personality disorders as predictors of lethal intimate partner violence

1 Running Head: PERSONALITY DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS

Personality Disorders as Predictors of Lethal Intimate Partner Violence:

Narcissistic and Paranoid Personality Disorders

Donna L. DeMond

Regis University

Authors Note

Donna L. DeMond, Department of Criminology, Regis University

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Donna L. DeMond, Department

of Criminology, Regis University, Denver, CO. 80221

Contact author: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

2 PERSONALITY DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS

Table of Contents

Introduction/Problem Statement……………………………………………………………….5-8

Definition of Lethal IPV ………………………………………………………………………...8

Definition of Personality Disorder……………………………………………………………..8-9

Definition of Narcissistic Personality Disorder……………………………………………….....9

Definition of Paranoid Personality Disorder……………………………………………………9

Definition of Borderline Personality Disorder………………………………………………..9-10

Definition of Anti-Social Personality Disorder………………………………………………10

Elements of Study…………………………………………………………………………10-11

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………11

Limitations of Research……………………………………………………………………11-12

Review of Literature………………………………………………………………………...12-16

Methods……………………………………………………………………………………..16-19

Procedures………………………………………………………………………………………19

Sample Group……………………………………………………………………………….19-20

Data Utilization……………………………………………………………………………........20

Mode of Analysis……………………………………………………………………………21-21

Diagnosis of Procedures………………………………………………………………………...21

Overview…………………………………………………………………………………….21-23


Case Studies: Male Offenders with NPD, or PPD………………………………………......23-27

Personality Traits That Predict Violent Behaviors…………………………………............27-28

IPV Without Recognizable PD’s……………………………………………………………….28

Secure and Insecure Attachments…………………………………………………………...28-30

The Prevalence of IPV Related Homicides…………………………………………………30-31

Love Triangles………………………………………………………………………………31-32

State of Michigan: Variables………………………………………………………………..32-36

Murder for Hire……………………………………...............................................................36-37

Discussion…………………………………………………………………….......................37-38

Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 38-40

References…………………………………………………………………………………...41-44

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………..45-47

Appendix A: Correlations of PD’s……………………………………………………...45

Appendix B: People of Infamy Who have Committed Lethal IPV…………………….46

Appendix C: Murder in the United States……………………………………………..47


Abstract

The topic of choice for research-lethal intimate partner violence (IPV)-as well as the antecedents

of those males that commit such offenses are being examined throughout this research study.

Lethal, which includes both attempted murder, and successful follow throughs upon the female

victim, will be emphasized within this paper. The disorders Narcissistic, and Paranoid

Personality Disorders will be used as the experimental group to be evaluated, to be able to

comprehend if these antecedents are indeed predictors of those that commit lethal IPV (Grohol,

2015). Personality disorders in particular in these offenders, opposed to those that have

committed a) acquaintance or stranger homicide, or b) or suicide are being evaluated. The female

victim, and the male perpetrator that has a strong predilection toward, a personality disorder(s) as

mentioned in the preceding portion of this study is the premise for this report. Conversely, the

characteristics of the female victim may be touched upon-- but will not be researched in-depth.

Keywords criminology, lethal, intimate partner violence, personality disorders


Introduction

Domestic Violence (DV) - also known as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) - is something

that is viewed as an epidemic in today’s society. The topic is nothing new, and the issue is not

something that is a passing phenomenon; IPV remains steady in its number of occurrences, and

has also seen a steady increase in the female victim being wounded severely, and often times

fatally (Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.).

Somewhere in this country right now, a female victim is concerned about what will

happen when her intimate partner returns to her after a work day, party, or whatever the case

may be. Somewhere at this very moment while the reader is becoming aware of this very real

epidemic, a female is being emotionally, physically, or sexually abused by her current, or former

intimate partner (Florida Coalition against Domestic Violence, n.d.); wives, and ex-wives,

girlfriends, and former girlfriends as well, are all a part of this depiction. Four women are

murdered everyday by their former, or current intimate partners (Florida Coalition against

Domestic Violence, n.d.). The Florida Coalition against Domestic Violence (n.d.) states that

women ages thirty-five, through to forty-nine years old, are the most vulnerable to Lethal IPV.

Murder, via Intimate Partner Violence is an ongoing problem that many women face day after

day, and a nationwide problem that has not shown any signs of cessation (Florida Coalition

against Domestic Violence, n.d.).

Lethal IPV Incidences: FL., and MI.

May, 2015-- in Oscoda County, which is located in Northern Michigan, a woman who

had been battered for years by her former boyfriend was murdered, along with her three children


after leaving the town where they resided as a family-- needing to go elsewhere for safety from

the abusive ex-boyfriend. The offender in this case killed himself as well as the female, and her

children (Radecki, 2015). February 13, 2015-in Hillsborough County-located within the western

hemisphere of Florida, a woman that was reported to be estranged from her soon to be ex -

husband, was brutally shot, by her former spouse-- while their children watched the terror

unfold. These are merely two variants in the types of scenarios, and demeanors of those that

commit fatal intimate partner violence (Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office, 2015).

With so many ongoing issues as it relates to domestic violence—including lethal intimate

partner violence, many professionals, policy makers, and laypersons alike are looking to

understand what happens in the psychology of the male who batters, and then who progresses

into stalking, and murder of his female counterpart. What makes the male who batters, then

potentially kills his intimate partner proverbially tick behind the surface? Are there psychiatric

disorders that predict how and when these individuals will batter, stalk, and go on to murder their

former-or current intimate partners? For treatment of the batterers and prevention of future lethal

violence, the antecedents of those who commit Lethal IPV are required to be investigated even

further in-depth.

Regarding the examination of the criminal mind relating to antecedents of the lethal

batterer--an eclectic approach of theory will be utilized within this research study for a broader

perspective on what spurs the criminogenic mind frames of this type of individual. The following

theories are considered with the criminality of the batterer, and what makes he who murders his

female victim, opposed to non-batterers: Psychodynamic Traits Theory, Rational Choice Theory,

and Routine Activities Theory.


Psychodynamic Traits Theory stresses that there are significant emotional attachments

from childhood that are guiding our future relationships (Dechant, 2009). The negative

experiences the criminals had as children have damaged their egos making the offenders unable

to cope with societal norms, thus causing the irrational and potentially battering behaviors

(Dechant, 2009). Rational Choice Theory posits that individuals act in their own best self-

interests, and make their decisions to commit any crime after they weigh the risks, and

rewards—but continue on with the criminality iregardless (Dechant, 2009). Lastly, The Routine

Activities Theory brings forth a simple equation of understanding three simple concepts

regarding criminality: 1) there is a motivated criminal, 2) there is a suitable target, or victim, and

3) there is lack of guardianship over the intended person, or property (Farrel, Clark, Ellingworth,

& Pease; 2005). Clearly there is a cause and effect correlation between the mentalities of the

offender speculated within these criminological theories as posited here, as well as the disorders

with the behaviors within the research material. Subsequently, it is quite apparent that the

motivators, additional to comprehending the antecedents present in the male that commits:

battering, stalking, and homicide, are chronic issues that need more direct assistance to be able to

foretell when a victimization may transpire--even before battering occurs the first time. This may

be helpful in paving the way for laws to be amended, and prevention techniques to be positioned

to better prevent occurrences to begin with. Stricter laws, better honed treatment, and prevention

tactics need to be in place. Understanding the male batterer more in depth is quintessential for

any of these changes to be implemented. Correspondingly—a depiction of specific

comprehensions of what the terms, lethal refer to, Intimate Partner Violence, personality

disorders, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Borderline, and

Antisocial Personality Disorders before the research, and the results are presented. Additionally,


to follow within this research, is how these personality disorders, whether they be overt

observable traits, or meet full diagnostic criteria for each disorder—how they correlate with

aggression, an violent behaviors in the battering male—as well as help to predict not only

violence, but lethal IPV.

