personality. defining and measuring personality “who am i?” – what makes a personal quality...
TRANSCRIPT
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Personality
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Defining and Measuring Personality
• “Who am I?” – what makes a personal quality part of your personality?– characteristic, enduring pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting
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My observations of you
Results from personality testing
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Assessing Personality
Rorschach Inkblot Test TAT
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Assessing Personality
Objective measures (examples from your text?)
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Different perspectives on personality
• psychoanalytic
• biological / trait
• humanistic
• social-cognitive
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Psychoanalysis– Background
– Freud’s theory in a nutshell -- thoughts and actions are driven by unconscious motives and conflicts
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Psychoanalysis
• Free Association
• Interpretation of dreams and “slips”
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Freud’s Personality Theories
1. Personality Structure
2. Personality Development
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Personality Structure
Mediator: Ego
Unconsciouspsychic energy: Id
Internalized ideals: Superego
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Personality Development
• Psychosexual Stages– stages of development: pleasure-seeking
energies focus on erogenous zones (i.e., oral, anal, phallic…)
• Oedipus Complex
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Fixation
• Freud’s belief that we can get “stuck” at an earlier stage (where conflicts were unresolved)…
• Nail-biting, etc.?
• Don’t be so “anal”
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Defense Mechanisms
• The Ego’s methods of reducing anxiety – by unconsciously distorting reality– Repression – Regression– Displacement
(“mechanisms of defense” exercise)
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What can we say about Freud?
•Scientific?•Impact
•Psychology & madness•Everyday language
•Why?•Sex•Turn-of-the-century science •Applicable
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Biological / Trait perspective
We’ve discussed this perspective a lot already this semester… Examples…?
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Humanistic Perspective• Background
• Major theorists:– Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) -- self-actualization (the
motivation to fulfill one’s potential)
– Carl Rogers (1902-1987) -- growth and fulfillment of individuals -- requires:
– genuineness
– acceptance - unconditional positive regard
– empathy
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Humanistic Perspective
• Recognizes the impact of culture on personality– Individualism vs. Collectivism
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Reciprocal Determinism – the interacting
influences between personality, behavioral, & environmental factors
Internal personal/cognitive factors
(enjoy high-riskactivities)
Behavior(learning to rock climb)
Environmentalfactors
(rock-climbingfriends)
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Personal Control– our sense of how well we control our environments
• Locus of control scale (handout – if we have time)– External Locus of Control -- the perception that
chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
– Internal Locus of Control -- the perception that one controls one’s own fate
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Social-Cognitive Perspective – Learned Helplessness
• Learned Helplessness
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
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Personality- SummaryThe Four Perspectives on Personality
Perspective Behavior Springs From Assessment Techniques Evaluation
Psychoanalytic Unconscious conflicts Projective tests aimed at A speculative, hard-to-test between pleasure-seeking revealing unconscious theory with enormous cul-
impulses and social restraints motivations tural impactTrait Expressing biologically (a)Personality inventories A descriptive approach crit- influenced dispositions, such that assess the strengths icized as sometimes under-
as extraversion or introversion of different traits estimating the variability (b)Peer ratings of behavior of behavior from situation patterns to situation
Humanistic Processing conscious feelings (a)Questionnaire A humane theory that about oneself in the light of assessments reinvigorated contemporary
one’s experiences (b)Empathic interviews interest in the self; criticized as subjective and sometimes naively self-centered and
optimistic
Social-cognitive Reciprocal influences between (a)Questionnaire assessments Art interactive theory that in- people and their situation, of people’s feelings of control tegrates research on learning,
colored by perceptions of (b) Observations of people’s cognition, and social behavior, control behavior in particular criticized as underestimating
situations the importance of emotions and enduring traits