Chapter 4

Personality and Emotions

Prof. Shrinivas V K

Prof. SVK

What is Personality ?

“ The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment”

-Gordon Allport

“The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others”

Personality determinants

Heredity

Environment

Situation

Heredity

Genetic underpinnings of human behavior and temperament among young children.

Research of 100 identical twins who were separated at birth and raised separately.

Individual job satisfaction stable over time.

Environment

Culture

Early conditioning

Norms among our family friends and social groups

Experience

Personality traits

“Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior”

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Big Five Model

HISTORY OF MBTI

Based on Swiss psychologist Carl G Jung’s type theory (1920s)

Behaviour is individual and predictableDeveloped by Katherine Briggs (mother)

and Isabel Myers (daughter) 1940sThe most widely used personality

indicator in the world Approximately 1 to 3 million people are

administered by MBTI each year

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality Types• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

THE MBTI DOES NOT MEASURE

IQPsychiatric disturbancesEmotionsTraumaStressLearningNormalcyMaturityIllnessAffluence

PREFERENCE SCALES

Extraversion -------------IntroversionSensing -------------- IntuitionThinking -------------- FeelingJudging -------------- Perception

E-I DICHOTOMY

EXTRAVERSION INTROVERSION

Attention focused outward: people, things, action

Using trial and errors with confidence

Relaxed and confident Scanning the environment

for stimulation Seeks variety and action Wants to be with others Live it, then understand it

Attention focused inward: concepts, ideas, feelings

Considering deeply before acting

Reserved and questioning

Probing inwardly for stimulation

Seeks quiet for concentration

Wants time to be alone Understand it before, live

it

S-N DICHOTOMY

SENSING INTUITION Perceiving with the 5

senses Reliance on experience

and actual data Practical In touch with physical

realities Attending to the present

moment Live life as it is Prefer using learned skills Pay attention to details Make few factual errors

Perceiving with memory and association (6th sense)

Seeing patterns and meanings

Innovation Seeing possibilities Future achivement Projecting possibilities for

the future Change, rearrange life Prefers adding new skills Look at big picture Identifies complex pattern

T-F DICHOTOMY

THINKING FEELING Decision based on the

logic of the situation Uses cause and effect

reasoning Strive for an objective

standard of truth Can be tough-minded Fair- want everyone

treated equally

Decisions based on impact on people

Guided by personal values

Strive for harmony and positive interaction

May appear tender hearted

Fair-want everyone treated as an individual

J-P DICHOTOMY

JUDGING PERCEIVING

Focuses on completing task

Deciding and planning Organizing and

scheduling Controlling and regulating Goal oriented Wanting closure even

when data are incomplete Wants only the essentials

of the job

Focuses on starting task Taking in information Adapting and changing Curious and interested Open minded Resisting closure in order

to obtain more data Wants to find out about

the job

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ADVANTAGES OF MBTI

Self awareness for better self- managementIdentification of behaviour trends that

have positive outcomesIdentification of behaviour trends that

have less desirable outcomesLink trends with other data points to

clarify personal or professional developmental opportunities

INTJ’s are visionaries

ESTJ’s are organizers

ENTP’s are conceptualizers

Companies like Apple computers, AT & T, Exxon, GE, 3M Co and the U S Armed forces use this model.

History of BFM

The Big Five was originally derived in 1970. Asking thousands of people hundreds of

questions and then analyzing the data. In scientific circles, the Big Five is now the

most widely accepted Using Big Five to study personality in terms of

how it changes over time and how it relates to other variables.

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

ExtroversionSociable, gregarious, and assertive

AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Openness to ExperienceImaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.

Emotional Stability/NeuroticismCalm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

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Openness to experience

It is one of the "Big Five" personality factors which means being creative and open to new ideas. This factor indicates how open mind a person is. They have creative thinking and have Flexible attitude.

Characteristics of Openness

High in openness Having unusual ideas

and art Imaginative Creative Curious Daring and take risk Open to new and

different ideas Flexible Attitude

lower in openness Conventional

Enjoy having routines

less creative

less curious

Down to earth

No flexibility

Sub traits of the openness

Imagination

Artistic interests

Emotionality

Intellect

Liberalism

Adventurousness

Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness is used to describe the degree to which person is organized, how discipline he or she is

and can also describe how careful a person is in certain situation.

Characteristics of Conscientiousness

High level of conscientiousness: Hard working

Deliberated

Neat and systematic

Perfectionists

Highly dependable

Low level of Conscientiousness: Less goal oriented

Antisocial

Criminal behavior

Not very dependable

Sub traits of the conscientiousness

Self efficacy

Orderliness

Dutifulness

Achievement striving

Self disciplined

Cautiousness

Agreeableness

A personality dimension that describe the individual’s propensity. Someone with agreeableness factor is

good natured cooperative and trusting.

