pertemuan 3 software
DESCRIPTION
Bahan Ajar Dosen Room527 PTI.PERTEMUAN 3SOFTWAREKLASIFIKASI SOFTWAREJENIS SOFTWARE System Software: The class of computer instruction that serve primarily as an intermediary between computer hardware and application programs; provides important selfregulatory functions for computer systems. Application Software: The class of computer instructions that direct a computer system to perform specific processing activities and provide functionality for users.APPLICATION SOFTWARE General-purpose application softwarTRANSCRIPT
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PERTEMUAN 3
SOFTWARE
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KLASIFIKASI SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM CONTROL PROGRAMS
SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAMS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
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JENIS SOFTWARE
• System Software: The class of computer instruction that serve primarily as an intermediary between computer hardware and application programs; provides important self-regulatory functions for computer systems.
• Application Software: The class of computer instructions that direct a computer system to perform specific processing activities and provide functionality for users.
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• General-purpose application software:Tidak berhubungan dengan aktifitas binis tertentu, tetapi mendukung fungsi pemrosesan informasi secara umum.
• Specific-purpose application software:Software yang digunakan untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu. Contoh: aplikasi inventory control atau payroll
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• Contoh General-purpose application software:– Spreadsheet (Excel)– Word processing– Graphics– Multimedia
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JENIS SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System control programs: Software programs that controls the use of the hardware, software, and data resources of a computer system. Operating system is the prime example of a system control program
System support programs: Software that supports the operations management and users of a computer system by providing a variety of support services (e.g. system utility programs, performance monitors, and security monitors).
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JENIS SYSTEM SOFTWARE(lanjutan)
• System Development Programs: Compilers or interpreters are examples of system development programs. Another example is computer-aided software engineering (CASE) programs.
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PERAN SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
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SISTEM OPERASI
Operating system: The main system control program, which supervises the overall operations of the computer, allocates CPU time and main memory to programs, and provides an interface between the user and the hardware.
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JENIS SISTEM OPERASI
• Real-time operating system (RTOS)
• Single-user, single task (ex. Palm OS)
• Single-user, multi tasking (ex. Windows, Linux, MacOS)
• Multi user (ex. Unix, Mainframe OS, MVS)
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FUNGSI SISTEM OPERASI
• Job Management: Mempersiapkan, menjadwalkan dan memonitor pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang dilakukan komputer.
• Resource Management: Mengkontrol penggunaan sumber daya komputer yang digunakan oleh software lain. Yang termasuk sumberdaya adalah primary storage, secondary storage, CPU dan I/O device.
• Data Management: Mengkontrol input dan output data, lokasi data, penyimpanan dan penarikan data
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SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAMS
• System Utilities Programs: Programs that accomplish common tasks such as sorting records, locating files, and managing memory usage.
• System Performance Monitors: Programs that monitor the processing of jobs on a computer system and monitor system performance in areas such as processor time, memory space and application programs.
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FITUR MANAJEMEN PEKERJAAN DALAM SISTEM OPERASI
• Multitasking/ multiprogramming: The management of two or more tasks, or programs, running concurrently on the computer system (one CPU).
• Multithreading: A form of multitasking that runs multiple tasks within a single application simultaneously.
• Multiprocessing: simultaneous processing of more than one program by assigning them to different processors (multiple CPUs).
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SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAMS
• System security monitors: Programs that monitor a computer system to protect it and its resources form unauthorized use, fraud, or destruction
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BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN
• Merupakan dasar dari semua system software dan application software.
• Digunakan manusia agar dapat memberikan perintah kepada komputer.
• Sebagai sarana untuk mengembangkan sistem.
• Berisi sekumpulan simbol dan aturan-aturan yang digunakan untuk menulis program.