Terminology Defined

In the following paragraphs, the terms that need distinction as they relate to this research

endeavor, as well as general concepts of the verbiage will be explained.

Lethal IPV.

The official definition of the term lethal refers to a) causing, or able to cause death, b)

grave damage, or destruction (Meriam Webster, 2015). Addition to the aforementioned—the

definition of the term Intimate Partner Violence refers to actual, or threatened physical, sexual,

or psychological harm by current, or former romantic partners (Maryland Department of Health,

2012). Examples of the said can be referring to hitting, choking, restraining her from leaving,

unwanted sexual acts, stalking and harassing, name calling, threats of violence, control over

reproduction (refusal to wear condoms during intercourse), and inflicting his partner with sexual

transmitted diseases willfully (Maryland Department of Health, 2012).

Personality Disorders (PD’s).

Personality Disorders can be described by the following concepts: distorted thinking

patterns, and problems with emotional responses; individuals with personality disorders are

either over, or under regulatory with their impulse control, and have chronic interpersonal

difficulties (Grohol, 2015).


Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).

Individuals with this disorder “have significant problems with their sense of self-worth,

stemming from a powerful sense of self entitlement” (Hoerman, Zupannick, & Dombeck, 2015;

p.2); this initiates within this person a desire to prove they have superiority, and a need to react

strongly when they are not receiving treatment by others that meets the ideation that they are

better than everyone else. This thought process is that of the individual with NPD being

particularly smarter, more attractive, and more capable (whatever the case may be)- which leads

him, to mistreat the people that surround them because they are not being valued the way they

believe they should be by others. This in turn causes the upsets that are cumulating in the

individual lashing out at the intended target. In this case, it is the IP. Notoriety, social status,

material wealth for examples-- are very crucial to the self-satisfaction, and the ego remaining in

balance for this type of person. Any disruption, or wounding of the preceding in someone with

this disorder provokes intense emotional reactions—including anger, when their needs are not

satisfied to their standards (Hoerman, et al., 2015; & Grohol, 2015).

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD).

An individual with this disorder has “a pervasive mistrust, and suspiciousness of other

people” [w]ithout being provoked; “people with this disorder assume others are out to harm

them, take advantage of them, humiliate them” (Hoerman, et al., 2015; p.1). They may attack

quickly if they have an inkling of perception that someone-- their romantic interest, is practicing

the perceived erroneous behavior. This can include romantic, and sexual relationships as well

platonic relationships. Pathological jealously, and infidelity, are continual thought processes of

misdeeds done to them amongst persons with PPD. These individuals also tend to hold grudges

eminently against those that have inflicted the perceived wrongs in their worlds (Grohol, 2015).


Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

Individuals with this disorder tend to experience intense, unstable emotions, and moods

to the point where they can shift from moment to moment erratically without much provocation

(Grohol, 2015).When their anger is aroused by what may be a sense of betrayal, or what may be

a threat to the security-longevity of a relationship—they are quick to act, and over react;

subsequently, they are slow to calm themselves down. When they are distinctly emotional as

such—they engage in risky behaviors such as binge drinking, or illicit substance use (cocaine is

often the substance of choice). Sexual promiscuity often comes into the scenario atop the other

variables mentioned. The fear of abandonment is what premediates the individuals with BPD to

react as they do (Grohol, 2015).

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD).

Individuals with this disorder have “pervasive patterns of disregard for the rights of

others” which manifests itself as hostility, and or aggressive behaviors” (Hoerman, et al., 2015;

p.2). These aggressive behaviors may manifest themselves in an obvious manner, (i.e. picking

fights, bullying, being physical), or in a covert manner (pushing to the head of a long line, calling

someone often when it is unwanted or uninvited). These chronic indicators may prevail from

adolescence, which could begin as acts of bullying peers, truancy from school, problems with

anyone of authority, and the notorious act of mutilating, or hurting animals (Grohol, 2015). Risk

taking, and lack of remorse of causing harm to any number of individuals or property, is a

hallmark trait of APD. Once again they do not respect authority, or people that are deemed “in

charge” (Grohol, 2015).

The Elements of Research


In direct juxtaposition with the language utilized to introduce the reader to what defines a

P.D., and what traits those that are being depicted for this study exhibit—the male offender that

is a) showing multiple traits of any of these disorders, or b) have a full syndromes for any of

diagnosable P.D.’s, are congruent with many batterers that have gone on to commit lethal IPV.

In the proceeding pages, specific case studies will be presented, as well as probable PD’s that

each of these offenders possess. Also, the overlapping characteristics of any of the preceding

mentioned and how they relate to lethal IPV (see Appendix B).

Offenders aggressive, or violent behaviors that have progressed to stalking, and then

following through with lethal violence upon their significant others—whether they had been

current, or former are being looked upon for further evaluation. The experimental group as

proposed for this research consists of those with NPD, and PPD, as proposed within the

hypothesis that these P.D.’s are predictors of lethal Domestic Violence (D.V.). Additionally, the

control group participants for this research will consist of those that have BPD, and APD’s. The

dependent variable of the male offender who commits the crime of murder, versus those that a)

commit murder upon strangers, or acquaintances, and b) those that commit suicide, are being

delved into. Lastly—a nomothetic causality, concerning substance use during the commission of

the crimes are being gauged as well (Babbie, 2013).

Hypothesis.

Male perpetrators of Lethal IPV, exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and,

or, Narcissistic Personality Disorders, or have meet full diagnostic criteria.

Limitations, and Delimitations of Research.


Because of the sensitivity, and the possible—legal, and or ethical ramifications with this

population(s), victims, and or the surviving members may not have the willingness to participate

in a study as it relates to oneself, or loved one being slain by a former IP. Because of these

instances, surveys, and questioners are literally not allowed in a) domestic violence centers, and

prison systems are not aware in some cases what classifications of murder the offender has

committed. They are only privy to murder for hire for example as a general charge of what the

crime was, and not the intimate details. These are some of the very distinct limitations regarding

research on known, or convicted offenders, and victims of lethal IPV. Delimitations of this study

are that numerical data is readily available for the general public’s use, on cites such as FBI’s

website, and The NCR (National Crime Report), as well as most local law enforcement agencies

web sites. Domestic Violence help sites, also provide information on statistics, and scenarios as

well.

Literature Review

Speaking specifically of the subject matter of fatalities as it regards intimate partner

violence, specific case studies, as well as general statistics concerning the said, and literature

presented within this study reiterates, and compliments the original hypothesis of NPD, and

PPD’s being interrelated- adjacent to- lethal IPV, and aggression, and violence overall.

Authors Varley, Thorton, Graham-Kevan, & Archer (2010), speak of personality traits

that are directly related to predictions of violent behaviors. Within the article Adaptive &

Maladaptive Personality Traits as Predictors of Violent and Nonviolent Behaviors in Men, and

Women, this study specifically ties together Cluster A, and B PD’s, as well as the way either sex

behaves in the core of controversial scenarios. The terms low agreeableness is posited within this

material multiple times, reiterating how the PD’s, behavioral patterns, and the yield of


aggressive, or violent behaviors are the end result. The reactive behavior of physical aggression

is touched upon for both female and male perpetrators. The authors cite here that the low

agreeableness (as posited in within the beginning of the paragraph), are undeniably correlated

with IPV; furthermore NPD is affiliated with perpetrating crime, and violence both.

