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Different learners learn differently

Visual and Auditory styles: preference that learners usually show in a formal classroom either visual or auditory.

Cross-cultural differences: Japanese least auditory oriented than Chinese and Arabic students

Korean: more visually oriented than native English –speaking American

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

A. Avoidance strategies

1. Message abandonment: leaving a message incomplete

2. Topic avoidance: avoiding topic areas or concepts that pose language difficulties.

PERSONALITY FACTORS

Self-Esteem: self confidence, knowledge of oneself (global stable among mature adults & situational--self appraisal, and task)

Inhibition: ego protection, Language ego

Risk-taking

Anxiety

Empathy: ‘is the process of putting yourself into someone else’s shoes’ to understand what another person is feeling

Extroversion: extroverted person is perceived as life of the party person. A person who has a deep-seated need to receive ego enhancement, self-esteem, and a sense of wholeness from other peope.

Introvert: quiet and reserved

MOTIVATION

Integrative

instrumental