about a number of changes. The Franciscan novitiates vacated the main building at Maryfields in 1983 and only a small number of Friars remained at the Novitiate on the hill. A new, smaller Friary was then built below the Bethlehem Monastery for the few remaining Friars in 1990. The Novitiate building was leased to the Macarthur Institute for Higher Education whilst they were developing their new buildings between 1981 and 1988. In 1989 a Development Application was submitted to Council in relation to use of an existing building on the site for an occasional day care centre. It was then leased to the St Vincent de Paul Society for a Recovery Centre for alcohol and substance abuse in 1991. The grounds were also made available to a horticultural Skillshare program, funded by the Government for retraining of unemployed people.34 29 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 4. 30 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 4 & Campbelltown Library, Local Studies Room, Vertical file, “Maryfields”. Undated article, Bricks, mortar and faith! Brothers Build Novitiate. 31 Land and Property Information, Certificate of Titles, Volume 7975 Folio 105, Volume 10702 Folio 149 & Volume 12734 Folio 112. 32 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 4 & Poor Clare Community Website. 33 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 9. 34 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 9, Campbelltown Council verbal advice.


Figure 2.9 The 1969 procession. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Norm Campbell Collection, 003\003249)

Figure 2.10 1969 ceremony. It would appear a posted fence delineated the “path” and possibly assisted with crowd control. Only the odd post remains today. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies. Norm Campbell Collection, 003\003243)

Figure 2.11 The 1969 ceremony. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Norm Campbell Collection, 003\003234)



Figure 2.12 Undated image of the Novitiate which was located on an elevated part of the site overlooking the Stations. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies Collection, 005\005223)

Figure 2.13 The central courtyard of the building, August 1982. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies Collection, 005\005205)

The ceremony for the Way of the Cross at Maryfields ceased in 1990. The Catholic Church stopped advertising and inviting people to attend the ceremony for a number of reasons. The event had become an overwhelming burden on the few remaining Franciscans who lived at Maryfields and who would have to spend several days cleaning up after the crowds. Vatican II reforms enacted from the 1970s also resulted in a shift of the type and location of Good Friday ceremonies with an emphasis now being on the Eucharist and celebration within a Church and with local communities. Vatican II as a whole emphasises the “Parish as a family” which reinforces the smaller scale and precludes any pilgrimage away from the Parish. Given this direction, it was considered unlikely that the Way of the Cross ceremony would resume at Campbelltown on the scale that it once had. Franciscan Provincial Archivist, Father John Keane noted that the church was “returning to the simplicity of Christian life, worship and Liturgy” and that the “accretions” such as large scale gatherings which go against the return of simplicity were being “pruned”. Whilst the ceremony at Maryfields has served a valid role, it was no longer considered an appropriate method of devotion.35 It would appear that the “Maryfields” old homestead remained on the site until the 1990s when it was finally demolished. A small lightweight caretaker’s building and fenced yard now occupy part of the area.


35 Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (Jan 2000), p. 9.



A Conservation Plan was prepared on the Stations of the Cross in 1995 and revised in 2000 in the context of the proposed rezoning of the site. A number of options were considered at this time in part prompted by the vandalism of one of the statues and reduced need and use of the site. Station 11 was relocated during this period when the NSW State Government acquired land along the western site boundary to facilitate extensions to the Hume Highway. However, it was resolved by Council that the option of “do nothing” be adopted and it would appear this has continued to be the case. In 2004 a heritage assessment of the Novitiate building was prepared by Conybeare Morrison and Partners. The structural integrity of the Novitiate buildings had become a concern by this time and referred to the proposed residential rezoning and development of the land. The heritage study recommended that the older (1935) portion of the Novitiate building be retained. The later (1956) addition was not considered significant. It was noted that this recommendation was inconsistent with the Conservation Plans which did not recommend the heritage listing or required retention of the buildings on the site. Council commissioned a structural integrity report for the Novitiate as part of the rezoning and heritage assessment of the site at this time. The report, prepared by GJ McDonald Consulting Engineers in August 2004 revealed that both buildings that form the Novitiate were afflicted by major structural defects including:

movement of external walls and footings; cracked brick walls; displacement of brickwork by movement of roof trusses; and extensive damage to ground floor timbers.

The estimated cost of repairing and reconfiguring just the 1935 portion was estimated to be $300,000 at 2004. A Development Application for demolition of the building was submitted to Council in June 2007. The Planning Committee report described the Novitiate as two attached buildings constructed separately (in 1935 and 1956) to provide accommodation for the Poor Clare Nuns and Franciscan Friars. Several outbuildings and associated structures, such as an ablutions block, halls, storage sheds and greenhouse located within the Novitiate’s surrounds were also proposed to be demolished as part of the application. The Council report confirmed that following the cessation of use for the Nuns and Friars some 15 years before the buildings had been used for the purpose of a drug and alcohol rehabilitation centre, a counselling service and a child care/ minding centre aligned to the Catholic Church. The building had been vacant and disused although a caretaker was present on the site. The report also noted the condition of the buildings and intention to possibly build a new monastery on the site that would be more accommodating to the needs of the aging Nuns and Friars and that would be incorporated with the existing gardens and have a relationship with the Stations of the Cross statues.36 It would appear that the DA was approved and Novitiate buildings demolished from this time. One main brick building remains at the top of the existing driveway to the area. The building, which is known as “The Kiosk” appears to date from 1970s and is a simple brick single storey building with basement. It is used for community and/ or amenity purposes only. The new building discussed in the Planning Committee report has not been realised and the Nuns and Friars continue to occupy separate buildings on the hill to the north and opposite the former Novitiate site.

36 Campbelltown Library, Local Studies Room, Vertical file, “Maryfields”. Planning and Environment Committee Meeting report 9 October 2007.


Figure 2.14 The Novitiate, October 2007 prior to its demolition. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies Collection, Stan Brabender Collection

009\009269)

Figure 2.15 The rear of the Novitiate, October 2007. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies Collection, Stan Brabender Collection

009\009265)

Since that time, the Friars, with the assistance of an on-site caretaker have continued to maintain and look after site. The statues remain and are only visited occasionally by small and local groups with special permission. There are continued concerns relating to access, condition and security and impacts relating to the development of the local road networks and suburbs. The Statues remain in relatively sound condition, however, some require repair and all require maintenance. The condition of the Statues and reduced presence on the site resulted in renewed consideration of options and assessment of the site in 2013. A Planning Proposal was developed, discussed with and submitted to Council proposing to retain the Stations, particularly the 12th Station and reposition the Garden of Gethsemane and other statues within a slightly reduced curtilage but in the same general location on the site. The aim of the proposal is to improve the use of the site and the accessibility, amenity and condition of the Statues and maintain a sense of the procession and ascent to the 12th Station, which will remain insitu, at the top of the existing mound. The existing water courses and ponds and treed areas will continue to provide a buffer zone around the items in the context of the future subdivision and development of the overall site which is intended to assist and fund the long term conservation and ongoing maintenance and repair costs of the statues and their setting. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 23



The plan to retain and reposition most of the Statues within a reduced curtilage and rezone part of the site for aged care/ seniors living, mixed density residential and business use (the Maryfields Planning Proposal) was endorsed by unanimous vote by Councillors at Campbelltown Council on the 3rd June 2014 and by late June the proposal had been referred to NSW Planning for a Gateway determination. The Gateway determination for Maryfields was made in December 2014. A Development Application detailing the repositioning was submitted in February 2015. 2.3 History in context and local themes The site and Statues exhibit a number of local themes which provide historical context and associations, especially in relation to human activities and assist in understanding the significance of the place and its importance to Campbelltown. The following table provides a summary of the history and how it relates to identified local themes. State - Local Theme Relevance to Maryfields and Stations of the Cross

Statues Domestic Life - Living in a rural homestead

Maryfields was developed by James Rudd between 1838 and 1851. He constructed a house to accommodate his wife and ten children and established a farm on the site.

Agriculture - Clearing land for farming

The land was cleared for pastoral use and was an active farm with small creek extending across the southern portion.

Religion – Practicing Catholicism

The Friars were gifted the land in 1929 and occupied the farmhouse from 1934. They constructed a Novitiate from 1935 and in the following year initiated the first Via Crucis/ Station of the Cross ceremony on the site using temporary timber crosses. In the following year they erected the statues which continue to be used, albeit in a reduced way, however, remain as evidence of the Inter-war and Post-War Good Friday Stations of the Cross celebrations.

Environment – cultural landscape - Landscapes and gardens of domestic accommodation

The Friars subsequently constructed the Garden of Gethsemane and formed dams and ponds, planted the avenue of palms and trees and established gardens about the buildings.

Events - Developing local landmarks

The success of the first event prompted the need for a permanent installation which was the focus of Good Friday services on a larger scale, drawing participants from the local and wider areas until 1990.

Accommodation (Housing) – Housing famous families

The homestead developed by Rudd in the late 1830s was occupied by members of his family until the 1920s and later by the Franciscans who continue to reside on the site with the Poor Clare Nuns.

Land Tenure – Expressing lines of early grants & sub-division of large estates

A strong sense of the Maryfields estate and subdivision from the southern portion of the early land grant (along the alignment of Narellan Road) remains discernible despite some resumption and changes to the surrounding area.

Towns, Suburbs and villages – Rural estates

Maryfields has been divided into areas and is occupied by various buildings and elements, however, part also retains a sense of the early “rural” character and street frontage.



2.4 Historical Chronology and summary The following chronology has been provided as a summary of the historical development of the site and Statues. 1820 Governor Macquarie officially founded and named the township of

“Campbell Town” in honour of his wife, Mrs Elizabeth Macquarie (nee Campbell).

1823 The site, part of 130 acres, Portion 156 of the Parish of St Peters was granted to Patrick Cullen.

1827 The first measured plan of “Campbell Town” was drawn up by surveyor, Robert Hoddle.

1830s The large estates began to be subdivided and first “settlers” took possession of the land.

1831 Cullen’s 130 acres grant was sold by his heirs to prominent land owner John Terry Hughes.

1838 Hughes’ 130 acres were transferred John Rudd. Rudd divided the land into two parcels and sold the northern, slightly larger parcel to his brother James. The land was cut by the roadway that connected Camden and Campbelltown (now Narellan Road).