Additionally—NPD has been associated with violence when in relationships (Varley, et al.;

2010). It appears as though what spurs the aggression in someone with NPD is when a threat to

the ego, on the chronic need for self-appraisal is encumbered, causing the upheaval between the

romantic partners. Subsequently, authors Leonardo-Bvck, Leeaars, Geradus Emme-Kamp, & van

Marle (2014) also speak about personality traits as it relates to IPV; within the article Personality

Traits are Related to Intimate Partner Violence Among Securely Attached Individuals, the

authors debunk the general concept that male batterers are insecurely attached individuals. This

study states that roughly forty percent of male batterers in recent studies were found to have

secure attachment styles, opposed to the most common precept of male batterers being insecurely

attached because of parenting styles. Moreover, male perpetrators who were presumed to have

NPD, and, or BPD, were securely attached (Leonardo-Bvck et al.). In (2010), Esbec &

Echeburua go into depth explaining the official psychitric diagnoses of personality disorders,

especially as they relate to committed violence in offenders (DeMond, 2015); as it concerns the

subcategories, or clusters as per the classiciation system in the Diagnostic and Statistic reference

book for mental disorders, PD’s are subdivided in the groups Clusters A, B, and C. Paranoid,

Borderline, and Narcassistic PD’s are most commonly affilated with violence, including lethal

domestic violence. This may include full diagnostic criteria for these disorders, or a signifcant

amount of the traits as proposed within the DSM (Esbec & Echeburua, 2010). As it concerns

theory of the criminal thought process, Dechant (2009), as well as Farrel, Clark, Ellingworth, &


Pease (2005), explain the premise of what drives, and motivates the criminaility from different

perspectives; as it concerns the Psychodynamical Trait Theory as proposed in the research

Psychology of Criminal Behaviors: Theories from Past to Present, authors introduce the

importance of the subliminal activity stemming from childhood, that triggers the behaviors of the

present day criminality of an individual. The ego damage inflicted upon the now adult causes the

individual to behave in manner that is not deemed pro-social, in an effort to recooperate the lack

of ability to adapt to societal norms, thus causing the antisocial behavior patterns (Dechant,

2009). Also, Farrel, et al., cite that what motivates criminal activity is based upon three simple

concepts: motivation to committ any crime, a suitable target, or victim, and lack of safety

surrounding the person, or things being targeted for the crime.

Referring back to the original precept for correating IPV, and PD’s, Haggstrom, and

Petersson, (n.d.) present their scholarly research that pertains to mental disorders, and the direct

connection with violence between the male offender, and the female victim in the article

Characteristics of Intimate Partner Homicide Perpetrators. Additionally, these perpetrators use

reactive violence with their partners which is triggered by the male offender feeling vulnerable

because they have a sense of loss of control over a situation causing them to lash out

aggressively, or violently with their intimate partners (Haggstrom and Petersson, n.d.). This

exertion of control to combat the vulnerability in the offender can cumulate in not just physical

violence, but verbal, sexual, emotional, and perhaps even stalking of the female counterpart.

In direct contradiction to all theories posited on antecedents prior to lethal IPV, there are

two case studies which demonstrate otherwise: Psychic Family Violence and Pathological

Jealousy with Tragic Consequences, Buhas (2013), and Nelson, & Sherwood, To Blame Chris

Benoit's Murder, Suicide: Was Brain Damage? (2010) both express in each case scenario where no


known domestic violence, or over aggressive behaviors towards the former female intimate

partners exisisted prior to the crimes. Also -and of equal importance-there were no known

reported pychitric illness’ prior to either murders. These are the exceptions to the figurative rules

as presented with the variances in all other scenarios presented. Consequently, in the case studies

interwoven throughtout this study— the represetations of intimate partner violence that did

progress into murderous conspiracies are the case studies of the male perpetrators who did

committ these heinous crimes against their IP. These criminals consist of the notorious cases of

Scott Peterson, who killed his then preganant wife, Drew Peterson, (no known relation to the

former) who killed one of his former wives, and is suspected of killing yet a second wife, and

Charles “Buck” Thurman who is known for the overt, and savage attempted murder of his former

wife Tracy Thurman. In these instances authors Gore (2011), Lannmark Domestic Violence

Legislation: Tracy Thurman, vs. Torrington, CT, Is There a Dovonside?, and the articles Scott

Peterson: Statement Anaysis, author McClish (2003), and Drew Peterson Biogrpahy”

Murdered, by author Bio (2015) speak of the specifc details of the criminality of murder upon

their former intimate partners, as well as illustrate their behaviors, demeanors, and motives for

stalking, and murdering their wives, and girlfriends. Supplimentary, and complimentary to these

news articles are videos1, and or audio taped footgage of one –on- one interviews with these

criminals while there were missing persons (their female vicitms). [(Note that there was also as

forensic evidence, after mising persons were delclared, which had each of them detained on

suspicion of homicide)] (Gore (2011; McClish, 2003; & Bio, 2015). In some instances trials

were pending for the murders of missing women during the search for the former IP’s 2. In each

of the instances, their behaviors appear bizarre (i.e. calm, aloof, and intensley self assured,

1 See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11LAvopWkUQ 2 See http://www.today.com/id/30759276#.VVyzC0ZRJZZ

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.youtube.com/

http://www.today.com/id/30759276%23.VVyzC0ZRJZZ


inspite of incarcerations, and accusations,). These offenders, all, or in part, are representive of

the mindframes that are conducive to persons with NPD, and PPD (Gore 2011; McClish, 2003;

Bio, 2015; & Grohol, 2015). In some instances trials were pending for the murders of vicitms,

and they remained diligently confient that they would be acquited of any wrong doing where

there former IP’s were concerned.

Lastly, quantitive study on the demogrpahics of the vicitms killed via lethal intimate

partner violence, what weapons were used by the perpetrators, as well as timelines are provided

through federal law enforcments agencies, local agencies, as well as including multiple

variances in timespans. The F.B.I: Crime in the United States: Expanded Homicide Data, by

authors Unified Crime Report-F.B.I. (2010), presents data that states murder as being the number

one on the list of violent crimes committed. Additionally, lethal IPV ranking just under murder

by strangers, or acquaintances. As well, in the The F.B.I.: Special Report: Violence Among

Family and Intimate Partner, F.B.I. (2003), the number of wives, ex-wives, girlfriends, and ex-

girlfriends murdered by their former IPV is presented in clear, and fathomable data for quantitive

assessments.

Unmistakably with the clear and present danger that revolves around a) aggression,

b)violence, c) domestic violence, that are directly linked to d) lethal intimate partner violence,

and PD’s, the variances in literature pin points the necessity for review, as well as the

expounding upon of understanding what predilections are correlated with these disorders, and

specifically lethal IPV.

Methods


Concerning the hypothesis for this research study-Male perpetrators of Lethal

IPV, exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and, or, Narcissistic Personality

Disorders, or have meet full diagnostic criteria- the following need to be considered: when male

offenders (as depicted throughout the research) commit murder against their either former, or

current female victims (intimate partners),often times either some aspects of their personality are

what clinicians, and laypersons alike , label as disordered. That is, there are overt parts of the

offender’s behaviors, and distinct actions of theirs that make the person experiencing his

behaviors pervasive, somehow catastrophic for the receiver of their actions. Furthermore, these

individuals with either a large amount of the traits of someone with PD’s, or who actually meet

the full diagnostic criteria , exhibit aggression, and or violence in order to gain control over a

person, and or situation that makes them feel vulnerable, or at any type risk for loss. Moreover,

people that are clinically diagnosed with PD’s are often in the criminal justice system, being

charged with any variance of domestic violence, including homicide--hence the association with

PD; s and Lethal IPV.

