perspective on biodiversity and community participation in indonesia
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Perspective on biodiversity and community participation in Indonesia. Rhett A. Butler mongabay.com. mongabay.com. Biodiversity: What is it?. Keanekaragaman Hayati: Apa itu?. mongabay.com. INDONESIA. USA. California. North Sumatra. mongabay.com. INDONESIA. USA. Mammals / Mamalia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Perspective on biodiversity and community participation in
IndonesiaRhett A. Butlermongabay.com
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Biodiversity: What is it?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Apa itu?
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INDONESIAINDONESIA USAUSA
North Sumatra California
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INDONESIAINDONESIA USAUSAMammals / MamaliaMammals / Mamalia
667667 468468Birds / Burung:Birds / Burung:
16041604 888888Reptiles / Reptil:Reptiles / Reptil:
749749 360360Plants / Tanaman:Plants / Tanaman:
30,00030,000 20,000 20,000
Mammals / MamaliaMammals / Mamalia 667667 468468
Birds / Burung:Birds / Burung:16041604 888888
Reptiles / Reptil:Reptiles / Reptil: 749749 360360
Plants / Tanaman:Plants / Tanaman: 30,00030,000 20,000 20,000
Biodiversity: Why is it important?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting?
-Ecosystem services -Food, fiber, fuel-Medicine (Calanolide A)
-Jasa ekosistem-Makanan, serat, bahan bakar-Kedokteran (Calanolide A)
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Bali
Indonesian examples-Indonesia peatlands store 55 billion tons of carbon-Ecotourism: orangutans, Komodo dragons, and coral reefs-Oil palm is a rainforest species
Indonesia:-Lahan gambut Indonesia menyimpan 55 miliar ton karbon-Ekowisata: orangutan, komodo, dan terumbu karang-Kelapa sawit adalah spesies hutan hujan
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North Sumatra
Biodiversity: Why is it important?Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting?
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Trends in BiodiversityTren Keanekaragaman Hayati
Central Kalimantan
Trends in Biodiversity - Global
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Peru
Deforestasi: 9,3 juta hektar / tahun 2000-10, termasuk 40 ha m dari hutan primer
Trends in Biodiversity - Global
8 of 10 warmest years since 1880 have occurred since 19988 dari 10 tahun terpanas sejak 1880 telah terjadi sejak tahun 1998
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Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife
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Mammals Primates in Asia Mamalia Primata di Asia
ICUN Red List - percent threatenedICUN Red List - persen terancam
Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife
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Amphibians Reptiles
ICUN Red List - percent threatened
Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife
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Corals Birds
ICUN Red List - percent threatened
Tren Keanekaragaman Hayati - Global
Hutan Hujan Tropis Amazon: Dua musim kemarau terbesar terjadi dalam kurun lima tahun terakhir
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Trends in Biodiversity - Indonesia
Wildlife-147 mammal species, 114 birds threatened-Bali and Java tigers extinct, Sumatran critically endangered-Javan and Sumatran rhinos critically endangered
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Trends in Biodiversity - IndonesiaAnnual deforestation in Sumatra and Kalimantan, 2000-2008 (1000 ha)
Tahunan deforestasi di Sumatera dan Kalimantan, 2000-2008
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Data: Broich 2011
Why is Indonesia’s biodiversity declining?Mengapa keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia menurun?
-Population-Corruption, land-grabbing, and unclear land rights-Shift toward Western development model over past century
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Jambi
Tradeoffs: At what cost?Pengorbanan: Pada apa biaya?
-Industrialization:
-New opportunities-Economic growth
… but also-Environmental degradation-Cultural loss-Loss of self-reliance
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Sabah, Malaysia
Industrialisasi:-Peluang baru-Pertumbuhan ekonomi... tetapi juga-Degradasi lingkungan-Budaya rugi-Kehilangan kemandirian
Are tradeoffs avoidable?Apakah pengorbanan dihindari?
-Big country with lots of forest, biodiversity, cultural diversity-Agriculture, forestry, and mining are important economic sectors-Increased emphasis on sustainability-Deforestation reduced 80% since 2004, per capita GDP up 37%-Growing interest in ecosystem services markets ($30B/yr by 2030?)
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-Besar negara dengan banyak hutan, keanekaragaman hayati, keanekaragaman budaya-Pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan merupakan sektor ekonomi yang penting-Meningkatnya penekanan pada keberlanjutan-Deforestasi berkurang 80% sejak tahun 2004, PDB per kapita naik 37%-Tumbuh bunga di pasar jasa ekosistem ($ 30B/yr pada tahun 2030?)