1838 - 1851 James Rudd developed the property known as “Maryfields” as a farm and resided here until his death in 1851. He raised a family of five sons and five daughters. His will devised his property to his wife, Mary for her life and she lived on the property with her daughters for many years following his death.

1858 Campbelltown Railway Station was opened with train services extending from Sydney. The railway line was extended from Campbelltown to Picton in 1862. Rudd’s Gate was the first platform on the line which appears to have run partly along the alignment of Narellan Road.

1879 The Franciscan Friars were given land in eastern Sydney to establish a Franciscan Mission. Paddington, Edgecliff and Waverley were all part of the original Franciscan Mission area.

1889 Mary Rudd dies and the property was divided equally between James and Mary’s children. Shares were conveyed between the siblings from this time.

1929 The property was left to Miss Sarah Mary Keane (granddaughter of James Rudd) following the death of her aunt Georgina Mary Rudd. Sarah donated the property to the Franciscan Order.

1930 Maryfields was formally transferred to Francis Solanus McNamara, Andrew Wogan, Antony Grealy and Roger Paul Piper all of Waverley, Clerk of Holy Orders.

1934 The Franciscans moved into the the large farmhouse at Maryfields which served as living quarters, chapel and novitiate until a new building could be constructed.

1935 The foundation stone for the new Novitiate was laid (in May) and the partially complete building was officially opened on 15 December in the same year.



1936 On Good Friday, 10th April, thousands participated in the first Via Crucis

procession on the site. Special trains were arranged on the day to transport pilgrims to the site. The success of the day resulted in the decision to make it an annual event and construct a permanent installation.

1937 A crowd of 20,000 arrived on Good Friday. The 12th Station was not completed, however, the other Stations were blessed and procession proceeded as planned. In the following years, 10,000, 15,000 and 25,000 were reported to have attended.

1950s The Friars created the palm-live drive located in the south western corner of the site and planted trees around the site, ponds and dams.

1955 Additions to the Novitiate were undertaken. The bulk of the work was completed by the Friars with some help from local tradesmen.

1960s-1970s Land on the southern side of Narellan Road was sold by the Franciscans and part of the site was resumed by the Commissioner of Main Roads. A simple brick building (the “kiosk”) now used as a venue for Alcoholics Anonymous was constructed near the homestead. The site hosted various retreats and school groups and activities in addition to the maintaining the Good Friday procession.

1962 Closing of the railway extension to Rudd’s Gate. 1968 Part of the northern part of the site was portioned off and the Bethlehem

Monastery, home of the Poor Clare Sisters was constructed. 1981-1988 The Macarthur Institute for Higher Education leased the Novitiate building. 1983 The Franciscan novitiates were vacated from the main building at

Maryfields. 1990 A new, smaller Friary was constructed below the Bethlehem Monastery for

the few remaining Friars at the site. The ceremony for the Way of the Cross at Maryfields ceased.

1990s The Novitiate was leased by the St Vincent de Paul Society for a Recovery Centre for alcohol and substance abuse and was also used as a child care/ minding service and a counselling centre aligned with the Catholic Church. The grounds were also made available to a horticultural Skillshare program for the unemployed. The homestead that occupied the site was demolished, it is assumed following the opening of the new Friary.

1995-2000 Conservation Plans were prepared on the site and a number of options assessed prompted by the vandalism of one of the Statues and relocation of Station 11 as a result of extensions to the Hume Highway. The “do nothing” option was adopted by Council.

2004 A heritage and structural assessment of the Novitiate building were undertaken and highlighted the poor condition and structural defects of the two parts of the building.

2007 A Development Application for the demolition of the Novitiate building and associated buildings and structures was submitted to Council and it would appear that the buildings were demolished from this time.



2012 – 2014 The Friars with the assistance of an on-site caretaker have continued to

look after the site, however, continued concerns relating to access, condition and security of the Statues and impacts relating the development of the surrounding area has resulted in detailed assessment and review of options for the site in consultation with Council and local groups. The Maryfields Planning Proposal was commissioned in late 2012 and submitted to Council in January 2014. It was subsequently granted preliminary approval for referral to NSW Planning & Environment and a Gateway Determination was granted in December 2014.

2015 In February, a Development Application relating to the repositioning of the Statues was submitted to Campbelltown Council.


3.0 Physical Evidence

3.1 The site The site occupied by the Statues is part of the Maryfields estate which is located on the northern side of Narellan Road to the west of Campbelltown centre. Narellan Road is a busy and wide dual carriageway and major road extending west from Campbelltown. Maryfields is an irregularly shaped parcel bounded by Maryfields Drive to the north east and easement extending along the Hume Highway/ M5 motorway to its west. The south western corner of the estate (and site) site has been recently resumed by Roads and Maritime Services (RMS) to form an off ramp from the Highway to Narellan Road. The Maryfields site features undulating land forms and hills. The land falls from Narellan Road and then generally rises to the north. The site occupied by the Statues is located in the south western section of the estate with wide frontage to and direct access from Narellan Road. The existing buildings including the Friary and Bethlehem Monastery occupied by the Poor Clare Sisters and site of the former Novitiate occupy elevated areas to the north east and north of the site. The main roads to the south and west generally separate the site from the developing neighbouring areas. The relatively tight residential development of Blair Athol is located to the north east. The site occupied by the Statues is characterised by open grassed and treed areas. A creek and associated man-made ponds extend across the area, roughly parallel to the Narellan Road frontage. The creek line is heavily vegetated with mainly native trees and grasses including remnant Forest Red Gums, Wattles and Ironbarks. The plantings screen the Statues from Narellan Road. A sealed roadway extends from Narellan Road, crosses over the creek line and curves around the open grassed field which is interspersed by the Station of the Cross statues. Another notable feature is the palm lined former access located in the south western section of the site. The former access signifies the location of the former train stop (Rudd’s Gate later renamed Maryfields). The mature Canary Island palms were planted in 1950 and curve around to a small bridge and gully.

Figure 3.1 The site occupied by the Stations is located in the south western section of the Maryfields estate. (Source: Capital Syndications Pty Ltd)

Monastery

Site of the former Novitiate Field with Stations

Friary Garden of

Gethsemane

Access



Figure 3.2 Narellan Road is a busy major thoroughfare and extends along a ridgeline. At present a break in the wide medium strip provides access to the site, but this is in the process of being terminated and being replaced with a new fourth leg to the existing three leg intersection to the east that presently services the University of Western Sydney.

Figure 3.3 The Narellan Road frontage was compulsorily acquired by NSW Roads and Maritime Services in September 2014 for the purposes of creating a U-turn bay to service a new intersection. This area has now been cleared and site frontage setback.

Figure 3.4 The existing entry.

Figure 3.5 An open field located to the east of the access road was used for car parking during the Via Crucis celebrations. Some indigenous eucalypts line the area and are located along the water line.



Figure 3.6 The roadway turns into a tree lined avenue bounded by open grassed area and trees including a number of brush box which were planted sometime between 1965 and 1970.

Figure 3.7 View looking south west along the access road.

Figure 3.8 The roadway affords views of the water courses and lakes which are bounded by a dense tree line and vegetation.

Figure 3.9 The Garden of Gethsemane is located near the main entry and adjacent to one of the lakes and a number of mature trees.



Figure 3.10 The lake closest to the entrance. The lakes have a picturesque quality enhanced by the mature native trees including Grey Box and Forest Red Gum and exotics including Willows, Golden Cypress, Peppercorn and Poplars which also probably date from the 1960s.

Figure 3.11 The existing roadway crosses over the water line.

Figure 3.12 The bridge and roadway extends over a small concrete weir.

Figure 3.13 The statues are spread over a grassed field located to the west of the road and north of the ponds and lakes.



Figure 3.14 View of the lake to the west of the central roadway.

Figure 3.15 The planting and wildlife around the ponds create a picturesque scene, however, the ambience of the place is now disturbed by the continuous sounds of traffic along Narellan Road.

Figure 3.16 The remains of another former entry and access from the old Rudd’s Gate/Maryfields Station is located in the south western section of the site.

Figure 3.17 The former driveway is marked by a curved avenue of mature Canary Island palms and a small bridge.



Figure 3.18 The palms are a prominent feature of the area and were planted c. 1950.

Figure 3.19 The western boundary also features a number of mature pines and gums.

Figure 3.20 View looking along the early driveway toward the field containing most of the Station of the Cross Statues.

Figure 3.21 The bridge that spans over a gully and water line. Some remnant wire fencing also remains.



3.2 The Stations of the Cross There are a total of fourteen Stations each with finely detailed painted terracotta statues approximately 1.2 metres high mounted in a rendered masonry base. The base stands about 3.5 metres high with render formed to resemble rock face stone. Each base has a simple timber cross with engraved number and a decorative precast cement plaque embedded in the render on the front. The plaques feature the Pascal Lamb or chalice, grapes and wheat motif. Small marble plaques on the back of the bases note the names of the donors. In addition to the fourteen Stations there is a pair of Statues set in a landscaped area depicting the Garden of Gethsemane. The statues and associated garden bed and features sit on a stone plinth and raised area which is bounded by grass and low chain wire fence with original wrought iron gate. A number of olive trees and exotic plantings, some of which are said to come from the Holy Land, are located on the raised garden area which also has stone flagged steps and path. The Garden was formed after the Stations, however, like the Station statues the figures of Christ and Angel are painted white and finely detailed and sit on a low rendered base. The base features three plaques including two larger marble plaques on the front with inscriptions and a small brass plaque recognising its heritage listing. The rear of the base also has a marble plaque recognising the donors. A light pipe steel arbour with pointed arch protects the statues from the falling debris from the surrounding trees and plantings. The Statues are generally in good condition. Some cracking and peeling of paint is evident in parts revealing the terracotta structure. Some patching and repairs of the minor cracks are also evident. The statues remain intact with the exception of Station 8 which has a damaged base and arm of one of the figures in addition to some cracking at the rear. The rendered bases and plaques also appear in sound condition. Some cracking, soiling and moss growth are evident.