The expected outcome of understanding is directed at being able to foresee the predictors

of those that are probable to commit lethal domestic violence, in hopes to prevent further acts

down the road, with interventions such as treatment for batterers as well as a more profound

understanding, and outlook for the female victims of domestic violence, before the former

mentioned, evolves into a fatality. Also a stricter viewpoint as it considers law enforcement

interventions, as well as policy change regarding stalking-as a premise of IPV, and lethal IPV are

in effect throughout this study.

In this exploratory, and explanatory study of lethal IPV offenders, the antecedents of

those males that commit such offenses are delved into, attempting to discover more in-depth,


and expounded upon evidence that PD’s: PPD, and NPD are undeniably predictors of homicide

that is related to domestic violence, whether it be former, or current girlfriends, or marital

partners.

As it honors the statement of relationship (hypothesis): Male perpetrators of Lethal IPV,

exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and, or, Narcissistic Personality Disorders,

or have meet full diagnostic criteria, the specific criteria to be tested to prove the hypothesis to

be true, is do male perpetrators—which are those only of the born male species, or gender, and

perpetrators as those who commit murder against their former, or current girlfriends, or marital

spouses? Also what constitutes lethality as it relates to IPV? This term can be explained as either

an attempt to murder the female partner, or a successful murder that has taken place. A actual

death need not have taken place on the female victim, only the initial act of following through

with the plan of her demise—by her being slain regardless of how, or the outcomes (Mauch, &

Park, 2003). The verbiage of full diagnostic criteria, versus exhibiting some criteria for PD’s

refers to the differences in any individuals showing partial diagnostic criteria without being able

to be clinically diagnosed by a professional that is distinctly trained to assess mental depravity,

or disorders within a forensic capacity (i.e.). Thus full criteria refers to having what

characteristics are needed to consist of those that have a PD, as illustrated within the DSM

(which ever model is most current). Lastly, PPD, and NPD, as defined within the DSM account

for pervasive, and chronic personalities of these offenders that make their intimate partner

relationships very taxing to be akin to, as well as to behold from an outside source. Perpetrators

affiliated with NPD, exhibit incisive needs to protect the ego, and prevail -over any adversity- at

any cost, which can include violence to the point of lethality (Grohol, 2015). Offenders that

exhibit PPD spend their waking moments making sure others do not betray them, even if they are


the ones acting in mischievous or untrustworthy manners. Their gear is to protect their own best

interests, as is a person with NPD. The ego of the person with NPD, and the protection of his

belongings, relationships, careers for examples, predominate over these particular male offenders

(Grohol, 2015). The female victim is the one that offends, or perpetrates harm in the male

disordered viewpoint, thus the violence, possible stalking, and possible evolution to murder

transpires with female victims and the male actors. Understanding, and reiterating these

depictions are a quintessential goal of a more in-depth insight into the mind of those that may

potentially commit lethal IPV.

Procedures

The population being examined for this study is as follows: a) male offenders with

antecedents of NPD, and PPD (or multiple traits of), before the lethal IPV transpires, b) male

offenders who commit lethal IPV without overt, or observable psychiatric disorders before fatal

IPV, C) male offenders who have committed homicide, other than IPV, and d) female victims of

IPV (Mauch, & Park, 2003). The verbiage of full diagnostic criteria, versus exhibiting some

criteria for PD’s, and the age range for the criminals being studied at this juncture consist of

eighteen, and older. The ages of female victims are also eighteen years of age, and above.

Sample Group.

Utilizing the State of Michigan website, both the statistica l information from the

Michigan State Police (MSP) webpage, as well as procurement of specific data as it references

lethal IPV, female victims, male perpetrators, and any substance used by the offending criminal

if it is applicable-- by referring to the MSP Records Department (MSP, 2015).


As it pertains to the selection of sample population, the MSP agency was used in

congruence with familiarity, of locations, and practices of this law enforcement agency. The

MSP agency enforces a wide variety of applications concerning statewide criminality. Domestic

Violence, whether lethal, or not, is of great magnitude in the state of Michigan, therefore, the law

enforcement in this region of the United States has approached this epidemic of crime in a

manner which evokes awareness for the surrounding communities, as well as additional training

for their law enforcement personnel (MSP, 2015).

Data Being Utilized.

Concerning the MSP agency, detailed reports on fatalities in relation to domestic

violence, as well as if any substances used by the offender during the commission of the act were

acquired from the records department. Also, quantitive data from a) The F.B.I. b) NCR

(National Crime Report), and Qualitive data was also studied via several case studies of both

infamous, as well unfamiliar cases across the United States. Lastly, prior research, and official

information has been also utilized to reinforce the theory upon which the premise of the study is

based upon—that males who offend using lethal IPV, have antecedents of PPD, and NPD’s (or

observable traits)-- prior to committing their crimes (The F.B.I.,2003 & MSP, 2015).

Mode of Analysis of Material.

Considering the analysis of the research material—the purpose of the proposed

hypothesis is to reveal that the PD’s NPD, and PPD specifically correlate with homicide as it

relates to IPV. The overall design of the study is structured around an exploratory-explanatory

basis (Babbie, 2013). Contemplating the Psychodynamic approach, as well as the Routine

Activities Theory as a basis for conception regarding the research proposal, these two


criminological theories are then also applied to the underlying theoretical framework as to why

these specific criminalities occur (Dechant, 2009; & Farrel et al.2005). Additionally, The

Rational Choice Theory, takes a direct look at the lucid thought process of the actor before

following through with the ultimate act of violence—being that of homicide (Dechant, 2009).

This theory also positively correlates with the subtype of Lethal IPV discussed elsewhere in this

study, stating that the male offenders know what they are doing, before the action occurs, versus

a heat of the moment reaction to betrayal that is often depicted in media coverage and movies.

Therefore, a cause and effect analysis, additional to a statistical analysis mode of approach is to

be utilized within this research endeavor. Subsequently- the timelines for retrieval of data being

utilized has been set forth as May, twenty- two thousand and fifteen, thus any data being utilized

at this juncture of the study, is being sanctioned to two separate year spans: two thousand

thirteen, through to two thousand fifteen, as well as nineteen ninety nine, though to two thousand

and one.

Diagram of Procedures


Overview

The National Institute of Justice (2007) posits that [s]talking is often included among

types of intimate partner violence. Stalking generally refers to harassing, or threatening behavior

that an individual engages in repeatedly, such as sending the victim unwanted presents,

following or lying in wait for the victim, damaging or threatening to damage the victim's

property, appearing at a victim's home or place of business, defaming the victim's character or

spreading rumors, or harassing the victim via the Internet by posting personal information. [A]s

with perpetrators of physical and sexual violence, stalkers may be motivated by a desire to exert

control over their victims. Stalking and intimate partner violence may co-occur (2007, para 8).

Subsequently, as it relates to stalking as a prelude to the follow through of death threats

from former intimate partners, those male offenders affiliated with these crimes (or pre-emptive

characteristics of homicide), are specifically correlated with the PD’s –NPD, and PPD as

described through the study as presented. As is the case with many notorious case studies, and

Lethal IPVPopulation:Male Offenders

Ages 18+

Population: Female Victims

Ages 18+

Sample Population: from states of Michgan, and Florida

Data: retrieved from F.B.I. database, NCR, MSP reports, Florida State Troopers,Case

Studies, and Relevant Scholarly research

Modes of Anaysis of material that has been utilized

Timeline Schedule for collection of data , and entire

process


many other common every day occurrences, lethal IPV whether it results in an actual death of

the intended female victim, or an attempt on a life as committed by the male former intimate

partner, stalking in some formation often occurs. Stalking as it relates to any or all of the

following are in sequence with those predictive behaviors that have committed lethal IPV, and

the PD’s PPD, and NPD: a) waiting, or following the intended target, b) ruining relationships, or

jobs of the victim, c) threatening the intended target, or the people the victim is closest to, d)

destroying property, and e) hiring private investigators, or using surveillance equipment to track

the victim’s whereabouts during the course of a day (The National Institute of Justice, 2007).