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EVOLUSI BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN
Mesin
Machine Language
Assembly Language
Procedural Languages
Non-Procedural Languages
Intelligent Languages
Terdiri dari 0 – 1
Panjang & Sulit
Instruksi tersusun secara repetitive (berulang)
Kode lebih pendek
Memasukkan perintah-perintah
Kode lebih pendek
Generator aplikasi
Perintah mendefinisikan hasil
Natural language processing
Generasi ke
1 2 3 4 5
Manusia
Progress
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BAHASA MESIN
• Dieksekusi langsung oleh CPU
• Berisi digit biner
• Bergantung pada jenis mesin
• Sulit digunakan dan dimengerti oleh programmer
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BAHASA ASSEMBLY
• Lebih berorientasi pada pengguna (user-oriented) sehingga lebih mudah digunakan
• Masih bergantung pada jenis hardware• Satu statement bahasa assembly diterjemahkan menjadi
satu statement bahasa mesin.• Source program: Sekumpulan instruksi yang ditulis
dengan menggunakan bahasa yang berorientasi pada pengguna (user-oriented language).
• Object program: Sekumpulan instruksi yang dihasilkan setelah translasi kedalam bahasa mesin.
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BAHASA ASSEMBLY(lanjutan)
• Proses menjalankan program dalam bahasa assembly:
Object Program
Source Program
CPU
Translator
OutputData CPU
Object Program
(a)
(b)
Written by a programmer Converted by a translator
Ready to run as a machine code
Data are entered Program is executedResults are produced
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BAHASA TINGKAT TINGGI
• Mulai dari generasi 3 ke atas.
• Lebih mendekati bahasa natural (bahasa manusia)
• Lebih mudah ditulis, dibaca dan diubah
• Satu statement diterjemahkan menjadi beberapa instruksi bahasa mesin, sehingga lebih produktif.
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BAHASA PROSEDURAL
• Programmer perlu mendeskripsikan langkah-langkah yang akan dilakukan komputer dalam melakukan sebuah tugas
• Berorientasi pada bagaimana sebuah hasil akan dicapai.
• Memerlukan language translator untuk merubahnya menjadi bahasa mesin.
• Contoh bahasa prosedural adalah FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, BASIC
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LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
• Compilers & Interpreters
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COMPILER & INTERPRETER
Compiler Interpreter
•Merubah sekaligus keseluruhan source code ke bahasa mesin untuk selanjutnya dieksekusi oleh mesin tersebut
•Merubah source code menjadi intermediate code untuk selanjutnya dieksekusi oleh interpreter
•Pada saat eksekusi aplikasi, compiler tidak diperlukan lagi
•Saat eksekusi interpreter masih digunakan
•Proses merubah source code ke object code (executable code) relatif lebih lama.
•Proses merubah source code relatif lebih cepat
•Eksekusi object code relatif lebih cepat
•Eksekusi program lebih lamban
•Sering digunakan programmer pada saat melakukan test pengembangan software (debug).
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BAHASA NON-PROSEDURAL
• Merupakan bahasa generasi ke 4 (4GL).
• User dapat mendefinisikan hasil yang diinginkan, tanpa harus mendeskripsikan prosedur yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai hasil tersebut.
• Contoh 4GL adalah SQL (Structured Query Language).
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TABEL BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN
Language Generation
Feature
Portable (Machine Independent)?
Concise (one-to-many)
Use of Mnemonics & Labels?
Procedural? Structured?
1 – Machine No No No Yes Yes
2 – Assembly No No Yes Yes Yes
3 – Procedural Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 – Nonprocedural
Yes Yes Yes No Yes
5-Natural Language
Yes Yes Yes No no
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BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN BARU
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Language (ex. Java)
• Internet – Oriented Language (ex. HTML, XML, Java)
• Visual Programming Language (ex. VB, Delphi)
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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
• Memodelkan sistem komputer sebagai sekumpulan objek yang saling bekerja sama.
• Objek-objek tersebut memiliki atribut dan aktifitas (behavior) tertentu.
• Contoh OOP Language adalah Java
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CASE
• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) adalah sebuah alat bantu untuk programmer, system analyst, business analyst dan system developer, yang membantu mengotomasi pengembangan S/W dan meningkatkan kualitas S/W.
• CASE adalah kombinasi dari software tools dan metode pengembangan software yang terstruktur.
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
Merupakan tahapan pengembangan software
Terdiri dari:
1. Analisis
2. Desain
3. Construction
4. Integration
5. Testing
6. Implementation