Figure 3.22 Site plan indicating the existing (in white) and final location and direction of the Stations (in yellow). The location of the Garden of Gethsemane will be at “C”. (Source: Capital Syndications)



Figure 3.23 The Garden of Gethsemane is located within a separate fenced area.

Figure 3.24 The statues and associated garden beds and plantings sit on a stone mound surrounded by flat grassed apron and low chain wire fence with wrought iron gate.

Figure 3.25 The garden surround.



Figure 3.26 Like the Station statues the figures of Christ and the Angel are finely detailed and painted white. They sit on a rendered base which features a number of marble and brass plaques. A steel arbour with pointed arch protects the statues from the leaf litter and debris from the surrounding trees.

Figure 3.27 The two marble plaques on the front of the base.

Figure 3.28 The marble plaque on the back of the base recognising the family who donated the statues. It is dated 1939.



Figure 3.29 The first Station. The statue sits on a high, rendered base. A cross and decorative plaque have been embedded in the render on the front of the base. The plaque bearing the names of the donors is located on the back of the first Station.

Figure 3.30 Station 2. The render finish of the base has been formed to resemble stone. The decorative plaques on the front of the base alternatively feature the Pascal Lamb or chalice motif.



Figure 3.31 Station 3.




Figure 3.33 Station 5. All of the Stations, except the 12th were completed by Easter 1937. The timber crosses (some of which retain a painted finish) each bear a number and were placed as part of the ceremony in 1937. The precast concrete decorative plaques are sandstone coloured.





Figure 3.36 Station 8, which depicts Jesus speaking to women has sustained some damage to the arm of the western figure and base.



Figure 3.37 The damaged base of Station 8. The arm of the male figure at left is also damaged.

Figure 3.38 There is also a crack at the rear of Station 8.

Figure 3.39 Station 9. In addition to some minor cracking, some soiling and pollution is also generally evident on the rendered bases.



Figure 3.42 The 12th Station is the largest and sits on a smooth rendered high alter and mound representing Calvary. The 12th Station dominates its immediate landscape and provides the focus of the ceremonial pilgrimage. The figure of Christ on the Cross is central with Mary, his Mother and St John either side. The top of the Crucifix is about 7 metres above the ground mound and comprises steel sections.

Figure 3.43 The Crucifix and statues sit on a smooth rendered structure and crypt which is located beneath. A plaque at the back of the base recognises the contribution of the Rudd and Keane families.

Figure 3.44 The mound sits approximately 3 metres above natural ground and covers the crypt which has cruciform plan. The crypt has not been used due to damp.



Figure 3.45 A stone grotto has been formed around the crypt entry. Some vegetation, including both native and exotic shrubs and bushes are growing over the stonework.

Figure 3.46 The mound is also surrounded by a number of trees including several tall pines.

Figure 3.47 The 12th Station.

Figure 3.48 View looking south from Station 12.



Figure 3.49 The 13th Station. A painted timber cross has also been bolted to the back of the rendered base.

Figure 3.50 Station 14 represents the laying of Christ in the tomb and terminates the ceremony. A small crack at the base of the back of the statue reveals the terracotta structure.



Figure 3.51 Station 14 was vandalised in the c. 1990s and repaired at that time. Like most of the other Stations the rendered base has some cracking. The top is soiled and retaining moisture.

3.3 Summary analysis “Maryfields” comprised of over 67 acres acquired by the Rudd family and later members of the Keane family (related by marriage). Large areas of former pastureland remain, however, some regeneration and planting of native and exotic trees has occurred, particularly in the gullies and along the watercourse and man-made lakes and ponds on the site. Renowned for their generosity and charity the family gifted the property to the Franciscan order in the late 1920s. The order finally occupied the homestead buildings in 1934 and constructed the first stage of their Novitiate to its immediate west, on an elevated area overlooking the property. In the following year they initiated an outdoor Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross ceremony, taking advantage of the relatively isolated, “rural” location of the site and local tramway and train services to the area which could convey those wishing to take part on the Good Friday pilgrimage. The success of the initial event which used timber crosses and a large timber Crucifix to mark the Stations, prompted the Friars and supporters of the event to construct a permanent installation that could withstand the elements. With the help of a number of donors terracotta statues were imported from France and statues mounted on high pedestals along the access road and open field to recreate Christ’s journey to Calvary. Most of the Statues were completed by Easter 1937, the 12th Station which was constructed on an artificial mound and over a crypt was subsequently finished with the Garden of Gethsemane also following later. The site itself was not of any particular religious significance, but rather was an open space, owned by the Franciscan order that would accommodate the large crowds it was hoped would attend and due to its location would symbolise a “pilgrimage”. The order was associated with perpetuating the figure of the Cross and the ritual. The statues were imported to the site as an aid to assist contemplation and were not intended to be objects of worship themselves. This is highlighted by the fact that simple timber crosses were used as part of the first Way of the Cross ceremony in 1936. From a religious point of view the aesthetic or scenic qualities of the landscape were relatively unimportant, and were provided for their representational value and contribution to the experience of the pilgrimage and contemplation of Christ’s sacrifice. The Stations were placed at wide intervals to accommodate anticipated 10,000 + crowds. From the mid 20th century numbers dwindled to around 2,000-3,000 which more or less continues today with only local and special pre-organised attendances. The outdoor setting has, however, impacted on the condition of the Stations with signs of weathering and cracking and deterioration due to water ingress. Combined with a lack of funds for maintenance and repair, there is concern that they will eventually dilapidate beyond repair. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 47



The safety of the Statues is also of concern in light of ongoing development of the area. The site is not publicly accessible without permission, however, whilst the existing gates and fences may act as a deterrent, they offer no real security. The Novitiate buildings overlooked the site and provided a form of natural surveillance and security. The buildings, however, were demolished in c. 2007-2008. The Friars had vacated the building sometime prior. The Friars (and Poor Clare Nuns) are dramatically dwindling in numbers. Only three Friars currently occupy the existing Friary in the north eastern section of the site. The Friars intend to relocate from Campbelltown entirely in the near future. The early photographs are notable for the scene of the large crowds attending, against a backdrop of a serene, barren rural landscape. The site, without the crowds, presents as an open field reminiscent of its early days as cleared pastureland but dotted by the statuary, virtually the only vertical elements in the pasture. The early images show timber fences and barricades which, with the exception of the odd post, have all disappeared. The Friars created lakes and ponds from the natural creek line that traversed the southern section of the site and also appear to have planted native and exotic trees. The planted and remnant native trees, watercourse and lakes bound the area occupied by the statues and partially screen it from the buildings that were developed on the site and early access road (Narellan Road) and railway which extended along its alignment until 1963. The road has since been developed and no remnants of the rail line or Rudd’s Gate/ Maryfields station remains. The siding formation has disappeared with the widening of Narellan Road. Recent road works have resulted in further change and clearing. The Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross ceremony ceased in 1990. A number of factors contributed to the decline in numbers attending the ceremony including the closure of the tramway in c. 1963, and changes brought about by Vatican II and a shift away from large group events to smaller local community based celebrations centred about a Church. Other factors including inclement weather and the burden on the Franciscan order also played a part. In 1993 the Campbelltown Heritage Study only recognised the Stations of the Cross statues as being of cultural significance. The Stations of the Cross were subsequently listed as heritage items. The listing also appears to include the Garden of Gethsemane. No other elements on the site were listed or recognised. The existing buildings on the Maryfields site and associated elements have not been recognised by the heritage listing. These buildings, including the current Monastery, Friary, caretaker’s residence and “kiosk”, generally date from a later period of the site’s development and are considered to be of little cultural value. They were not recognised by the previous studies, including the 2000 Conservation Plan as having any particular cultural significance. These buildings along with the former cemetery and associated structure are not located within the site containing the Statues to be retained by the Friars, however, measures will be undertaken that to ensure that these elements are managed appropriately.



4.0 Assessment of Significance

4.1 Comparative analysis The erection of representations of the Stations of the Cross dates back to 17th century. Originally the Pope allowed the stations to be erected only by the Friar Minor Observants, however, this has extended and all Churches are allowed to erect them and they have become an integral part of Church design around the globe. The style and form of the stations can vary widely and often reflect the artistic sensibility and spirituality of the time, place and culture of their creation. The stations can consist of small plaques with reliefs or paintings or of simple crosses with a numeral in the centre. As a rule these are arranged around the interior wall of the Church but in some cases they may be found outdoors, especially on roads that lead to a Church or shrine. In 1930 it was reported that the outdoor arrangement was “not prevalent in Australia, although in old villages in France, Italy and other European Catholic countries one will find many an outdoor “Via Crucia””.37 The organisers of the initial ceremony at Maryfields wanted to organise an event much like the outdoor, large scale Good Friday ceremonies held in the United States such as at the Franciscan Mission in Oakland, California. It is understood that the 1936 celebration was the first “outdoor” ceremony in the large scale in NSW and probably Australia. This ceremony used temporary timber crosses with the Stations formalised in the following year with the erection of the elevated statues. Another relatively early installation was located at the Passionist Monastery in Glen Osmond, South Australia. In 1950 it was reported that about 500 or 600 pilgrims attended the “newly erected outdoor Way of the Cross. It was the first time the outdoor Way had been used for public devotions”. This installation was also described as being located in a “rural setting”.38 It is not clear what form the Stations here initially took, however, the installation now comprises fourteen Carrara marble sculptures that form the centrepiece of the “Sacred Garden” located in the grounds of the Monastery (Figures 4.1-4.2). The Australian Passionists commissioned the Ferdinando Palla Studio in Pietrasanta, Tuscany, Italy, in 1955 when they created a “Stations of the Cross” walk in their monastery grounds of “Mary's Mount” in Goulburn, NSW. When the Passionists sold their property at Goulburn in 1974, out of consideration for the local donors, the sculptures were handed on to the Sisters of Mercy, who re-erected them at their Novitiate. In 2001, the Passionist Community at Glen Osmond became the custodians and undertook the major task of conservation and restoration of the sculptures which also sit on on a concrete base (refer Figure 4.1). The works also included the construction of new plinths, restoration of the pathways and creation of a new landscaped garden and setting. The garden has been recognised by the National Trust.39 The Our Lady Ta’ Pinu Shrine at the All Nations Marian Centre in Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, is another more recent installation which was initiated in 1996 and completed in 2000. In 1996 fourteen Olive trees were planted to mark the Stations and for the first few years wooden crosses were used prior to the installation of forty-three concrete statues which were fabricated in Vietnam. The Way of the Cross and the Rosary Way was intended to be a replica of the Via Crucis on Ghammar Hill in Gozo, Malta.40 The statues sit on concrete and brick faced bases of varying heights (Figures 4.3 – 4.4) and are an integral part of the Shrine which is also used for other religious ceremonies throughout the year.