In a landmark case study, as it relates to IPV, and stalking as well, convicted offender

Charles “Buck” Thurman first physically, and psychologically abused his former wife—Tracy

Thurman. After Tracy, left with their very young child after enduring “Buck’s” abuse some time,

he stalked her for months, making direct, and specific threats to take her life (Broderick &

Ruthman, and.; Gore, 2015). Tracy barely survived a brutal attack on her life, in front of her

child, that left her partially disabled from the attack on her life—as promised by her former

husband. Charles Thurman, exhibited direct traits of paranoia often accusing his wife of being

unfaithful: as explained in the criteria for PPD, as well as his violent outbursts, and overall

abusive demeanor he had with Tracy; he also had exhibited this within his other rapports in life.

These all correlate with traits of PPD as depicted in DMV models (Broderick & Ruthman, &;

Gore, 2015). Subsequently, the notoriety of the convicted former military, and civilian officer

Drew Peterson, the abusive and controlling nature with one former girlfriend, and the death (and

suspicion of yet another intimate partner), also tabulates a correlation between, both PD’s NPD,

and PPD, and the traits that represent them so predominantly; these behaviors are in conjunction

with his maltreatment of all of his female IPs (Bio, 2015; & Celizic, 2009). Lastly, and also


infamous for lethal IPV, Scott Peterson, former husband of Laci Peterson, was convicted of

killing his pregnant wife and their unborn baby, and participating in stalking behaviors with his

former extramarital girlfriend Amber Frey (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003).

Scott Peterson did not overtly signal to the outside world that he had dangerous intentions toward

the mother of his child, like most case examples do. He however did prove to be aloof, theatrical,

and arrogant much like those behaviors characterized in NPD during the days his pregnant wife

was presumed missing. His behaviors were that of someone who did not have a concern in the

world, other than pursuing, and reigniting the romance with his former extra marital girlfriend.

(McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003). Scott Peterson did not overtly signal to the

outside world--his deviant thought processes.

Case Studies

The following case studies represent not only infamous examples of lethal IPV (with, or

without stalking), but those that have traits resembling those with PD’s of PPD, and NPD

(Grohol, 2015).

Charles “Buck” Thurman (PPD).

June 10, 1983—Charles “Buck” Thurman a man that was estranged from his then wife-Tracy

Thurman- savagely beat, kicked, stomped, cut, and stabbed her while she lie on the ground in a

pool of her own blood unable to defend herself from her attacker3. The wounds inflicted upon

her, by “Buck” Thurman consisted of over one dozen stab wounds to various parts of Tracy’s

body, three cuts to her throat (which included severing of her esophagus), and prints on her face

3 See movie based upon actual l ife events: The Tracy Thurman Story: A Cry for Help:

https://youtu.be/XVdrUu8_Dlg.

https://youtu.be/XVdrUu8_Dlg


and neck area from the footwear her estranged husband left during the commission of the this

brutal attack (Broderick & Ruthman, &; Gore, 2015). This was an attempt to fatally wound

Tracy as promised for months—ongoing by Buck Thurman during their separation. Although this

attack was meant to take her life—Tracy Thurman survived this attack that was meant to have

killed her. Tracy spent nearly an entire year in the hospital recovering from her injuries. This

victim of lethal intimate partner violence survived and went on to live a productive life, opposed

to the attack that what was supposed to fatally wound her. In spite of repeated and ongoing

attempts to involve law enforcement for the protection of her, and her child, the law did not

protect the victim that day—much which was lack of awareness of the severity, and validity of

domestic related offenses and deaths. Tracy was stalked for months by her former husband, and

was threatened every step of the way. Because of the successful attack on the victim by the

intended offender, laws have changed in order for victims of domestic violence to be taken more

seriously, and for mandates that reinforce the necessity of law enforcement persons to be

required to respond to complaints as to concerns about domestic violence (offenders must be

taken into custody). Tracy sued the city in which the attack occurred, and won her lawsuit, which

also helped to enact the statute known as The Family Violence Prevention and Response Acts -

1984 (Broderick & Ruthman, &; Gore, 2015).

Drew Peterson (NPD, & PPD)

In the year 2007, former military policeman, and former police sergeant Drew Peterson was

named suspect in the disappearance of his fourth wife Stacy Cale Peterson; this was after his

indictment for the death of his third wife—Kathleen Savio. Additionally to his formal murder

charges, and conviction for the murder of his former wife, Drew Peterson was also charged, and

sentenced with soliciting a murder for hire plot against a city attorney while incarcerated for his


deceased wife’s murder(Bio, 2015). Throughout each relationship Peterson was involved in—he

was alleged to be abusive, controlling, and unethical as a law enforcement official in some form.

After merely four months into a committed relationship, former girlfriend Kylie Piry left -then-

boyfriend Drew Peterson. It was said by the victim that he was controlling. Kylie cites that as a

police officer, he used his power as a law enforcement employee to harass her. Yet another

former spouse of Peterson’s-Vicki Connolly- also left the marriage saying he was unfaithful,

controlling, and unethical as an undercover detective. Connolly states that her ex-husband went

as far as to bug their home in order to be able to keep tabs on her whereabouts. Former wife

Savio, obtained a personal protection order against him, due to physical abuse that occurred.

Kathleen left the marriage, and filed for divorce. As the former couple arranged the final

installments of their divorce arrangement in 2004, Kathleen never showed for the hearing she

and Drew were supposed to attend; she was later found drowned in her bathtub. In the October

2007, Stacy Cale Peterson disappeared on her way to a family member’s home where she went

to in order to help paint her house. It was well known by loved ones that Stacy was also leaving

the marriage between her and Drew Peterson. Drew Peterson was linked, and then sentenced for

the death of his former wife Stacy (Bio, 2015; & Celizic, 2009).

Scott Peterson (NPD).

December 24, 2002, eight month pregnant Laci Peterson, former wife of convicted Scott

Peterson (no relation to Drew Peterson or his victims)—became a missing person after a walk

with the family pet early one morning (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003). Scott,

Laci’s husband, and father of the unborn child , appeared calm, and aloof as he told the police

later that day that he was concerned about his then pregnant wife’s unusual disappearance from

home when he returned from a fishing trip. He told local law enforcement that she went to walk


the family dog as he left to go fishing, and that she hadn’t been seen since. On April 13, 2003, a

baby was found washed ashore within a local marina. The next day near the very same location,

a woman’s body was also found washed ashore in that marina. Both bodies found were identified

to be that of both Laci, and her unborn child. As an investigation ensued, forensic and

circumstantial evidence convicted Scott Peterson of both murders. During the initial

investigation into the disappearances, the former husband went on record to admit he was

having an extra marital affair with girlfriend Amber Frey (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning

America, 2003). Amber cites that she was not aware of Laci, or her disappearance until media

coverage on television. Amber, and Scott were in love by her accounts, and by Scott’s, he did

not, or was never in love with Amber. Scott Peterson went on camera multiple times attempting

to convince the viewing audience that he was worried about his wife and child, and desperate to

find her. In correlation with these media reports about him searching for his wife—he continued

to pursue a relationship with his former girlfriend. Scott Peterson stalked his former girlfriend in

the legal sense of the word: He called her repeatedly (all recorded on audio tape), insisted they

reunite, left her romantic gifts, and changed his appearance from the usual clean cut and prim

identity he typically esteemed, to a blonde, carefree hair style, and a goatee style beard (the

complete opposite of his original societal approved persona). Scott continued to pursue Amber

Frey until the day he was arrested for the murder of his former wife and child (McClish, 2003; &

Good Morning America, 2003).

