Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE – Least effective way to control Hazards

HAZARD INDIVIDUAL

HAZARD INDIVIDUAL

HAZARD INDIVIDUAL

HAZARD INDIVIDUAL

Elimination of Hazards

Removal of Individual Exposure

Isolation of Hazards

Protection of the Individual - PPE

Dec

reas

ing

ord

er o

f ef

fect

iven

ess

PPE does not eliminate or reduce the hazard

Procedure in L&T ECCD

PM – 16 – Quality in Procurement of PPE & Safety Devices

Manufacturers are preferred than the dealers. Vendor assessment Approved Vendor List Approved Specification for PPE & Safety

Devices.

Procedure in L&T ECCD

Responsibility of HSE Engineers Understand the approved specification Select the appropriate PPE for the Job Facilitate its implementation Report any compliant in quality of PPE to

RHSEM.

HEAD PROTECTION

Construction of a Safety Helmet

ShellAnti Concussion tapes

Sweat band

Head band

Suspension lug

Chin Strap Adjustable

Attachment slots

Nape Strap (adjustable)

Rain Trough

Brim

Suspension Lug

ShellAnti Concussion tapes

Sweat band

Head band

Suspension lug

Chin Strap Adjustable

Attachment slots

Nape Strap (adjustable)

Rain Trough

Brim

Suspension Lug

Head protection

To protect from injuries caused by falling or flying objects, impact, electrical shock, by bumping the head against a fixed object.

To be worn by all persons at all times. Only exception shall be

inside the project & site offices. Operators required to wear Hemet, except in

enclosed cabin.

Head protection - Requirements

Shall be certified to IS 2925 - 1984 or DGMS or CE, UL Mark.

The shell of the helmet shall be of non-metallic materials.

Mass not to exceed 400 g. Compatible with ancillary equipment viz

earmuffs, welder's shields, face shield, Miners Cap Lamp etc.

Helmet Inspection

Inspect the shell for breakage, cracks, discoloration. Check for brittleness by flexing the brim.

Inspect the harness for loss of flexibility of the suspension, cracks, breaks,

frayed straps or damaged stitching. Replace when

It fails in any of the above criteria Blistering and bubbling in the surfaces. After subjected to impact load or fall of material.

Personal Fall Protection

When it is required?Lanyard Anchorage

Point

Max Free Fall Allowed

1.8 m

2 m or more

Ground Level or Level of adjacent surface

Full Body harness / Waist Safety Belt

When it is required? to limit the worker's movement so that he is unable

to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.

Typical Full Body Harness

Certified to IS 3521 – 1999 (Third Revision) or DGMS certification or CE, UL mark.

Load carrying capacity of Waist strap, Connectors, Buckles, Hook - 2000 Kg.

Can be used along with Rope grab fall arrestor - Extra D-ring attached to the front of the harness

Class: LClass: L

Full Body Harness – Indian Classification

Dorsal D-ring for attaching lanyard

Class: AClass: A

•Basic model for Fall arresting•Cannot be used with fall arrestor

European Standards for Harness

Separate standard for components & operation for which it is used.

Full body harness certified for fall arrest is not suitable for suspended working. Read the label of the harness for its applicability.

EN 361 - Fall Arrest Safety Harnesses. EN 358 - Work Positioning. EN 813 - for Suspended Working. EN 354 - Shock Absorbers. EN 355 - for Lanyards. EN 360 - for Retractable Life Line. EN 362 - for Connectors. EN 353-1 - for Vertical Systems/ Flexible Line. EN 342-1 - for Rescue Equipment/ Rapid Deployment

General Purpose Safety Harness(as per IS 3521)

Lanyard length -2 m Free fall allowed - 1.8 m Adjustable Waist belt &

shoulder straps. Recommended for

construction, erection, installation, mines etc.

Lanyard

D-ring

Shoulder strap

Waist Belt

Hook

Requirements of harness

Webbing Polypropylene Uniform thickness & width. Min Breaking Strength - 2000 kg

Buckles - Friction type and no slip type design.

Hardware Fittings - Corrosion resistant, electroplated & forged.

Requirements of harness

Rivets & Washer Should be made of copper

Lanyard Ends spliced and covered with transparent sleeve & the

curved portion protected with thimble.