37 Trove, The Catholic Press, The Way of the Cross. History of this Devotion, 17 April 1930, p. 40. 38 Trove, Southern Cross (Adelaide SA), Outdoor Way of the Cross, 14 April 1950, p. 7. 39 The Passionist Catholic Monastery, The Glen Osmond Parish website. 40 Ta’ Pinu Shrine Australia All Nations Marian Centre website.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief


Figure 4.1 The Stations from the Glen Osmond “Sacred Garden”. (Source: The Passionist Catholic Monastery, The Glen Osmond Parish website)

Figure 4.2 One of the Stations from the Glen Osmond “Sacred Garden”. (Source: The Passionist Catholic Monastery, The Glen Osmond Parish website)

Figure 4.3 Installation of one of the Statues at the Ta’ Pinu Shrine. (Source: Ta’ Pinu Shrine Australia All Nations Marian Centre website)

Figure 4.4 One of the Stations at the Ta’ Pinu Shrine (Source: Ta’ Pinu Shrine Australia All Nations Marian Centre website)



The Marian Valley Shrine of our Lady Help of Christians, Order St Paul the First Hermit near Conungra, south of Brisbane in the Gold Coast Hinterland also has a garden with outdoor Stations of the Cross with life sized figures located along a roadway and garden setting (Figures 4.5 – 4.6). The Shrine was opened in December 1995 and also includes a Chapel that seats 500 and a Retreat Centre and is used for various functions and religious celebrations throughout the year.41 However, not all outdoor Stations in Australia feature “statues”. The Stations of the Cross at St Catherine’s Church in Gingin, Western Australia (Figure 4.7) comprise of plaster plaques with images in relief. The plaques are protected by a glass casing and are suspended on simple posts, however, also have a bushland setting and are sited about crescent shaped path located at the rear of the Church. The Church which was constructed in 1931 has also been associated with the Franciscan Friars since the 1950s.42

Figure 4.5 The Marian Valley Stations. (Source: Marian Valley Shrine of our Lady Help of Christians, Order St Paul the First Hermit website)

Figure 4.6 The 14th Station at the Marian Valley Shrine. (Source: Marian Valley Shrine of our Lady Help of Christians, Order St Paul the First Hermit website)

Figure 4.7 Station of the Cross at Gingin, Western Australia. (Source: St Catherine’s - Gingin , Western Australia - Roman Catholic Churches on Waymarking.com)

41 Marian Valley Shrine of our Lady Help of Christians, Order St Paul the First Hermit website.


42 St Catherine’s - Gingin , Western Australia - Roman Catholic Churches on Waymarking.com & Inherit – stateheritagewa.com.au


A recently constructed garden at the Woronora Cemetery and Crematorium in NSW also now features a Stations of the Cross installation. Each Station comprises of a two metre high “statues” carved from as single piece of granite weighing about 2.5 tonnes. The fourteen Stations are located about a circular walk and centrepiece with a pool and fountains and large, 3.5 metre high statue of the rising Jesus Christ. The place has been designed as a place of contemplation and spiritual pilgrimage but mostly as a resting place and memorial catering for both burial and cremations garden memorials.43 Apart from the central figure, the Stations are part of a solid block and relief carvings as opposed to freestanding statues. The Stations of the Cross at Maryfields are the only such group included in the NSW State Heritage Inventory. Based and the above analysis the Statues are the oldest such installation incorporating “freestanding” statues.

Figure 4.8 The Woronora Cemetery Stations of the Cross. (Source: Woronora Cemetery and Crematorium website.)

Figure 4.9 Examples of the Woronora Cemetery Stations of the Cross. (Source: Woronora Cemetery and Crematorium website.)

4.2 Evaluation criteria The following assessment of heritage significance has been prepared utilising the current evaluation criteria established by the New South Wales Heritage Council. Only the Stations of the Cross Statues have been listed as heritage items, however, the Stations and their context has been assessed. The remaining buildings on the Maryfields site and associated elements mostly date from a later period of development and have not been recognised by any listing and have not been assessed.


43 Woronora Cemetery and Crematorium website.



Criterion (a) – An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s cultural or

natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area) The Stations of the Cross at Maryfields survive as a reminder of a notable event in the history of religious worship in Australia. The observance of the Way of the Cross has been celebrated in one form or another since the early years of Christendom. The annual celebration at Maryfields which was commenced in 1936 reflects the beliefs and attitude of the Catholic Church in the Inter-war and Post-war periods and prior to Vatican II (1970s). Initially timber crosses were used to mark the stages of the procession with permanent statues later provided as aids to contemplation. The cessation of the ceremony at Maryfields in 1990 represents the shift away from the large scale pilgrimage and ceremony to smaller scale, parish based celebrations based on the Vatican II principles and also developments in the local area including the closure of the local train line and expansion of the road networks which impacted on the pilgrimage experience. The Garden of Gethsemane is also of some significance for its association with the annual Way of the Cross event. The area, near the entrance was used as meeting place, represents part of the story and interprets events of the night before Christ’s crucifixion. The site is of local significance as a part of an early former farm and homestead owned and occupied by a prominent local family. The original holding has been reduced and affected by development of the local road networks and original homestead has been demolished which represents the growth and development of the area and site and shift away from the pastoral uses of the area. Criterion (b) - An item has strong or special association with the life or works of a

person, or group of persons, of importance in NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The site is significant for its association with the Rudd and Keane families who owned and occupied the land for over 100 years and donated it to the Franciscan order. Their association is marked by the plaque on the 12th Station recognising their donation and sponsorship. The site is also associated with the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor and affiliated Poor Clare Nuns who have occupied the site since the mid 1930s and late 1960s respectively. The relocation of the Novitiate functions and subsequent demolition of the Novitiate buildings has reduced this association and significance. Criterion (c) - An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics

and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in NSW (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The Statues themselves are good and finely crafted painted terracotta figures which were imported from France in the late 1930s. The Statues are largely intact and continue to represent a scene to aid contemplation. The high bases were constructed so that the statues could be visible above a crowd and are simple brick structures rendered to resemble stonework. The bases are enhanced by the precast concrete decorative panels, timber crosses and marble plaques. The landscape setting of the statues, particularly the ponds and watercourses, open hillside and rise to the 12th Station are also of some aesthetic significance as a backdrop and for their contribution to the experience, symbolising and interpreting Christ’s journey to Calvary.



The site significantly retains remnant cleared areas and evidence of its pastoral use and sense of the former natural creek line that traversed the site. The associated green zone, trees and plantings about the watercourses and roadways were developed, planted and regenerated, following the establishment of the Stations and are of some aesthetic significance for the character they impart to the area. The remnant Red Gum forest and other eucalypts are indicative of the early character of the area. Planted avenues of trees along the roadway and palms along the original access from the old Station were intended to enhance the experience and make a contribution to the aesthetic character of the site. The site containing the Statues significantly retains the wide, Narellan Road frontage and a sense of the early estate and rural character. Criterion (d) - An item has strong or special association with a particular

community or cultural group in NSW (or the local area) for social, cultural or spiritual reasons

The Stations of the Cross statues are associated with the Catholic Church and various religious groups who assisted the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor to organise and establish the Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross event on the site and participated in the event until 1990. The Stations are valued by the members of the two Catholic religious orders who continue to reside at Maryfields and are well known to the local community and serve as a reminder of the historical uses of the site. Criterion (e) - An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an

understanding of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The Stations of the Cross at Maryfields remains as a reminder of the open air and large scale celebration of the Stations of the Cross ceremony which contributes to an understanding of Catholic practices prior to Vatican II and present. The statues themselves, whilst finely crafted, are typical religious statues symbolising various scenes. The bases are also constructed using standard materials and are of no particular significance in themselves. The timber crosses and decorative plaques are also relatively simple and standard elements. The various marble plaques attached to the rear of statues are of some significance and make note of the particular donors. Criterion (f) - An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of

NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The ceremony of the Stations continues on the site in a limited way and by all Catholic Churches on Good Friday. The Stations are not recognised elsewhere, however, (in their many forms) remain an integral part of the design of Catholic Churches throughout Australia and over the world. There are other outdoor examples in Australia incorporating freestanding statues in a garden and open setting such as those located at the Passionist Catholic Monastery, (Glen Osmond) in Adelaide and group at Bacchus Marsh in Victoria. However, these date from a later period and sculpted and formed from marble and concrete.



Criterion (g) - An item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics

of a class of NSW’s • cultural or natural places; or • cultural or natural environments.