Personality Traits that Predict Violent Behaviors

“Personality traits are correlated with aggression, low agreeableness, low

conscientiousness, high neuroticism, and were found to be associated with physical aggression

in men and women” (Varley-Thorton, Graham-Kevan &Archer, 2010; p.178). Authors Varley at


el. (2010) state within their study that Heaven (1996), found that low agreeableness was

correlated with IPV; they also posit that those that offend, also have lower adaptable personality

traits. “Cluster B PD’s, known as the dramatic type within the any DSM sequence, consist of

APD, BPD, HPD (Histrionic Personality Disorder), NPD, and are affiliated with perpetrators of

crime and violence together”. NPD has been associated with violence in relationships. The

relationship between narcissism, and aggression happens when a threat to the ego of that male

occurs, or a continual self-appraisal is interrupted by the opposing person adjacent to the person

exhibiting NPD. “A narcissistic may react with aggression if they feel humiliated, or socially

rejected, or if their self-esteem is hampered”—they also report low levels of empathy for their

victims” (Varley at el.; 2010; p. 179). Cluster A PD’s which consists of PPD (for one), are

considered the odd disorders; they are known to be affiliated with violent criminal behaviors—

including IPV. Furthermore, predictors for IPV were different for men, than women; the male

IPV was predicted by higher Cluster A PD, and Cluster A, and B PD traits (Hoerman, &

Dombeck, 2015). Additional to the aforementioned is the concept that Cluster A is the group of

disorders that are closest to a true mental illness (Varley at el. 2010; p. 184; & Hoerman, &

Dombeck, 2015).

Lethal IPV without Any Recognized PD’s.

Author Buhas (2013), presents a scenario based from actual events, and it is as follows: a

man murders his wife after she explains to him that she has fallen out of love with him—and in

love with another man while working and away from home on a regular basis. By the time the

end of the evening was through—the male spouse planned, and followed through with murdering

his wife. Before this event transpired, there was no known marital issues, including spousal

abuse of any sorts, by the convicted spouse. The defendant, a middle aged father and dedicated


family man, showed no overt signs of a violent nature toward anyone in the community, nor his

family (Buhas, 2013) This is clearly the exception to the rule that warning signs, predictors, and

other people in, and outside of the relationship noticing that something was askew in the

relationship, or the actor. Addtionally, and briefly, is the case of pro wrestler Chris Benoit, who

also appeared to have a stable marital- family life, and showed no pronounced ideations of PD’s,

or any characteritcs of any depravity that could alert others to what happened (Nelson &

Sherwood, 2010) ; Chris Benoit, asphixiated his wife, and then later was found hung in the

family home elsewhere, and apart from his wife—also deceased, and presumed to have

commited suicide. It had been reported that no one knew of any abuse, or estrangements

between the couple (Nelson & Sherwood, 2010).

Securely and Insecurely Attached Individuals

Within the behavioral sciences field, it is a general assumption that male batterers are

insecurely attached—however, roughly forty percent of male batterers studied, were found to

have secure attachment styles. Furthermore, nineteen percent that were presumed to have NPD,

and BPD were securely attached (Leonarda-Bvck, Leenaars, Geradus Emmel Kamp, & van

Marle, 2014). NPD is directly correlated with either attachment style, as well as being directly

linked with both physical, and psychological violence (DeMond, 2015). Hetrosexual women and

their male narcassitic counterparts are more apt to be in violent relationships because of the male

naracassitic behaviors, adjoined mentallites,and because females are more apt to exhibit the types

of interpersonal behaviors needed to fuel a narcassist’s notorious intensity of requiring their self-

seeking needs being met (females tend to be more nurtruing, and tentive opposed to the male

counterpart). Thus they become a direct target for his rage,when his demands are not

unremittingly fullfilled; studies show that compared with batterers, (opposed to non battering


males)—roughly five percent show signs of NPD (Leonarda-Bvck et al., 2014). In essence, NPD

is more conspicuous in violent males, than in non battering males (Buck et al. , 2014; &

DeMond, 2015).

Observably, behavorial traits of those that exhibit PD’s—whether it be the full diagnostic

criteria, or some overt characteritcs of these particular disorders, show direct correlation with

violence—and more specifically lethal IPV (Varley-Thorton, 2010). As mentioned in the

preceding information, as well as the case studies that have depicted male offenders that exhibit

traits of PPD, and NPD, or both, the obvious violent outcome for the victim of the male offender

with narcasisitic criteria, or paranoid ideations as such as with the infamous mentioned, support

the basis for the original theory that these traits,or full criterion for disorders that are prevleant in

those that stalk, and go onto commit domestic related homicide as mentioned throughout this

study (Leonards Bvck et al., 2014;Varley-Thorton et al., 2010; Hoerman et al., 2015; Smith &

Farole, 2009).

The Prevleance of IPV Related Homicide

With focus on two sets of quantitve data, 1) the sample population of the State of

Michigan (SOM), and 2) The United States as a whole--how many intimate partner related

deaths that have occurred during the time spans of nineteen ninety nine through to two thousand

and one, as well as the year two thousand fourteen were complied (MSP, 2015). Addtionally,

what the relationship was to the offender, as well as modes of the homicide will be pointed out.

Specific mention of weaponry are also touched upon. It is also withstanding that stalking, as it

relates to IPV, both lethal and otherwise, are used in direct conjunction, or as a antecedent in

some cases, before the murder (or attempted murder transpires). Subsequently, the prevelance of

stalking prior to an attack in IPV homicides is roughly seventy five percent. (stalking is generally


defined as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person

to feel fear (Stalking Resource Center, 2012).

National Statisitcs.

As reported within the (UCR) Unified Crime Reports-F.B.I (2010)--murder is the most

prevalent for all crimes committed including other violent offenses, and nonviolent crimes alike.

With murders done by acquaintances being in the lead for the number of these acts

committed, fatalities committed by former intimate partners is next in line, ranking number two

of who commits homicide (Unified Crime Reports-F.B.I , 2010). Additional to the aforesaid is

the return to the mention of PD’s and violent crimes; APD is been found to be more prevalent in

those that commit stranger, or acquaintance homicide, over intimate partner homicide who’s

correlates are with PPD, NPD, and often times BPD (Haggstrom & Petersson, n.d.).

It has been reported in 2010, that six hundred three murders have been committed with

the relationship to the perpetrator being that of a female spouse. Subsequently, the relationship of

girlfriend to the actor was only second to the marital wife for being murdered. The UCR reports

that four hundred ninety two girlfriends have been slain via IPV (F.B.I., 2010). Additionally, a

subcategory of love triangle—meaning a third romantic partner was either part of the homicide,

and or relationship, causing the dispute: roughly ninety persons have been slain in this manner.

Spouses

ExSpouses

Girlfriends

33,432

3,879

808

42,880

4,922

1,054

54,552

6,213

1,482

67,662

7,911

1,840

87,681

1,055

2,404

92,896

11,659

2,894

The Love Triangle.


