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Bab 3Decision Support Systems:An Overview

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Tujuan Pembelajaran

Mempelajari Konfigurasi DSS.

Mempelajari karakteristik dan kapabilitas DSS.

Memahami komponen DSS.

Mempelajari peran user DSS

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Definisi DSS

Little [1970] model-based set of procedures for processing data and judgments to assist a manager in his decision making Assumption: that the system is computer-based and extends the users capabilities.

Alter [1980] Contrasts DSS with traditional EDP systems (Table 3.1)

Moore and Chang [1980]

1.extendible systems2.capable of supporting ad hoc data analysis and decision modeling3.oriented toward future planning4.used at irregular, unplanned intervals

Bonczek et al. [1980] A computer-based system consisting of 1. a language system -- communication between the user and DSS components2. a knowledge system3. a problem-processing system--the link between the other two components

Keen [1980]

DSS apply to situations where a `final system can be developed only through an adaptive process of learning and evolution

Central Issue in DSSsupport and improvement of decision making

Working Definition of DSS

A DSS is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable CBIS, specially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, it provides easy user interface, and it allows for the decision makers own insights

DSS may utilize models, is built by an interactive process (frequently by end-users), supports all the phases of the decision making, and may include a knowledge component

Decision Support System

Sistem dirancang untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan manajerial

Terdapat mekanisme untuk interaksi antara user dan komponen DSS

Biasanya dibangun untuk mendukung solusi masalah atau mengevaluasi kesempatan.

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DSS

Suatu DSS adalah metode yang mendukung pengambilan keputusan.

Sehingga harus:

Flexible;

Adaptive;

Interactive;

GUI-based;

Iterative; and

Employs modeling.

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Business Intelligence

Proactive

Accelerates decision-making

Increases information flows

Components of proactive BI:

Real-time warehousing

Exception and anomaly detection

Proactive alerting with automatic recipient determination

Seamless follow-through workflow

Automatic learning and refinement

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Komponen DSS

Subsystems:

Data management

Managed by DBMS

Model management

Managed by MBMS

User interface

Knowledge Management and organizational knowledge base

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Data Management Subsystem

Komponen:

Database

Database management system

Data directory

Fasilitas Query

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Database

Interrelated data extracted from various sources, stored for use by the organization, and queried

Internal data, usually from TPS

External data from government agencies, trade associations, market research firms, forecasting firms

Private data or guidelines used by decision-makers

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Database Management System

Extracts data

Manages data and their relationships

Updates (add, delete, edit, change)

Retrieves data (accesses it)

Queries and manipulates data

Employs data dictionary

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Data Directory

Catalog of all data

Contains data definitions

Answers questions about the availability of data items

Source

Meaning

Allows for additions, removals, and alterations

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Model Management Subsystem

Components:

Model base

Model base management system

Modeling language

Model directory

Model execution, integration, and command processor

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Models

Strategic

Supports top management decisions

Tactical

Used primarily by middle management to allocate resources

Operational

Supports daily activities

Analytical

Used to perform analysis of data

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Model Base Management System

Functions:

Model creation

Model updates

Model data manipulation

Generation of new routines

Model directory:

Catalog of models

Definitions

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Model Management Activities

Model execution

Controls running of model

Model command processor

Receives model instructions from user interface

Routes instructions to MBMS or module execution or integration functions

Model integration

Combines several models operations

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User Interface System

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Knowledge-based system

Data management and DBMS

Model management and MBMS

User Interface Management System (UIMS)

Natural Language Processor

Input

Action

Languages

Output

Display

Language

Users

Printers, Plotters

PC Display

Based on Figure 3.6, Schematic View of the User Interface

User Interface Management System

GUI

Natural language processor

Interacts with model management and data management subsystems

Examples

Speech recognition

Display panel

Tactile interfaces

Gesture interface

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Knowledge-Based Management System

Expert or intelligent agent system component

Complex problem solving

Enhances operations of other components

May consist of several systems

Often text-oriented DSS

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DSS Hardware

De facto standard

Web server with DBMS:

Operates using browser

Data stored in variety of databases

Can be mainframe, server, workstation, or PC

Any network type

Access for mobile devices

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Klasifikasi DSS

Alter

Extent to which outputs can directly support or determine the decision

Data oriented or model oriented

Holsapple and Whinston

Text oriented, database oriented, spreadsheet oriented, solver oriented, rule oriented, or compound

Intelligent

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(ad hoc analysis)

Klasifikasi DSS

Donovan and Madnick

Institutional

Problems of recurring nature

Ad hoc

Problems that are not anticipated or are not repetitive

Hackathorn and Keen

Personal support, group support, or organizational support

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Klasifikasi DSS

GSS v. Individual DSS

Decisions made by entire group or by lone decision maker

Custom made v. vendor ready made

Generic DSS may be modified for use

Database, models, interface, support are built in

Addresses repeatable industry problems

Reduces costs

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Web and DSS

Data collection

Communications

Collaborations

Download capabilities

Run on Web servers

Simplifies integration problems

Increased usability features

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TABLE 3.1 DSS versus EDP.

Dimension

DSS

EDP

Use

Active

Passive

User

Line and staff

management

Clerical

Goal

Effectiveness

Mechanical

efficiency

Time

Horizon

Present and future

Past

Objective

Flexibility

Consistency

Source: Alter [1980].

TABLE 3.1 DSS versus EDP.

Dimension

DSS

EDP

Use

Active

Passive

User

Line and staff management

Clerical

Goal

Effectiveness

Mechanical efficiency

Time Horizon

Present and future

Past

Objective

Flexibility

Consistency

Source: Alter [1980].

TABLE 3.2 Concepts Underlying DSS Definitions.

Source

DSS Defined in Terms of

Gorry and Scott Morton [1971]

Problem type, system function (support)

Little [1970]

System function, interface

characteristics

Alter [1980]

Usage pattern, system objectives

Moore and

Chang [1980]

Usage pattern, system capabilities

Bonczek, et al. [1996]

System components

Keen [1980]

Development process

TABLE 3.2 Concepts Underlying DSS Definitions.

Source

DSS Defined in Terms of

Gorry and Scott Morton [1971]

Problem type, system function (support)

Little [1970]

System function, interface characteristics

Alter [1980]

Usage pattern, system objectives

Moore and Chang [1980]

Usage pattern, system capabilities

Bonczek, et al. [1996]

System components

Keen [1980]

Development process