(or a class of the local area’s cultural or natural places; or

• cultural or natural environments) The Stations of the Cross statues at Maryfields are examples of good and intact group of freestanding painted terracotta Statues that demonstrate the Inter-war and Post-war Catholic practice and celebration of the Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross. 4.3 Statement of Significance The Stations of Cross Statues and Garden of Gethsemane at Maryfields are of local historic, aesthetic and social significance as a group of statues that remain as evidence of a notable event in the history of religious worship in Australia. The annual celebration at Maryfields commenced in 1936 and what is believed to be the first major outdoor Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross Ceremony in NSW and possible Australia and reflects the beliefs and attitude of the Catholic Church in the Inter-war and Post-war periods and prior to Vatican II (1970s). The cessation of the ceremony at Maryfields in 1990 represents the shift away from the large scale pilgrimage and ceremony to smaller scale, parish based celebrations based on the Vatican II principles and also developments in the local area with the closure of the local train line and expansion of the road networks which impacted on the pilgrimage experience. The ceremony continues to be celebrated on the site, albeit in reduced and smaller way. The site and Stations are associated with the Catholic Church and in particular the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor and Poor Clare Nuns who have occupied the site for some 80 and 45 years. The Statues are of aesthetic significance as good examples of finely crafted painted terracotta statues and representation of Christ’s journey to Calvary that are enhanced by the natural features and cultural landscape defined by the ponds and lakes and associated native and cultural/ exotic plantings, open grassed area and symbolic rise to the 12th station. The site is of local significance as a part of an early former farm and homestead owned and occupied by a prominent local family. The original holding has been reduced and affected by development of the local road networks and original homestead has been demolished which represents the growth and development of the area and site and shift away from the pastoral uses of the area. The site, however, retains a wide frontage along an early local access route (Narellan Road) and sense of the early rural character of the area. The site also retains evidence of the original site entry from Rudd’s Gate/ Maryfields Station and row of palms, gardens and features planted by the Friars to enhance the experience. 4.4 Grading of significant elements Grading reflects the contribution the element makes to overall significance of the item (or the degree to which the significance of the item would be diminished if the component were removed or altered). The Stations of the Cross have been assessed to determine a relative grading of significance into five levels. This process examines a number of factors, including:



• Original design quality • Degree of intactness and general condition • Relative age and authenticity (original, replaced) • Extent of subsequent alterations • Association with important people or events • Ability to demonstrate a rare quality, craft or construction process

In accordance with the NSW Heritage Branch Guidelines for Assessing Heritage Significance, the standard NSW five-grade system has been modified to assess individual contribution of each element to the overall significance of the item. The following five grades of significance have been defined: Exceptional Significance Includes fabric and elements that makes the greatest direct contribution to the item’s significance. This particularly refers to rare or outstanding original fabric and spaces of particular historic and aesthetic value and unaltered original elements and features. High Significance Includes elements and features that make an important contribution to the recognition of the item’s significance albeit the fabric may not be in good condition. This may include elements that have been altered, or elements created as part of a generally sympathetic alteration to the building. This category is likely to include much of the extant fabric from the early phases of construction and many reconstructed early or original elements wherever these make an important contribution to the significance of the item. Moderate Significance Includes building fabric and relationships that are supportive of the overall significance of the item and have some heritage value, but do not make an important or key contribution to that significance. Also includes elements and features which were originally of higher significance, but have been compromised by later, less significant modifications or elements that have deteriorated beyond repair and cannot be reconstructed in a technologically feasible manner. Little Significance Includes fabric generally neutral in heritage value. Also includes most of the fabric associated with recent alterations and additions made to accommodate changing functional requirements. These are components generally of neutral impact on the complex’s significance. Intrusive Includes fabric which adversely affects the significance of the complex or fabric created without respect for the intangible values of the building. Removal of elements of this category would directly increase the overall heritage value of the item.



Stations of the Cross & Garden of Gethsemane Level of Significance

The open character of the site and overall presentation, “journey” and symbolic rise to the 12th Station.

EXCEPTIONAL

The stone mound, concrete platform and smooth rendered details, steel cross, crypt and exotic plantings and elements of the 12th Station.

The terracotta statues but not the painted finish. The overall height, form and detail of the faux stone bases. The concrete plaques with relief motifs and timber crosses

embedded on the front of the base. The marble plaques fixed to the bases. The associated lakes and ponds and remnant native trees

and exotic plantings. The row of palms and plantings and former access in the

south western section of the site. The wrought iron gate and a garden setting about the

Garden of Gethsemane Statues.

HIGH

The roadway and access from Narellan Road. The stone flagging and elements about the Garden of

Gethsemane.

MODERATE

The painted finish to the terracotta statues. The modern concrete footings. The modern access road and pathway. Modern gates and fences. The car park and associated facilities on the site.

LITTLE

Nil.

INTRUSIVE

4.5 Curtilage The recommended curtilage of the Statues is the new site lot boundaries and Narellan Road frontage (refer Figure 4.10). The curtilage includes the ponds and lakes and areas allocated for the future car park and Friars Interpretive Centre. The extended or visual curtilage, however, incorporates open areas to the north and north west and future setback between the future development of the subdivided portions of the former Maryfields site.


Figure 4.10 The recommended curtilage. (Source: Capital Syndications)

Heritage Precinct




5.0 Constraints, Opportunities and Requirements This section outlines various major issues involved in the preparation of the conservation guidelines for the site. It takes into consideration matters arising from the statement of significance, procedural constraints imposed by cultural conservation methodology such as that of the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter. It identifies all statutory and non-statutory listings that apply for the site and describes constraints and opportunities arising from these listings. 5.1 Issues arising from the Statement of Significance Considering the significance of the place:

The Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane statues should be retained and conserved and should continue to be located at Maryfields;

The Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane should continue to remain as

evidence of a historic event (the first, large scale outdoor Via Crucis in NSW if not Australia) and annual symbolic Easter pilgrimage that drew Catholics from the local and wider regions and continues to draw pilgrims on a smaller scale;

The Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane should continue to be located in an open setting with associated water features, gardens and plantings and should continue to exhibit the symbolic rise to the 12th Station.

The row of trees and former access and plantings in the south western section of the site should be retained and interpreted.

Whilst the site is in private ownership, the Statues should ideally continue to be accessible to the public and early features and a sense of the earlier rural character and associations should be retained and interpreted.

No new work or activity should impact on the condition of the Statues or their overall presentation;

No new development should detract from the overall setting and presentation of the Statues.

5.2 Issues arising from the physical condition of the place The subdivision of the Maryfields site and relocation of the Statues was intended to provide for the ongoing use of the site as a venue for the annual pilgrimage and contemplation and allow ongoing maintenance of the Statues. The Statues will continue to be located outdoors and subject to weather and it is anticipated increased pollution due to to expanding road networks in the area. Vandalism and reduced site presence has also resulted in some damage in the past. The conservation works will ensure the condition of the Statues and bases in the short to medium term, however, ongoing maintenance will be required. The increased site presence and security measures will ensure increased safety and security against vandalism.



5.3 Owners aims & requirements Whilst the Association of the Franciscans Order of Friars Minor continue to own and manage the site they will endeavour to continue to care and maintain the Statues. In the past a lack of funds and resources have been an issue to the Order, however, the subdivision of the Maryfields site will enable the conservation of the Statues and ongoing use and maintenance of the site. The Franciscans aim to provide a sustainable complex that will be open to the public and also ideally continue to provide for the annual Good Friday procession in addition to other uses. The proposed Interpretive Centre and associated facilities including visitor car park may provide opportunities for other uses and passive recreation at other times of the year. The Franciscans now aim to use this document to assist the development of short term works, repairs and maintenance of Statues and to provide safe and equitable access to the site, security and provision for ongoing maintenance through a regular, cyclical maintenance regime for the long term. 5.4 Heritage management framework & listing status 5.4.1 Statutory listings The site and Stations are not covered by any instruments under the NSW Heritage Act (1977). The Stations of the Cross statues have been listed as a “local” heritage item in Schedule 1 of the Campbelltown (Urban Area) Local Environmental Plan 2002 and Schedule 5 of the Draft Local Environmental Plan 2014. Division 2, Clauses 43-50 of the Campbelltown (Urban Area) Local Environmental Plan 2002 are currently relevant to the site. The Draft Campbelltown Local Environmental Plan 2014 (CLEP 2014) in response to the State Government’s requirement for all NSW councils to adopt new planning controls based on state-wide standards. The Draft CLEP 2014 is a legal document that aims to control land use and development across the Campbelltown Local Government Area. It will help to guide planning decisions, largely through the application of land use zones and development controls. Section 5.10 of the Draft LEP contains the relevant clauses relating to Heritage conservation. Council’s Development Control Plan (DCP) No. 83 also outlines specific heritage requirements. Listing of the building on the LEP generally means that any proposed major works and changes to the Statues and area in the immediate vicinity will require the submission of a Development Application to Council. As part of the application a “heritage management document” will be required to be included as part of the documentation submitted to assist to Council’s deliberations and assessment of the extent to which the carrying out of the proposed development would affect the heritage significance of the place. This Conservation Management Plan can provide the basis of any future impact statements and guidelines how any potential impacts may be reduced or mitigated.



5.4.2 Community groups & non-statutory listings The Statues are not classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) and have not been recognised on the Historic Places Register or by any other heritage body or association. However, the Statues are held in some regard by the Friars and Poor Clare Nuns and local Catholic community who have continued to visit the site and continued Good Friday celebrations in a smaller way. Other stake-holder groups such as local historical society and representatives from the Cubitch Barta Native Title Claimants Aboriginal Corporation and Tharawal Local Aboriginal Land Council may also have some continuing interest in the site and should be consulted prior to any future works. 5.5 Archaeological management The site around the statues has remained undeveloped and has long been part of cleared pastureland that bounded a natural creek line which has been altered to form lakes and ponds. The area has also been planted. The area has not been identified as being of any archaeological significance and archaeological potential of this section of the site as such is considered to be low and or highly disturbed. The repositioning of the statues will not require any large scale excavation or trenching. The statues do not appear to currently have any major footings or foundations, however, appropriate spot footings and a new pathway will be provided but are unlikely to create any adverse impacts. An Aboriginal Due Diligence Assessment was undertaken on the whole Maryfields site in 201344 and found one site (AS1) and one potential archaeological deposit (PAD1) to the north west of the statues and subject site. No other sites were identified and consultation with representatives from Cubitch Barta Native Title Claimants Aboriginal Corporation Tharawal Local Aboriginal Land Council did not identify any particular association with the site. A number of archaeological and geotechnical assessments have been carried out on the site and the archaeological potential of the site is considered to be low. However, further assessment by a qualified archaeologist is recommended in the case of any future major works or excavation on the site. 5.6 Building regulations and Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is Volumes One and Two of the National Construction Code (NCC). The BCA is produced and maintained by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) on behalf of the Australian Government and State and Territory Governments. The BCA has been given the status of building regulation by all States and Territories. The main provisions of the BCA concern structural requirements, fire resistance, access and egress (including provisions for people with disabilities), services and equipment and health and amenities. Generally, minimum standards are required to be reached in building works. In general, when considering the BCA in heritage sites, proposals must ensure that significant fabric and spatial qualities are not compromised while full BCA compliance is achieved and public safety is assured.