Brazil’s model / Brasil Model:
Forum Amazon Berkelanjutan (Brazil)
-Proses pemegang saham -Kalangan pebisnis di Brazil memperlihatkan kepemimpinan -Memaksa para politikus mengambil sikap tegas dalam masalah perubahan iklim dan penebangan hutan -Brazil sekarang ini mempunyai target yang ambisius untuk mengurangi penebangan hutan dan emisi
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Protecting BiodiversityBiodiversityMelindungi Keanekaragaman Hayati
North Sulawesi
Protected areas
-Traditional approach-11% of Indonesia, including 16% of forests (on paper)-But not enough
-Park approach doesn’t directly deliver benefits to many people-Paper parks
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West Papua
Protecting biodiversity outside parksMelindungi keanekaragaman hayati di luar taman
-Reduce environmental impact of commercial operations-Community resource management
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Sumatra
Community resource managementPengelolaan sumber daya masyarakat
Community-scale management can have lower impact than industrial-scale managementAgroforestry: more biodiversity than plantations, less pollution, more ecosystem servicesCommunity forestry instead of illegal loggingMore livelihoods per hectarePotentially compatible with REDD+Often consistent with land rights and culture, self-reliance
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Central Kalimantan
Keys to community participationKunci untuk partisipasi masyarakat
-Community mapping-Secure rights to land/resources-Receive compensation/block damaging projects-Establish basis for understanding resource use-Plan for future use: how much is enough? Is use consistent with needs, value, and culture?
-Government level-Policy reform-Transparency
-Engagement with companies-FPIC-Stakeholder involvement in planning process-Grievance and conflict resolution process-Monitoring and evaluation
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Torajaland, Sulawesi
Lack of community participation-Corruption-Loss of customary knowledge and culture
-Relationship with land changes-Ecosystem perceived as less valuable as culture dies-Knowledge of value of forest disappears
-Inter-community conflict-Money, status, land, development
-Conflict with companies, government-Risk for companies that source from conflict areas
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Papua
Sago forestry in Tebing TinggiSagu kehutanan di Tebing Tinggi
-Community of Sungai Tohor on the island of Tebing Tinggi-Sago palm grown in peat forests-Grow taller when protected by forest trees; industrial cultivation results in lower yields-Sago starch exported to Java and Malaysia
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Tebing Tinggi. Courtesy of Lafcadio Cortesi
US: Ecotrust ecological forestry-U.S. forestry can’t compete in low value market; instead target high value market-Sustainable forest management approach with 100-year concessions-Revenue from timber, secondary forest products, ecosystem services (carbon), sales of conservation easements-“Triple bottom line”: communities, environment, profit
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California
mongabay.comNorth Sulawesi
Benefits of Biodiversity
-Direct benefits-Ecosystem services-Option value-New markets
-Manfaat langsung-Jasa ekosistem-Nilai Opsi-Pasar baru
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California (USA)
Ecosystem services / Jasa ekosistemEconomics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative:-99 million Indonesians dependent on ecosystem services-Ecosystem services account for 21% of Indonesia’s GDP-Ecosystem services account of 75% of GDP of Indonesia’s rural poor
-99 juta tergantung pada jasa ekosistem Indonesia-Jasa ekosistem account untuk 21% dari PDB Indonesia-Jasa ekosistem rekening 75% dari PDB di Indonesia miskin pedesaan
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North Sumatra
Reduce environmental problemsMengurangi masalah lingkungan
-Protecting forests and peatlands fights haze-Healthy forests help cut water and air pollution-Forests help regulate water flows, reducing the incidence of flooding and drought-Mangroves buffer coastlines from erosion
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Option value / Nilai Opsi-Oil palm is valuable, but it is not unique
-Brazil’s 5M ha of certified sustainable palm oil-What’s the next oil palm?
