pertemuan 05 graphics
DESCRIPTION
Pertemuan 05 Graphics. Matakuliah: T0553/Sistem Multimedia Tahun: 2005 Versi: 5. Learning Outcomes. Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Menunjukkan Penggunaan Gambar pada Aplikasi Multimedia. Outline Materi. What is an Image Image Media Types Bitmap Image - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Pertemuan 05Graphics
Matakuliah : T0553/Sistem Multimedia
Tahun : 2005
Versi : 5
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :• Menunjukkan Penggunaan Gambar pada
Aplikasi Multimedia
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Outline Materi
• What is an Image
• Image Media Types
• Bitmap Image
• Vector Image
• 3-Dimensional Graphic Models
• Working With Graphics
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What is an Image?
• An image is the graphical and visual representation of some information that can be displayed on a computer screen or printed out
• Images come in a variety of forms:– Photographs– Drawings– Paintings– Television and motion pictures– Semantics– Maps, etc.
• Images play an important part in multimedia– Navigation– User interface components– Help systems– Clip art
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Image Media Types
• Images can be generally divided into two formats:– Bitmapped or Raster images– Draw-type or Vector graphics or Metafile images
• Bitmapped images are stored as an array of pixels. It represents the image as an array of dots, called pixels
• Vector graphics are stored as geometric shape to represent the image
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Bitmaps Image
• A pixel is the smallest element of resolution on a computer screen (Screen Resolution)
• A pixel is the basic unit of a digital images. Digital image is a picture that may be stored in, displayed on, processed by a computer.
• As mentioned, bitmap is composed of a matrix elements called pixels
• Each pixel can be in a specific colour and each pixel consists of two or more colors.
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Bitmaps Image
• The range of these colours is known as the colour depth.
• The color depth determined “How much data in bits used to determined the number of colors”.
• Colour depth is measured in bits per pixel– Remember: a bit (binary digit) is either 1 or 0 and that
there are eight bits in a byte
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Colour depth
• 1 bit per pixel = 2 colours (monochrome)• 2 bits per pixel = 4 colours• 4 bits per pixel = 16 colours• 8 bits per pixel = 256 colours
– Generally good enough for colour images• 16 bits per pixel = 65536 colours
– Better quality for photograph-like images, also known as high colour
• 24 bits per pixel = >16 million possible colours– Used to recreate photo realistic images, also known
as true colour
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Bitmaps Image
• The more colours that are allowed per pixel, the greater the size of the image
• The number of pixels is related to the size of file that required to store an image.
• Remember, two factors effect the size file bitmap are:– Resolution– Color Depth
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Bitmaps images
Original imageOriginal image
Shown Shown magnifiedmagnified
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8bytesinsize
depthcolourheightwidth
Calculating the sizeof a raster image
• Where:– Width of the images measured in pixels
– Height of the images measured in pixels
– Colour depth is the number of bits used for color measured in bits per pixel
• Remember:– 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
– 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB)
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Example
• A 640 x 480 pixel image in 24-bit colour would require how much disk space?
900KB
bytes9216008
7372800
8
24480640bytesinsize
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Popular bitmap formats
• Microsoft bitmap (.bmp)– Used in microsoft windows
• TIFF - Tagged Image File Format (.tif)– Used for faxing images (amongst other things)
• JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group (.jpg)– Useful for storing photographic images
• GIF - Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)– Used a lot on web sites
• PNG - Portable Network Graphics (.png)– A new format for web graphics
• PCD – Kodak photo CD– A new format for store image in a compressed form on a CD
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Advantages and Disadvantages of using bitmap images
• Advantages– Convey detail of information quickly– Real life
• Disadvantages– Depend on a Resolution– Effect to the image quality – Size file is big
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Software to create bitmap images
• Popular PC packages include:– Microsoft Paint
• Included with microsoft windows
– Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000• http://www.microsoft.com/office/photodraw/
– Adobe Photoshop• http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/main.html
– Paint Shop Pro• http://www.jasc.com/psp6.html
– Macromedia Fireworks• http://www.macromedia.com/software/fireworks/productinfo/
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Vector images
• Vector images are stored as the set of graphic primitives required to represent the image
• A graphic primitive is a simple graphic based on drawing elements or objects such as shape– e.g. square, line, ellipse, arc, etc.
• The image consists of a set of commands (mathematical equations) that are drawn the object when needed.
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Vector images
• Storing and representing images by mathematical equations is called vector graphics or Object Oriented graphics.
• Each primitive object has various attributes that go to make up the entire image– e.g. x-y location, fill colour, line colour, line style, etc.
• Example:– RECTANGLE : rectangle top, left, width, height, color is ( 0, 0,
200, 200, red)
– CIRCLE : circle top, left, radius, color– LINE : Line x1, y1, x2, y2, color
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Vector images
• Vector image or vector graphics can be resized without losing the integrity of the original image.