44 Niche Environment and Heritage, Aboriginal Heritage Aboriginal Due Diligence Assessment, Maryfields Estate, Campbelltown (October 2013).



The BCA in conjunction with the DDA, applies to new buildings and buildings undergoing significant refurbishment or alterations. Sections of the BCA require compliance with a range of access provisions. The works to the site currently aim to provide safe and equitable access to the Stations and associated elements with provision for disabled and impaired persons. Any future provisions, such as the car park and Interpretive Centre will need to comply with the codes.



6.0 Conservation Policies Conservation can be regarded as the management of change. It seeks to safeguard that which is significant to an item within a process of change and development. It is essential to establish criteria, policies and recommendations of the conservation, and on-going use of the item to ensure best practice heritage management. Within this framework owners and managers of the item will be able to formulate suitable proposals, and planning authorities will be able to assess those proposals against the site specific criteria. The conservation policies are intended to assist in the ongoing management, use, interpretation, conservation and maintenance of the Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane (hereafter also referred to as the Stations or statues). Each policy is supported by a series of guidelines which also aim to manage any changes to the site and items and ensure that future decisions are made in an informed manner, ensuring the significance of the place is maintained. The following guidelines are also based on the significance of the Statues and principles of the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, a widely accepted standard of best practice in heritage conservation, philosophy and practice. The Charter encourages the use of skilled and appropriate professional direction and supervision from a range of disciplines for conservation activities. 6.1 Management of the place Background The association of the Stations with the Franciscans is significant, they have historically been supporters of the Way of Cross since the practice began and were instrumental in establishing and maintaining the Stations at Maryfields. Whether the Franciscans or others own the site, the landowners should continue to manage and maintain the statues and their setting and values. The Statement of Significance highlights what is most important about the place and should be used to guide any future works and maintenance. The Statement has been formulated using standard criteria, however, as circumstances and changes are made to the Stations and setting should be periodically reviewed and any changes should be documented and records maintained. Policy 1 The landowner should continue to manage the Stations of the Cross statues and site. Guidelines

Responsibility of the management of the Stations and surrounds should remain with the landowner who should continue to control access and use of the site.

The landowner should manage periodic inspection and maintenance of the Stations and their environs.

The landowner is encouraged to disseminate interpretive material on the site. The landowner should ensure that all parties associated with the management of the

place have access to this CMP and other associated documents. The landowner should continue to provide a measure of security and employ

caretakers to assist with the management and security of the place.



Policy 2 The heritage significance of the Stations of the Cross statues and environs as outlined in the Statement of Significance should be adopted as a basis of the management of the place. Guidelines

When making management decisions consider and seek to retain and where appropriate enhance the values and associations identified in the Statement of Significance.

The significant aspect and character of the Stations, a “garden” setting of the Garden of Gethsemane and symbolic “journey” and rise to the 12th Station and a sense of the pilgrimage should be retained.

The existing character and elevation of the Garden of Gethsemane and Stations and associated plaques, crosses and features should be retained. No additional elements should be added to the Statues or bases.

The association with the Franciscan Friars should be recognised if not retained. A sense of the open, “rural setting” and water features of the site should be retained. A wide frontage along Narellan Road and early access to the site including and avenue

of palms in the south western corner of the site should ideally be retained. Reference to the Burra Charter and guidelines contained in this CMP should be made as

part of any major works to the Statues and site. Heritage Impact Assessments should be prepared when proposing major changes to the

use or the fabric of the place. Policy 3 The guidelines contained in this CMP and Burra Charter should be used to guide any future works. The CMP should be regularly reviewed and updated to take into account changes in legislation or in the case of any major changes to the site and situation of the statues. Guidelines

The CMP should be updated every eight to ten years or as part of any major changes to the statues or site.

Use of the most recent CMP as a management reference is recommended, however, reference to the previous version and other associated documents such as previously prepared Statement of Heritage Impact reports should also occur.

Reviews of the CMP should also be based on The Burra Charter and other guidelines prepared by the NSW Heritage Office.

Reviews should also take into account any other relevant legislation, planning frameworks, appropriate literature and wide recognised conservation practices and procedures.

Reviews should be undertaken by experienced conservation practitioners in conjunction with relevant management and specialist contractor representatives.

Irrespective of the requirement to periodically review the document, this CMP should remain as a valid basis for the ongoing heritage management until such reviews are completed.



Policy 4 Records should be kept of any changes including maintenance works to the Statue fabric and base and environs and any new evidence discovered about the place or on the site. Guidelines

Any current and future works should be preceded by a record of the existing situation and condition of the Statues and surrounds.

Documentation may include survey plans or measured drawings and photographs to be kept for future reference and interpretive purposes.

Prior to any major changes consideration should be given to preparing an Archival Photographic recording in accordance with Heritage Council guidelines.

Details and a record of any maintenance and repair works should also be kept to avoid incremental changes and potential loss of information and details.

Details of any changes and repairs to the site or items discovered such as any archaeological resource should also be appropriately recorded, deposited and stored.

Copies of all materials should be kept and stored in an archive. Policy 5 Appropriate conservation skills and experience should be employed for any future works, documentation, implementation and supervision of any works and programs of conservation, repair and maintenance of the Statues and associated elements. Guidelines

Appropriate professional skills and experience assembled to work on the conservation of the Statues and site could include researchers, archaeologists, architects and conservation consultants, structural engineers, building code compliance and advisors, materials conservation specialists, specialist contractors, project managers and cost planners.

The multi-disciplinary teams should ensure that all areas of conservation are equally considered and represented.

Project managers, building contractors and trades personnel who are experienced with works in historic buildings and sites should preferably be selected to work on the site.

Site inductions for all those who work on the site and with the Statues should be carried out to explain the significance of the place, highly significant components and identify potential heritage impacts of any proposed works.

6.2 Use Background The Stations of the Cross were erected for large scale celebrations and Good Friday procession. Changes in religious practices have reduced the size and scale of the celebration, however, the Statues are still used on a smaller scale and current works may also provide opportunity for additional uses and passive recreation and contemplation throughout the year.



Policy 6 The ongoing use of the Stations of the Cross and surrounds at Maryfields for Good Friday celebrations and procession should continue and may be supplemented by other religious and passive recreational and contemplative uses. Any other uses should not obscure or impact on the nature and associations of the Stations or their fabric or setting. Guidelines

The site and Stations should continue to be used on Good Friday and other appropriate religious festivals approved by the landowner.

The use of the area for other uses such as passive recreation, religious tours and contemplation is considered compatible provided any such uses do not disturb the setting or create undue damage to the statues and their environs.

Any other uses should be approved by the landowner and be appropriate with the inherent qualities and ambience of the place.

Any new uses which require any major intervention to the Statues or new pathway would not be appropriate.

The increased use and visitation of the site will allow increased interpretation, however, should be monitored by the landowner or an on-site caretaker.

A program of regular monitoring should be implemented as part of the ongoing use of the site covering both physical changes and visitor experience issues where relevant to assist management decisions.

6.3 Access and security Background The Franciscans have traditionally occupied the site and maintained a presence and some security of the site with the help of signage and gates. The former Novitiate and buildings also provided natural surveillance over the site. Since the removal of these and gradual relocation of the Order an on-site caretaker has occupied the site. At present there are no access provisions and minimal security, however, the current works seek to provide access in a safe and equitable manner and improved security and surveillance of the statues. Policy 7 The site and Stations should continue to be accessible by the public and focus of religious practices or appropriate uses. Access and security provision and arrangements should be available to all and seek to minimise any heritage impacts to the Statues and their setting. Guidelines

The site and Stations should continue to be used on Good Friday and other appropriate religious festivals and uses approved by the Franciscans.

The access should preferably continue to maintain a sense of the existing sequence and order of the Stations.

The provision of new paths and sealed roadways is permissible provided that these do not obstruct the Stations or their overall setting.

The use of fences, gates and physical barriers is permissible provided that these do not impact on the fabric of the Stations, obstruct any views to and from the Stations or hamper the use of the Stations in any way.



A continuous fence around the site for acoustic and security purposes is permissible. The existing access roads should preferably be retained. Pedestrian and vehicular access may be controlled by a single point. Any access solutions should seek to improve the accessibility while maintaining the

identified significance of the place and setting and minimise any heritage and visual impacts.

New roadways and access, also new care-takers buildings and elements should be carefully located and considered and comply with relevant codes and requirements.

6.4 Conservation of significant fabric and ongoing repair and maintenance Background The Stations remain as symbols and physical representations of Christ’s journey to Calvary and despite some minor damage and deterioration retain their overall form, character and details and rendered masonry base and associated plaques and crosses. One of the key objectives of contemporary conservation practice is that as much of the significant original fabric of the item should be retained and conserved in order to preserve the essential integrity of the heritage resource for the future. Whilst most of the Stations will be relocated, it has been decided to retain, relocate and conserve both the existing statues and base. New footings and access pathway are also to be provided. The Stations will continue to be located in an open field and subject to deterioration and effects of weather, vegetation incursion and age. To ensure ongoing conservation of the significant fabric a regular maintenance schedule which provided for regular inspection and for remedial action to be undertaken when necessary should be implemented. Policy 8 The Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane statues and their bases should be retained and conserved and elements conserved, repaired and maintained in accordance with the identified level of significance and element specific policies. Guidelines

Elements identified as being of Exceptional or High significance such as an open setting and the painted terracotta statues, rendered bases and associated plaques and crosses should be retained and conserved.

The features of the 12th Station including elevated mound and associated rockery and plantings, the crypt and rendered base, altar and large cross should be retained and conserved.

No conservation or maintenance work should negatively impact on any elements identified as being of Exceptional or High significance and overall presentation of the statues and their setting.

Associated elements such as a garden setting and rockery, fencing and gate and arbour of the Garden of Gethsemane should be retained and conserved.

Where repairs or alterations are required, new material should closely match the original material. However, evidence of change should be identifiable.



Where it is clear that original or significant fabric has been removed or damaged such as

the missing elements on the statues it is considered appropriate to adaptively reconstruct based on the physical and documentary evidence.

Removal of the paint finish and repairs to the terracotta statues should be undertaken with extreme care.