A third romantic partner, whether it be perceived (if there are issues of mistrust, and

anger issues, as with PPD), or actual extramarital- committed relationship affairs via the female

partner, spark a fury of jealousy, and self-entitled tyranny over a threat to the relationship by the

male offender (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003). According to evolved theories

relating to why male spouses murder their wives—many of these homicides are well thought out

plans, and not the caught in the heat of the moment- that are lacking ingenuity- happenstances.

The male spouse’s contemplating in why he kills his female partner transpires because the

benefits outweigh the costs for the individual that follows through with killing his spouse.

Consider also The Rational Choice Theory-especially at this juncture. Authors Shackleford,

Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, (2003) also posit that merely the kinship between the actor, and

his IP (and-or- her other partner), simply allow for close proximity of the intended targets, thus

commencing the pre- murderous plans into action. The perception, or actual loss of the

committed relationship, via the other partner, evokes a mentality in the perpetrator that the other

male is a rival, and a threat to what his self-esteem (could this being narcissistic motivation).

The rival as well as the betrayal of the committed female partner must be eliminated—and then

the evolution of the crime ensues4 (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).

Additionally to the aforementioned— it is theorized that the younger a female spouse is,

the more vulnerable a target she is as it concerns being killed via IPV-love triangle. Also, there

also appears to be a connection whereas the younger the male actors are more geared toward

these love triangle murders. Subsequently, younger females are also more likely to be involved

in a love triangle in general, thus having a more vulnerable place to be victimized in a Lethal

4 See also Buhas (2013). Psychic Family Violence and Pathological Jealousy with Tragic Consequence as util ized

elsewhere in research material, for depiction of sex jealousy and a love triangle.


IPV triangle, versus for example elderly females being involved in these love triangles

(Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).

In essence—sexual male jealousy is the hallmark trait that theorists’ state is responsible

for the love triangle homicides; a third party is likely to spur the intense side of the male sexual

jealousy, which then evokes the murder (s) (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).

Sample Population: Variables

As it pertains to weaponry used, relationship to the offender, and the presence of

substances as the perpetrator was arrested for victimizing the former intimate partner, the

following will provide a brief synapsis of what the state of Michigan saw as it regards lethal IPV

(MSP, 2015).

To initiate the best understanding, it is outlined from the SOM Fatal Domestic Violence

Incidence Crime Report’s-- that out of fifty two murder female victims from MI, in two thousand

fourteen, thirty two of these female victims were IPV related. Furthermore, fourteen of those

killed were girlfriends, two of them were former girlfriends, thirteen killed were spouses of the

offenders, and one was an ex-spouse of the offender. As well—substance use at the time of the

criminality consists of the following: three males offender were under the influence of alcohol,

three offender were under the influence of drugs, and one male offender was under the influence

of both alcohol and drugs, for a total of seven offenders using substances while committing the

crime of lethal IPV (MSP, 2015)

Also from the SOM-MSP Crime Incidence Report (2015), the following weapons were

used in the commission of the crime lethal IPV: hand guns were used by fourteen out of the


thirty three offenders committing homicide. Second in sequence after guns were personal

weapons which can consist of feet and fists for examples of the offender for a calculation of

eight total; third in order for weaponry used is the category of knives, or other cutting

instruments at six offenders committing homicide via this method. Asphyxiation, and firearms

came next in line with four total, and then fire, and rifles ranking last on the list with a total of

one person using each method to commit homicide (MSP, 2015).

Graphic 1.0 Graphic 1.1

Top Three Weapons Used in Lethal IPV: SOM -MSP (2015) Relationship to Offender: SOM- MSP (2015)

National Statistics 1999-2001; FBI Special Report (2003).

Table 1.0

Age of Victim Quantity

18-65 years old 11,821

66 years old + 46

Table 1.1

Girlfriends

14

Spouses

13

Former Girlfriends

2

ExSpouses

1

Handguns

14

Personal Weapons

8

Knives/Cutting Instruments

6


1999-2001 Male Offenders Who Used Substances During the

Commission of the Crime

Alcohol 182,822

Drugs 77

The FBI (2003)

Table 1.2

Weapons Used in Domestic Related

Homicide 1999-2001

Quantity

Firearms 1,679

Handgun 8,997

Rifle 1,464

Shotgun 2,189

Other Firearms 202

Knife/ Cutting Instruments 26,415

Motor Vehicle 6,867

Personal Weapons 599,072

Poison 78

Explosives 22

Fire 331

Asphyxiation 200

Unknown 19,787

The FBI (2003).


Top Three Weapons Used for Domestic Related Homicide Nation Wide- 1999-2001; FBI

(2003) Graphic 2

Essentially, whether it be the sample population of the SOM, or the Nationwide

Statistics-- domestic related homicide, or Lethal IPV, there are variances in modes of application

of the crimes, variances in which, or how many characteristics there are related to PD’s, as well

as what type of relationship the male perpetrator is to the female victim-girlfriend or spouse-

past, or present (MSP, 2015; & FBI, 2003). For additional illustration, or definitions on the

previous mentioned (see Appendix—1, 2, and 3).

A Subtype of Mode Used to Commit Lethal IPV.

As it has already been transcribed throughout the quantitive data presented within this

study—variants in weaponry used by the perpetrator, on the victim are presented; furthermore,

Unknown Weapons

19,787

Knife/ Cutting Instruments

26,415

Personal Weapons

599,072


the last category of means of which a former, or current intimate partner follows through with

the intended act of violence--murder for hire transpires additional to the methods that are

presented in the SOM, and FBI crime reports.

The FBI (2013) states that a California man was sentenced to six years in prison for soliciting a

hitman to kill [h]is wife because of a decade old business dispute. He ordered the killin[g] to take

place only after the victi[m] was tortured, and forced to pay fifteen million dollars to his offshore

bank account. An Idaho man was sentenced to fifty years in prison for hiring his handyman to

install a pipe bomb on his wife’s car in an effort to kill her, and his mother in law (p.1).

The head of the violent crimes unit at The FBI states the following: these crimes happen

more often than you would think5, and the FBI actually handles a lot of these types of scenarios6

(FBI, 2013). Murder for hire is something that does transpire frequently in IP situations, and it is

not as an isolated occurrences that many people may surmise. These atypical scenarios that are

also aspects of IPV, are not so atypical, or for made for television movies.

Discussion

As it concerns Lethal IPV, PD’s, and a probable two way causation of substance use

during the commission of the crime, a unanticipated finding as it relates to the prevalence of

substance use (drugs and-or- alcohol) allude to them being a contributing factors of these

homicides; however, during the course of analysis of the study, these such substance use(s), are

not as prominent as biased presentation while these cases are in the media, or even according to

5 See news story for additional case study history: http: texas-husband-accused-hiring-hit-man-kill-wife-17105641. 6 See also for additional case study http://abcnews.go.com/US/man-accused-attempting-hire-hitman-kil l-model-

wife/story

study%20http:/abcnews.go.com/US/man-accused-attempting-hire-hitman-kill-model-wife/story?id=23207243.


popular opinions. There are often inferences, or suppositions made that people are intoxicated, or

under the influence of (i.e. illicit drugs) more often than actuality. Again this is presumed, and

not proven evident within the quantitive data presented in this study. In fact, it is quite the

opposite for the sample population of the State of Michigan: out of the thirty two IPV female

victims from Michigan---only seven of the perpetrators were under the influence of drugs and -

or- alcohol at the time of the crime (MSP, 2015). As substance use is often an integral factor with

many criminalities that occur, it is not the rule, but yet the exception as it relates to Lethal IPV.

Substance use as a control group variable is also considered. Those that did not show the

presence of any substance use during the act of the violence, are much more promine nt than the

general assumption that the male offenders who were under the influence of either, or alcohol,

and illicit drug use.