Characteristics of Agreeableness

Persons high in agreeableness: Warm and Helpful

Friendly

Put aside their own interests

Cooperative and Generous

Control their negative emotions

Persons low in agreeableness: Suspicious

Unfriendly

Self centered

Uncooperative

Manipulate their social relations

Sub traits of agreeableness:

Trust

Straight forwardness

Altruism

Compliance

Modesty

Tender mindedness

Extraversion

Extraversion is defined as a behavior where someone enjoys being around people more than being alone. An example of extraversion is when someone always likes to be around people and enjoys being the center of attention.

Characteristics of Extraversions

People high in Extraversion:Highly involved in social situationTalkativeAssertiveActiveEnergetic

People low in ExtraversionLess involve in social situations

Quite

Reserved

Shy

Silent

Sub traits of Extraversion

Friendliness

Gregariousness

Assertiveness

Activity level

Excitement seeking

cheerfulness

NeuroticismNeuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety,

or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability.

Characteristics of Neuroticism

People high in Neuroticism: Anxiety Self

consciousness Depression Impulsiveness Angry hostility

People low in Neuroticism: Calm

Even tempered

Hardy

Unemotional

LOCUS OF CONTROLACTIVITY 1

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BIG FIVE MODELACTIVITY 2

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Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Type A personality

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Locus of Control

Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.

InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them.

ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

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Machiavellianism

Conditions Favoring High Machs• Direct interaction• Minimal rules and regulations• Emotions distract for others

Machiavellianism (Mach)

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

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Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring

Self-Esteem (SE)/ Narcissism

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

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Risk-Taking

High Risk-taking Managers– Make quicker decisions– Use less information to make decisions– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial

organizations Low Risk-taking Managers

– Are slower to make decisions– Require more information before making decisions– Exist in larger organizations with stable

environments Risk Propensity

– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

Type A Personality

The theory describes Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, take on more than they can handle, want other people to get to the point, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management.

People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics", push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence.

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Type B personality

They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve.

When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game regardless of winning or losing.

Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counsellor, therapist, actor or actress.

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SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

LAYERS OF MINDConscious, Preconscious and Unconscious

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Conscious MindIncludes

everything we ‘re aware of

Awareness of our own mental process(Thoughts and Feelings)

Rational

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Preconscious MindRepresent

Ordinary Memory

Fact Stored are available for future use

E.g. (Phone No, Address) etc.

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Unconscious Mind

Contains feelings, thoughts and memories beyond our Awareness

Continuous Influence on our Behavior and Action

(Dreams and wishes)

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Example

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STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Id, Ego And Super Ego

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ID Present from Birth Animalistic and

Childish Desires and no values

Operates on Pleasure Principle, to gain Pleasure and avoid pain

Immediate Satisfaction I Want it and want it

right now Exists in Unconscious

mindProf. SVK

Super Ego Develops from 5 to 6

age Opposite of the Id Operates on Moral

principle Differentiate b/w Good

and Bad If we follow it , We feel

proud and if not ,then , We feel guilty

Exists in Preconscious Mind

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Ego Develops After Birth In the middle of Id

And Super Ego Organized and

Rational Reality Principle Responsible for

Dealing with Reality Exists in Conscious

Mind

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Example

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Erikson’s personality

Erikson suggested that there are

8 developmental stages as we grow from childhood to adulthood and at each of these stages we face the trauma of resolving certain critical conflicts

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Stage 1: Infancy(0-1yr); Trust Vs Mistrust Stage 2: Early childhood(1-3yrs); Autonomy Vs shame

and doubt Stage 3: Play age(3-5 yrs); Initiative Vs Guilt Stage 4: School Age(5-11yrs); Industry Vs Inferiority Stage 5: Adolescence(12-19); Identity Vs Role Diffusion Stage6: Early adulthood(young adulthood); Intimacy

Vs Isolation Stage 7: Adulthood; Generativity Vs Stagnation Stage 8:Mature Adulthood; Ego Integrity Vs Despairhttp://prezi.com/uitvsffccb2o/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0shareProf. SVK

Erikson’s personality

Erickson’s eight stages of Human Development

Stage 1 Infancy

•Depend on others

•Trust their parents

Stage 2 Early Childhood

Learn to walk, use toilet, development of self confidence, self control.

Stage 3 Play age•Found new power •Childish fantasies, eagerness, control

Stage 4 School age

•Learn to make things

•Development of intellectuals

•Seeks success

Stage 5 adolescence (12-!8)•Ready to plan the future•Strong identity, sexual orientation, etc….

Stage 6 Young Adult (18 to 40)•Committed•Achievement oriented

•sharing

Stage 7 Middle adulthood (40 – 65)•Generous

•Caring, helping, parental touch

Stage 8 Late adulthood( 65 – death)•Fear death•pleasure

Erickson’s eight stages of Human Development

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Type Theory

Sheldon Theory of Body Types

Sheldon’s Somatotype Character Shape Picture

Endomorph

(VISEROTONIC)

•Relaxed•Sociable•Tolerance

•Comfort•loving

Mesomorph

(somatotonic)•Active,

•Assertive,

•Vigorous

•Combative

Ectomorph

(cerebrotonic)•Quite,•Fragile•Restrained,•Non- assertive•sensitive

Plump, buxom, developed visceral structure

Muscular

Lean, delicate, poor muscles.

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