Compatible building materials for the statues and rendered bases should be used. The use of silicone and hard cement render and elements should be avoided. Use of fibreglass for the statues is considered appropriate. An appropriate paint finish that is appropriate for exposed, all weather conditions should be applied to the statues. The render finish of the bases should be analysed with any repairs to be undertaken in a similar or matching mix to avoid future cracking and failure. Repairs to the plaques and crosses should similarly match the original element.

No additional elements should be fixed to the bases or statues. The Statues and surrounds should be subject to continuing care and maintenance. In addition to regular maintenance activities, prompt preventative actions and repair

should be undertaken as necessary. Prevention of continuing deterioration should take priority over widespread repair or reconstruction.

Inspection and maintenance work or repairs should only be undertaken by those with professional knowledge and demonstrated experience with materials of this nature. The conservation of particular materials such as the terracotta statues themselves requires due consideration and the expertise of appropriately experienced tradespeople.

Specialist advice, such as a Structural Engineer and specialist materials conservators or trades people should be sought for any repair and conservation works.

6.5 Setting and landscaping Background The Stations were constructed as freestanding elements in an open field to allow for the anticipated large number of pilgrims. The overall “rural” setting and cleared pastureland, undulating land forms and water features on the site also contributed to the experience and provided part of the symbolism of the event. These elements and a sense of the early character of the area will be retained and conserved as part of the future use of the Statues and heritage precinct. The Franciscan Friars also created roads and access and also modified the existing creeks on the site and created dams and ponds. They planted avenues of trees along the road and pedestrian access from the former train line to enhance the sense of “journey” and introduced exotic trees and plantings about the place to provide the Garden of Gethsemane and enhance the setting and experience. Policy 9 The open “rural” setting of the Stations of the Cross and Garden of Gethsemane statues and associated water features and ponds, avenues of trees, remnant native and exotic trees and plantings should be retained and conserved and maintained in accordance with the element specific policies. Guidelines

Elements identified as being of Exceptional or High significance such as an open setting and sense of the early rural and farmland character of the site should be retained and conserved.



Open and unobstructed area around the Stations should be retained to allow for pilgrims

and visitors to view and experience the symbolism of the Garden of Gethsemane and the Stations. Any new pathways and hard paving should be offset and not abut the base of the Statues to allow circulation space but also avoid damage to the base of the statues.

No trees or plantings should be planted close to the bases of Stations 1-11, 13 and 14 and care should be taken with regards to plantings around the Garden of Gethsemane statues.

The wide frontage along Narellan Road and associated “rural” character and plantings should be retained and maintained.

The access road to the Stations and associated avenue of trees should be retained and conserved. Repair and adaptation of the road is permissible, however, should preferably retain the existing alignment. Replacement of trees is also permissible if possible with matching species and location.

A garden setting for the Garden of Gethsemane statues should be retained. If possible some of the original rockery and planting should be relocated and reused and wrought iron gate and arbour should also be retained and re-used.

The avenue of palm trees, other trees and plantings located in the south western corner of the site and former pedestrian access from the former Rudd’s Gate/ Maryfields Station should be retained and conserved.

The ponds and water features and associated remnant native trees and some exotic trees and plantings including the pines and plantings around the 12th Station should be retained and conserved.

Specialist advice should be sought with regards to the maintenance of trees, creeks, dams and ponds.

6.6 Element specific policies Background In addition to the general policies applicable to all areas of the site, a strategic direction for the management of the individual elements has been considered based on the level of significance and condition of each element. Element Specific Policies Station of the Cross & Garden of Gethsemane

Element Significance Policy The open character of the site and overall presentation, “journey” and symbolic rise to the 12th Station

Exceptional Retain and conserve.

The stone mound, concrete platform and smooth rendered details, steel cross, crypt and exotic trees and plantings and elements of the 12th Station

High Retain and conserve. Repair elements to match as required. Cut back vegetation and remove weeds but maintain mature trees and exotic plantings.

The terracotta statues but not the painted finish

High Retain and conserve. Seek specialist advice and repair as required. Avoid silicone and hard cement finishes.



Element Specific Policies Station of the Cross & Garden of Gethsemane

Element Significance Policy The overall height, form and detail of the faux stone bases

High Retain and conserve. Repair, patch and fill to match using matching mortar mix and form. Avoid hard cement and silicone.

The concrete plaques with relief motifs High Retain and conserve. Repair and patch to match using matching base material. Avoid silicone and hard cement.

The timber crosses High Retain and conserve. Replace timber elements detailed to match including inscriptions.

The marble plaques High Seek specialist advice on maintenance and repair. Retain, clean down carefully to retain text and preserve.

The associated lakes and ponds and remnant native trees and exotic plantings

High Seek specialist advice. Retain and maintain as required.

The row of palms and plantings and former access in the south western section of the site

High Retain and maintain as required. Any replacement trees should match the species and location.

The wrought iron gate and a garden setting about the Garden of Gethsemane Statues

High Retain, sand back, prepare and repaint as required or every five years.

The road access from Narellan Road Moderate Retain, maintain and repair as required. Some adaption and enlargement permissible.

The stone flagging and elements about the Garden of Gethsemane

Moderate Retain and repair to match as required.

The painted finish to the terracotta statues Little Remove with care by specialist contractor, prepare statues and replace with appropriate all weather finish as required or every five years.

The modern concrete footings Little Retain, maintain and repair as required.

The modern access road and pathway. Little Retain, maintain and repair or replace as required.

Modern gates and fences Little Retain, maintain and repair or replace as required.

The car park and associated facilities on the site.

Little Retain or upgrade and replace as required with care to the Stations and primary setting.



6.7 Signage and lighting Background The site retains some identification and directional signage and it is envisaged that some signage will continue to be required for both of these purposes. The Garden of Gethsemane has a simple gate bearing “Gethsemane” and various plaques recognising the name of the donors and significance of the Statues. The other Stations each have crosses which signify their number and also bear marble plaques with the names of the benefactors. These should be retained for identification and interpretive purposes. There is currently no lighting around the statues, however, some lighting may be used for enhancement and security purposes. Policy 10 The existing signs and naming elements on the Garden of Gethsemane and Station Statues should be retained and conserved. Any other identification and directional signage or lighting elements should be setback from the Statues and should not obstruct any views or access to the Stations. Guidelines

The crosses and plaques on the Stations should be retained and conserved. The Garden of Gethsemane gate should also be retained and preferably reused. No new signage or lighting should be fixed to the Statues or the bases. Any new signage, identification, directional or interpretive signage should be

appropriately sited and styled so as not to obstruct access or visually impact on the Stations or their setting.

The provision of lighting around the Stations for enhancement or security purposes is permissible provided that any elements do no impact on the access to the Station or visually obscure or impact on the open character of the area or detract from the Stations themselves.

Any new lighting or signage elements should be secondary and not dominate the natural and “historic” features of the site. Over identification and lighting should be avoided so that the existing character and ambience of the place is retained. Highlighting the features of the Statues is preferable to floodlighting.

It is not necessary to use replica or period style elements. The use of modern lighting and signage elements is permissible and can read as modern additions to the site.

6.8 Interpretation Background One of the primary components of conservation management should be to make the values of its cultural significance physically, intellectually and/ or emotively accessible to the public. The Statues themselves form a very strong symbol of Christ’s journey to Calvary and presence of the Franciscans on the site has indicated their association, however, there is currently no other interpretive material on the site to tell of the relatively unique experience and history of the site.



Policy 11 The cultural significance of the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields should be interpreted on the site by appropriate methods. Guidelines

The Stations of the Cross Statues and associated Garden of Gethsemane statues and setting should be retained and conserved in recognition of and to interpret the annual event that occurred here and association with the Franciscan Order.

The ongoing management of the place should include the development and implementation of an Interpretation Strategy.

The proposed Interpretive Centre should be used to tell the story and development of the Maryfields estate and connections to the local area and people; association with the Franciscans and Poor Clare nuns; also the development of what was the first, large scale outdoor celebration of the Via Crucis/ Way of the Cross in NSW and probably Australia and developments since that time.

Interpretation should take into account the relationship of the site with the development of the Campbelltown area and surrounding train and road networks, including the former line that extended past the site and former Rudd’s Gate/ Maryfields Station and development of Narellan Road and Hume Highway and the associated impacts on the site.

The existing plaques on the bases of the Stations should be retained and conserved. No interpretive signs or new plaques should be fixed to the statues or bases. New signs and plaques may be fixed in the new footings or in the ground beside the

relocated bases provided these are secondary and do not negatively impact or obstructed the Stations and bases.

A new sign or reference should be made to the date of construction (1936 and 1937) and relocation.

6.9 Archaeological management Background The site around the statues has remained undeveloped and has long been part of cleared pastureland that bounded a natural creek line which has been altered to form lakes and ponds. The area has also been planted. The area has not been identified as being of any archaeological significance and archaeological potential of this section of the site as such is considered to be low and or highly disturbed. An Aboriginal Due Diligence Assessment has been undertaken on the site and some consultation has been carried out, with no relics found in the location of the Statues. The repositioning of the statues will not require any large scale excavation or trenching. However, further assessment by a qualified archaeologist is recommended in the case of any future major works or excavation in the heritage precinct. Policy 12 Archaeological assessment of the site has been carried out, however, advice should be sought from experienced archaeologists prior to the commencement of any major future works and excavation.



Guidelines

Any future major ground disturbance should be subject to further archaeological advice and assessment.

In the event that archaeological material is unexpectedly discovered during works to the site, work shall immediately cease and advice should be sought from a qualified archaeologist.

Any archaeological resources must be managed in accordance with the recommendations arising from the Archaeological Assessment of the site.



7.0 Implementing the Plan This Conservation Management Plan has been prepared to provide guidelines for the conservation, use, interpretation and management of the Stations of the Cross and to ensure that the heritage value of the place is maintained. 7.1 Proposed Conservation Works The recently submitted Development Application (DA) outlined the scope of work for the refurbishment and relocation of the statues. A detailed methodology has also been prepared by Balmain Stone Pty Ltd for the dismantling and relocating the Stations. The scope of work as outlined in the DA documents is as follows:

survey and plot new locations for thirteen (13) of the fourteen (14) monuments based on set-out shown on the DA plans (refer to Figure 3.26). Monument No. 12 to remain in existing location;

construct new foundations for relocated monuments (thirteen off) in positions shown; carefully remove statuaries (thirteen) from the existing brick and rendered pedestals; refurbish/ restore all existing statuaries with Station No. 12 to be restored in-situ; relocated existing pedestals (thirteen) via sling/ crane to new corresponding location; refurbish and restore relocated pedestals (thirteen) including repairs to existing faux-

sandstone render, plaque and crucifix; refurbish and restore pedestal of Station No. 12 including repairs to existing render,

plaques and crucifix; place the thirteen restored statuaries upon refurbished pedestals.