• Scaling a vector is a mathematical operation - only the attributes change, the image is unaffected
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Primitive geometric drawing objects
• Shapes– Circle– Ellipse– Rectangle– Square– Pie segment– Triangle– Pentagon,
hexagon, heptagon, octagon, etc
• Basic– Line– Polyline– Arc– Bezier
curve
• Text– Font,
weight Tex tText
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Scaling vector graphics
Original imageOriginal image
V e c t o rg r a p h i c s
ShownShownmagnifiedmagnified
V e c t o rg r a p h i c s
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Advantages and Disadvantages of using vector image
• Advantages– Relatively small amount of data required to
represent the image.– Therefore, it does not required a lot of
memory to store– Easier to manipulate
• Disadvantages– Limited level of detail than can be presented
in an image
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Software to create images
• Graphics programs are tools that allow an artist to create and edit designs used in multimedia applications.
• Generally, graphics programs can be categorized as:– Drawing programs
• Creating draw type graphics• Provide freehand. Example geometric shape • Example : Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Macromedia Freehand
– Paint programs• Those creating bitmaps• Useful in creating original art• Example: Paint Shop Pro
– Image editing programs• Making changes to existing images, such as manipulating the
brightness or contrast, applying textures, patterns• Examples : Adobe Photoshop, Corel PhotoPaint
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Vector formats
• Windows metafile (.wmf)– Used by Microsoft Windows
• SVG - Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg)– A new format devised for the web
• CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile (.cgm)– Older format commonly used for clip art
• Adobe PostScript (.ps)– A page description language used to control printers
• Adobe Portable Document Format (.pdf)– A page description language common on the web
• Drawing Exchange Format (.dfx)– Store 3D image created by design program AutoCAD
• Encapsulated PostScript (.epf)– Professional printing: Illustration program, Adobe Systems, Desktop Publishing programs
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3-Dimensional Graphic models
• A 3D model is a variation on the vector format
• The location of a 3-dimensional object is specified using x, y and z co-ordinates
• Further primitives can be found in 3D models– Cube, sphere, pyramid, etc.– Camera, spotlight, texture,
shading etc.
3D model
XX
YY
ZZ
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3-Dimensional Graphic models
• 3D graphics offer the photorealistics effects that have you seen in TV, Computer Games
• Examples, Motion Picture films such as:– Jurassic Park, Terminator 2, Lost World and Toy
Story
• Examples 3D programs:– Carigali Truespace– 3D Studio Max– Infini-D
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3-Dimensional Graphic models
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Hardware used to acquire images
• Scanners and digital imaging products
• Many forms of scanner– Drum– Flat-bed– Negative / slide– Hand-held
• Important to check the optical resolution of the scanner– measured in dots per inch (DPI)
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Hardware used to acquire images
• Digital camera– Uses digital memory instead of
film– Images are transferred to
computer via a cable– Can be very high resolution
• Stills from a camcorder or PC “web-cam” type camera– Home products tend to be low
resolution
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Hardware used to create / edit images
• Graphics tablet and pen– Preferred by digital artists– Pressure sensitivity
• Digitiser tablet– Preferred by technical
artists– Mouse has accurate
crosshair to help digitise drawings
Tablet and pen
Digitiser
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Converting image formats
Text
Text
Text
Text
Bitm
ap
ped
imag
eB
itmap
ped
imag
eB
itmap
ped
imag
eB
itmap
ped
imag
e
Vecto
r imag
eV
ecto
r imag
eV
ecto
r imag
eV
ecto
r imag
eBitmapped font
TrueType / PostScript Type font
Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR)
Contour trace
Render as bitmap
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Working With Graphics
• Considerations and guidelines when we are working with graphics:– Choose the graphic depend on your work– Choose the correct software – Use minimum color depth– Delivery Systems
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How graphics/images can be used effectively
• Different types of graphics are used in different ways:– Line drawing are graphical representations of
physical objects. There are 3 kinds of line drawings:
• Isometric - represent 3-D objects without realistic perspective
• Orthographic - are 2-D representations of objects• Perspective - represent objects in their most
realistic form
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How graphics/images can be used effectively
• Graphs and Tables– In just a glance, graphs can provide specific
data, show general trends in data or depict the relationships between data and data trends
• Diagrams– Help users conceptualize a process, flow or
interrelationship. Examples of diagrams include: Flow charts, Schematic Drawings and Block Diagrams.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of using images
• Advantages– Convey a lot of information quickly– Add visual simulation and colour– Can communicate across language borders– Enhance other media
• Disadvantages– Do not provide in-depth explanations
• Graphics rarely suffice to convey a whole message in business, technical or safety settings
– Can be misinterpreted• Graphics should be used carefully to make sure the
message is not ambiguous or cryptic
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Galleri
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