Summary and Conclusion.

As it concerns the theoretical framework of this research endeavor, The Rational Choice

Theory—as it posits that the criminal acts according to his awareness, and fully aware cognitive

processes, they make choices, based upon what they choose to do in any give situation. Next, the

Psychodynamic Trait Theory dictates that what prompts the individual to behave as they do

within their criminality –is determinant upon unconscious motivators that took place because of

nuisances from childhood (Dechant, 2009). As it correlates with PD’ s (i.e. NPD), in theory the

strained child mother relationship in the male criminal (narcissistic type) promotes, and

antecedes the behaviors that drive the ego prone, over reactions in the relationship upheavals.

Lastly—with the Routine Activities Theory, this simply comes into fruition as stalking the victim

prior to the actual act of homicide transpires. Knowing the target, and what the schedules and


weakness are, provide the offender with a vulnerable target, which is not adequately protected

because of knowing the victim’s daily routines (Farrel et al. 2005).

As it is contemplated how these types of individuals work within their mental

frameworks, which ultimately include the assessments, or knowledge of personality defect to the

point where it is classified as disorder—prevention through awareness is an ultimate goal.

Practical applications of this more in-depth, and assured understanding of the predictors—which

are PDs NPD, and PPD, over the already prominently known BPD, and suspected APD, may

help to ascertain a more in-depth analysis for professional development (i.e. law enforcement

agencies treatment of offenders, victims, and scenarios), policy reform, to assist with ideas and

education regarding control, and possibly even pre evaluations as it relates to pre-marital testing

(alerting the significant to the to the predictors of such possible depravity). Personality Disorders

are directly correlated as predictors for not only violent behaviors in general, but they are

specifically interwoven as it concerns domestic violence, and Lethal IPV. Once again substance

use can, or does occur with these subtypes of crime, but they are not prominent precursors, or

two way causations—overall as it relates to these types of homicides. Lastly, most cases of IPV

involved a female victim, and a male defendant (Smith & Farole, 2009) as well as an important

point that will be reiterated before the close of this discussion: APD is often affiliated with

individuals who commit crime, including the likes of those male offenders used within the case

studies presented within; however, criminals that have been diagnosed with APD, are more apt to

commit stranger, and acquaintance homicides, versus those are diagnosed with NPD, and PPD’s

(Haggstrom, & Petersson, n.d.)

Alternative Theory Based Conclusions.


Opposed to the posited correlative variables of personality disorders, substance use, and

lethal IPV, what is considered out of the spectrum of mental disorder diagnoses, is a strictly

criminological point of view on this type of criminal behavior, especially as it relates to the case

studies interwoven within this study: a marker by which individuals are labeled because of their

behaviors---psychopath is an alternative to psychiatric diagnoses (e.g. PD’s) (Psiquiatr, 2015).

Apart from the laymen’s everyday coined phrase depicting someone that is irrational, or overtly

displaying outbursts of anger, a psychopath has some very distinct, and compiled characteristic

traits (that also intertwine with official diagnoses of PD’s). According to Hare’s Checklist for

Psychopathy7 (also include a separate one for adolescence)—the following are some of the traits

that warrant a label of an individual being a psychopath: glibness and-or- superficial charm,

talkative of one’s self-importance, and superficially when communicating, grandiose sense of

self-worth, pathological lying, and conning and manipulating others-- without regard, guilt, or

remorse about it, or any misdeed (Psiquiatr, 2015). The quality of close bonded relationships

with someone of this nature is shallow at best; shows of emotion are shallow, if not aloof

altogether, and this type of individual does not except responsibility for the any the actions that

are performed. These are just some traits presented for reference as it relates to a psychopathy

checklist. It is also clear that nearly all the diagnosable personality disorders from Cluster, A and

B, share nearly every trait that is mentioned within this data, as well as many more that have not

been included within. There are, as with the PD’s, overlapping syndromes that occur with one

another, but in a proverbial nutshell—psychopathy encompasses some of each disorder as the

criteria dictates in the DSM (various models included). Psychopathy may very well be the

alternative label, versus diagnostic criteria via clinical perspective diagnoses (Psiquiatr, 2015).

7 See Hare’s Checklist for full criteria for psychopathy http://www.encyclopedia.com/d.oc/1G2-3405700188.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/d.oc/1G2-3405700188.html


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Appendix A

Personality Disorders Affiliated with Violent Behaviors, and the Traits They Have in Common

People with Personality Disorders have a tendency toward exhibiting the following traits or

behaviors and some traits or behaviors are in unison with other personaility disorders.

Those with Narcassistic Peronality Disorder: grandiose self importance, constant need for

affirmation, strong sense of entitlement, exploitive of others, decietful, snobbish, patronizing,

belief in unlimited power or brilliance,lacks empathy for others.Those with Antisocial

Personality Disorder show disregard for others, lack empathy for others, are rebellious

against laws, and rules from an early age, have an inflated sense of self appraisal, are decietful,

and mistrusting of others because of their own behaviors. Those with Paranoid Perosnality

Disorder exhibit pervasive mistrust of others intentions, are difficult to get along with, and will

have voids in relationships due to either aloofness, and or being argumentative with people who

are close to them. They tend to have trouble not being on attack, or defense in order to ward off

perieved wrongs or attacks.Those with Borderline Personality Disorder can be difficult to get

along with, have strong emotional reactions to percieved fear of betrayal, or abandonment,

practice binge substance use, sexual promiscuity, have suicidal ideations,and severe anger

outbursts.

*Notice that there are very similar, or distinctly common characteristics of some of these disorders, which are in

relation to violent behaviors—or specifally domestic violence, and lethal intimate partner violence.

Narccassitic Personality

Disorder

Antisocial Personality

Disorder

Paranoid Personality

Disorder

Borderline Personality

Disorder


Appendx B

People of Infamy Who have Commited Lethal Intmate Partner Violence From 1990’s-2000’s

** Recognized as having traits resembling personality disorders by either laymen, or professionals-

Y=Yes, N=No

Male Offender/State Female/Relationshi

p to Offender

Violent

Behavior

Prior to

Murder

Allegations

of Stalking **

Scott Peterson CA Pregnant- Marital

Wife

None

known

Wife No,

for

Mistress

yes

Y

Drew Peterson IL

Former Wives Yes,

repeat

offender-

multiple

female

victims

Yes

multiple,

w/different

females

Y

Charles ”Buck” Thurman MA

Estranged Wife Yes,

repeat

offender-

reason for

separatio

n

Yes, overt,

coincided

with direct

death

threats on

estranged

wife

Y

Orenthal James Simpson CA

Estranged Wife Yes,

repeat

offender-

reason for

separatio

n

Yes,

multiple

complaints

Y

Chris Benoit GA

Marital Wife (and

child)

Unknown None

Known

N

Mark Unger MI

Estranged Wife None Known

None Known

Y


Appendix C

Murders in the United States in 2013 by Relationship

Convicted murderers who were diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder, were more often

found guilty of killing acquaintances and strangers, over intimate partner homicides;

furthermore, domestic violence related fatalities are in juxtaposition with Cluster A, and B

Personality Disorders—other than APD, including BPD, PPD, and NPD’s (Haggstrom and

Petersson, n.d.; & Esbec & Echeburua, 2010).

Murders in 2013

12,253

By Intimate Partner Violence

1,061

These types are Affiiated with Cluster, and B Personaility Disorders, other than APD

By Strangers/Aquaintences

2,660

These types are Affiliated with APD

personality disorders as predictors of lethal intimate partner violence

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