A similar process will be completed for the Garden of Gethsemane installation, with base and features also reinstated. The careful removal of the Statues and bases will be achieved by the use of bracing and supports including a lifting inflatable/ air pillow within specifically constructed cages which will be lifted using all-terrain forklift and rough terrain mobile crane (refer to Appendix for full report). The works also include the repair and repainting of the terracotta statues, repair and repatching of the rendered bases to match. The traditional method of repairing terracotta dictates that:

1. New terracotta parts are to be sculpted from fresh clay and re-attached to the statues to replace their broken predecessors.

2. The entire statue is then re-baked to ensure that all newly made parts and the existing

statues are properly re-joined and fused. While it sounds straightforward, achieving a desirable finish derived from this process is a difficult one due to the condition of the existing statues. As the statues are quite old, re-baking may make the entire statue brittle and thus lowering their life expectancy. Alternatively, glues and epoxy can also be used but are not long lasting solutions. These would be useful for smaller parts such as fingers instead of limbs which is required in some instances here such as at Station 8. As a result, based on the past experience of the selected contractor it is proposed to repair the statues with fibreglass.



The benefits of using fibreglass in this case are as follows:

the bond is much stronger and lasts longer compared glues and epoxy;

fibreglass can be piled upon layer by layer to match the profiles of the broken components and the existing statue itself;

fibreglass does not require the statue to be placed into the oven, thus preventing the

unwanted consequences of re-baking; and

fibreglass can be easily dyed to match the existing colour of the statue and allows the craftsman to blend and match the repair patches to the colour of the existing statue.

It is also proposed to strip the paint by using appropriate paint strippers that will not stain the terracotta itself. Once the old paint is stripped, the statues shall all be prepped for repainting. The bases are simply proposed to be cleaned down with moss and any stains removed and patched with render finish to match the mix, form and detail of the original. The plaques and timber crosses are also proposed to be repaired and finished to match. New timber crosses are proposed to be provided where required, also to match the existing crosses and detail. 7.2 On-going Maintenance The on-going maintenance schedule refers to cyclical maintenance works to the Statues and associated elements that should be implemented as part of the process of on-going maintenance of the place and to supplement maintenance of the grounds including mowing and landscape management. The following is included as a guide. The fabric of the Statues and particularly the bases is relatively robust and have survived thus far with very little intervention and maintenance. The statues should only be repainted as the end of the service life of the paintwork. Existing paintwork need not be completely stripped. Performed work and any faults discovered or repairs made, should be recorded and kept separately alongside a copy of this maintenance schedule.



On-going Maintenance Schedule Station of the Cross & Garden of Gethsemane

Element Every Year Every 5 Years Every 10 Years

Generally Painted terracotta statues

Inspect. Clean down and undertake any repairs as required.

Strip and rub back peeling paint, check condition of terracotta and repair or replace missing detail as required and repaint in appropriate paint finish.

Rendered base Inspect. Remove any weeds and foliage from structure and base.

Clean down any moss, patch and repair to match as required.

Seek specialist advice and inspection by a Structural engineer to ensure stability and minimise any potential cracks or sinking.

Concrete decorative plaque

Inspect. Check fixing and patch repair to match as required.

Protect when repainting and repairs to other elements are being undertaken.

Timber crosses Inspect. Repair to match as required.

Strip and sand back and refill or replace any deteriorated timber elements as required. Prime and repaint to match.

Marble plaques Clean down and repair and treat as required. Ensure fixing.


Concrete footings Inspect and repair as required.

Seek specialist advice and inspection by a Structural engineer to ensure stability of statues.

New pathways Inspect and repair as required

Check levels, level, replace and repair as required.





Garden of Gethsemane Wrought iron gate to the Garden of Gethsemane

Inspect and repair as required.

Rub back, treat, prime and paint in appropriate finish and colour.

Fencing and arbour Inspect, repair as required.

Re-level posts and remove any corrosion and debris

Garden feature, stone flagging and rockery

Inspect, clean down and remove any weeds and maintain plants. Undertake any repairs as required.

12th Station Crypt, door and louvre windows

Inspect stability and security and undertake repairs as required.

Clean down, sand back, prime and paint.

Crypt Inspect and clean out, undertake work and any repairs as required.

Rendered base and features

Inspect, repair any cracks as required.

Marble plaque Clean down and repair and treat as required. Ensure fixing.


Steel cross Inspect and repair as required.

Strip back, repair and stabilise as required, treat and paint.

Surrounding rockery and planting

Inspect, remove weeds and debris, stabilise and repair stonework as required.

Overall setting

Access roads Inspect and repair as required.

Avenue of trees along the access roads and in the south western corner of the site, trees and plantings about the site

Inspection by suitably qualified arborist and works in accordance with recommendations.





Overall setting continued Creeks and Ponds Inspect, clear and

maintain as required. Inspection by suitably qualified ecologist and works in accordance with recommendations.

New fencing and gates Inspect and undertake repairs as required.

Provide new fencing if required.

New access road and car parking area.

Inspect and undertake repairs as required.



8.0 Bibliography Reports and secondary sources Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter (as amended). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Therry, John Joseph (1790-1864). Bayley, William A, History of Campbelltown (1966) Campbelltown Council website, History of Campbelltown Campbelltown Library, Local Studies Room, Vertical file, “Maryfields”, summary prepared by JB Munro; Letter dated 9 April 1970 from Arthur J Rudd (great grandson of James Rudd) to the Mayor of Campbelltown & summary prepared by JB Munro; Undated article, Bricks, mortar and faith! Brothers Build Novitiate; Planning and Environment Committee Meeting report 9 October 2007. Franciscan Friars Provence of the Holy Spirit website. Inherit – stateheritagewa.com.au. Land and Property Information, Primary Application No. 26624, Certificate of Title, Volume 4052 Folio 108, Certificate of Titles, Volume 7975 Folio 105, Volume 10702 Folio 149 & Volume 12734 Folio 112. Liston, Carol, Campbelltown The Bicentennial History (1988) Marian Valley Shrine of our Lady Help of Christians, Order St Paul the First Hermit website. Niche Environment and Heritage, Aboriginal Heritage Aboriginal Due Diligence Assessment, Maryfields Estate, Campbelltown (October 2013). Parish of St Francis and St Joseph website. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Statement of Heritage Impact Stations of the Cross Maryfields, Campbelltown (December 2013). Perumal Murphy Wu Pty Ltd with William Ashton, Conservation Plan for the Stations of the Cross at Maryfields, (January 2000) Pollon, F., (ed) The Book of Sydney Suburbs (1988), Poor Clare Community Website. Ta’ Pinu Shrine Australia All Nations Marian Centre website. The Passionist Catholic Monastery, The Glen Osmond Parish website. Waymarking.com: St Catherine’s - Gingin , Western Australia - Roman Catholic Churches. Woronora Cemetery and Crematorium website.


Articles

Catholic Freeman’s Journal, Thursday, 11 March 1937, p. 26

Southern Cross (Adelaide SA), Outdoor Way of the Cross, 14 April 1950, p. 7. Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis”. Ceremony at Maryfields, Friday 10 April 1936, p. 8. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 April 1936, p. 16. Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Annual Franciscan Ceremony”. Tuesday 16 March 1937, p. 12. Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Maryfields Ceremony 10,000 people attend”. Saturday 16 April 1938, p. 16. Sydney Morning Herald, “Via Crucis. Maryfields Ceremony 15,000 people attend”. Saturday 8 April 1939, p. 17. Sydney Morning Herald, Ceremony of “Via Crucis” Campbelltown Procession. Saturday 12 April 1941, p. 12. Sydney Morning Herald, Revival of Via Crucis. Saturday 20 April 1946, p. 3. The Biz (Fairfield) Via Crucis Ceremonies 12,000 at Maryfields, Thursday 29 March 1951, p. 11. The Campbelltown News, Maryfields. Opening of New Novitiate, 20th December 1935, p. 3. The Catholic Press, The Way of the Cross. History of this Devotion, 17 April 1930, p. 40. The Catholic Press, Franciscan Novitiate, Campbelltown Building Extensions, May 19, Thursday 2 May 1935, p. 17, The Catholic Press, “Via Crucis” Celebration at Franciscan Novitiate, Campbelltown, Thursday 13 February 1936 p. 25 & “Via Crucis” Pilgrimage. At “Maryfields”, Campbelltown, Thursday 5 March 1936, p. 21. The Catholic Press, The “Maryfields” Via Crucis Impressive Ceremonies Attended by Great Crowds, Thursday 13 April 1939, p. 15. The Picton Post, Franciscan Novitiate Near Campbelltown Building Extensions Foundation Stone to be laid by the Archbishop, Thursday 16 May 1935, p. 3 The West Australian, Via Crucis Pilgrimage, Memorable Scenes at Novitiate, 11 April 1936, p. 18. Perumal Murphy Alessi, Heritage Consultants ▪ PM-15001 82


9.0 Appendix

9.1 Additional images

Figure 9.1 1962 train timetable (Source: Perumal Murphy Wu in association with William Ashton, Conservation Plan, January 2000.)



Figure 9.2 Early image. (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, 004443.)

Figure 9.3 The 1969 ceremony (Source: Campbelltown City Library, Local Studies, Norm Campbell Collection 003/ 03248.)





Figure 9.6 Camden-Campbelltown railway line. (Source: Perumal Murphy Wu in association with William Ashton, Conservation Plan, January 2000.)

Figure 9.7 Site plan c. 2000. (Source: Perumal Murphy Wu in association with William Ashton, Conservation Plan, January 2000.)



9.2 Report from Balmain Stone Pty Ltd