-Indonesia’s biodiversity is unique and irreplaceable
-Once a species is lost it cannot be replaced-Gastric brooding toad
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New markets / Pasar Baru-REDD +-Lain-pembayaran untuk jasa ekosistem (air, pengendalian erosi, penyerbukan, keanekaragaman hayati)-Kepemimpinan peluang bagi Indonesia
-Ekosistem Indonesia telah banyak karbon dan keanekaragaman hayati
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North Sulawesi
Trends / Tren-Peraturan (pemerintah)
-Lacey Act (USA)-FLEG-T (Eropa)-Biofuels standar (E.U. dan California)
-Pasar (perusahaan)-Gambar keprihatinan-CSR-Membeli praktek / rantai suplai
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North Sumatra
Trends-Regulation (governments)
-Lacey Act (U.S.)-FLEG-T (Europe)-Biofuels standards (E.U. and California)
-Markets (companies)-Image concerns-CSR programs-Buying practices / supply chains
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Consumer-facing companies / Perusahaan-Europe, U.S., Brazil-Concerned about market perception-Don’t want controversy over deforestation, social conflict-Chain of custody control as risk mitigation strategy
-Melamine scandal-Beef recalls-Litigation very expensive
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North Sumatra
Big companies making big changesPerusahaan besar membuat perubahan besar
-Walmart-100% RSPO palm oil by 2015-Global cattle tracking system-Packaging reduction mandate-CO2 emissions tracking
-Unilever, Nestle, Kraft, Carrefour-RSPO targets
-The Body Shop-Canceled palm oil contract with RSPO-certified supplier over social conflict (Oct 2010)
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West Papua
Soy in the Amazon / Kedelai di Amazon-Major contributor to deforestation-Rapid expansion (1M ha in 1990, 7M ha in 2005)-2006 Greenpeace report linked Amazon soy to McDonald’s-McDonald’s gave suppliers an ultimatum: clean up or lose our business-Moratorium on deforestation for soy since 2006
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Brazil
Is palm oil next? / Apakah kelapa sawit selanjutnya?
-Pressure from markets:-Unilever, Walmart, Carrefour, Nestle-Dutch government-E.U. biofuels regulations
-Pressure from competitors (Brazil)-Industry action:
-Golden Agri Resources (Feb 2011)-RSPO / ISPO
-REDD+ Moratorium-Degraded lands opportunity-Satellite imagery = transparency?
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Sabah, Malaysia
What are progressive companies seeking?Apa adalah perusahaan progresif cari?
-From Indonesian companies:-Credible supply chains (traceability)-Low or no deforestation, biodiversity loss-Good community relations including FPIC and no conflict
-From Indonesian government:-Policies that include recognition of rights and climate, biodiversity, and social safeguards (risk mitigation)-Reduced corruption
-Obama’s enforcement of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
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North Sulawesi
Capitalizing on the sustainability shiftMemanfaatkan pergeseran keberlanjutan
-Indonesian companies that demonstrate stewardship, good community relations are well-positioned to benefit-Rich biodiversity and global concern about climate change provide an opportunity for Indonesian companies and Indonesia to lead-Indonesia’s opportunity to leap-frog dirty development and achieve low carbon development
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West Papua
Don’t lose the good thingsTidak kehilangan hal-hal yang baik
-Economic development brings benefits, but don’t forget what makes Indonesia unique:
-culture and biodiversity-neither can be replaced
-Economic development can occur without abandoning culture.-U.S.: a lot of materialism, but shift toward embracing ‘lost’ culture
-Focus on communities-Walmart’s local sourcing program
-Political movements (Tea party) emphasize core values
-Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special
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North Sulawesi
-Economic development brings a lot of good things, but also bad things-Don’t lose what makes Indonesia unique: culture and biodiversity. Neither can be replaced.-Don’t need to abandon culture.-Many cities in the U.S. have no personality-Trend in U.S. is shift back toward roots and core beliefs, communitiies
-Political movements: Tea party-Big companies: Walmart’s local sourcing
-Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special
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Facebook: mongabay Web: indonesia.mongabay.com mongabay-indonesia (Bahasa) (Bahasa Indonesia)
Twitter: @mongabay @ecobahasa (Bahasa + English)
@IndoMongabay (Bahasa)
Rhett Butler -- rhett @ mongabay.com
Sustainable Amazon Forum (Brazil)-Multi-stakeholder process-Brazilian business show leadership-Force politicians to take strong stance on climate change and deforestation-Brazil now has ambitious targets for reducing deforestation and emissions
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North Sulawesi
Cattle in the Amazon-Biggest single driver of deforestation-Hundreds of thousands of farmers-No governance; corruption-Summer 2009: transformation-Led by municipalities and companies (not central government)-Zero deforestation mandate from Walmart, Nike, others
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Brazil
Bolsa Floresta (Brazil) model-Amazonas, Brazil-Direct payments (Rp 280,000/mo/family) to communities for “making no smoke”-Families attend environmental awareness training-Children enrolled in school-Incentives and training for bee keeping, fish farming, sustainable forest management
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Brazil
Community participation and REDDPartisipasi masyarakat dan REDD
-2009 Studi: emisi yang lebih rendah di hutan-hutan masyarakat yang dikelola-Partisipasi masyarakat memberikan masyarakat saham dalam REDD-Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan 'bonus' untuk pasar
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Sabah, Malaysia