Material – 12 mm polypropylene rope – 2 length

Breaking strength - 2000 kg

hook shall be non separable from the lanyard.

Hook

Self-closing type. Should not disengage on accidental pressure Minimum opening 18 mm. Types of Hook

Carabiner Snap Hook Scaffold Hook

Anchorage Point

Usage of lifeline

Support Lanyard

Full Body harness / Waist Safety Belt

Life Line

Life line

20mm diameter polypropylene rope or 8 mm wire rope Horizontal lifelines at shoulder level or higher Sag not be more than 15 degree.

Swing Fall hazard

Occur when the anchorage point is not directly above the point where a fall occurs.

The force of striking may cause serious injury or death.

Minimize by working as close to the anchorage point as possible.

eccentricity

Harness with double lanyard To be used by workmen working in

Transmission Line Jobs, Structural & equipment erection jobs Jobs involving other similar activities.

While coming down, this hook can be released while other hook

takes care of fall protection

While going up this hook can be

released and workmen can climb the next step where as the other hook will

take care of fall protection

Rope Grab Fall Arrestor

Full Body Harness

Class -L

Ladder

Rope Grab Fall Arrestor

Vertical Life Line

Used during vertical movement such as ascending or descending Scaffold towers, vertical ladders

Retractable Type Fall Arrestor:

To be used in places where high risk of fall of workmen persists.

Can be directly anchored to the anchorage or can be used in conjunction with a lifeline

Energy absorberLanyard with Energy Absorber

Anchorage Point

Max Free Fall Allowed

1.8 m

6 m or more

Ground Level or Level of adjacent surface

Full Body harness

Deceleration Distance

Total Fall Distance

To be used only while working above 6 m.

Full Body harness

Retractable Fall Arrestor Rope Grab

Life Line

Lanyard

Energy Absorber (Optional)

Roof Anchor

Roof Anchor

Use of Fall Arrestor in Sloped Roof

Inspection Criteria

Inspect webbing for cuts, cracks, tears, enlarged / distorted / broken

eyelet's. Inspect the stitching of webbing for

breaks, ragged strands. Inspect buckles, hooks, D-rings etc for

breaks, cracks or signs of wear that will affect the strength or action of the fastening devices.

Inspect lanyards and energy absorbers for fraying, cuts.

Reject If inspection reveals a defective condition. subjected to impact load once

HEARING PROTECTION

Terminology

"Decibel" means a unit of sound pressure level, abbreviated as dB

They are measured in logarithmic scale.(i.e. 20

decibels is 10 times the intensity of 10 decibels, and 30 decibels is 100 times as intense as 10 decibels)

"dB(A)" means a unit of sound level expressed in decibels (dB) and A-weighted.

A - weighted means measuring the sounds within the audible frequencies. (20hz to 20 kHz).

Terminology

Noise Reduction Rating: It is a standard measure of sound blocking

capabilities of any hearing protective device.

Attenuation - Noise Reduction. Time-weighted average sound level

That sound level, which if constant over an 8-hour exposure, would result in the same noise dose as is measured.

Noise Levels

Hearing Protector

To be used when sound level exceeds 85 dBA.

Ear Plugs

Types Pre-moulded (preformed) or mouldable (foam ear plugs).

Available as disposable products or reusable plugs.

Recommended for high noise situations (up to 100dBA TWA).

Advantages are, Most suited to be worn when exposed to continuous exposure. Can be combined with ear muffs for additional protection Can be used with other personal protection equipment Comfortable for a wide range of ear sizes

Ear Plug - Usage & Maintenance

Checking the fit of Ear Plug Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should sound hollow, as

if talking in a barrel.

Gently pull on the ear plug; it should not move easily.

1/4 of the plug should be outside the ear.

Maintenance of Earplug Do not use hand creams or lotions immediately before rolling and

inserting the plug

Do not clean ear plugs with alcohol or other disinfectants.

Do not wear ear plugs if there is any drainage from your ear

Do not re-inserting dirty or soiled ear plugs

Ear Muff

Ideal for users who need intermittent hearing protection against noise.

Recommended for those who prefer not to wear ear plugs. Recommended for situations where people move in and out

of noise often during the work day.

Ear Muff - Usage & Maintenance

Guidelines for use Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should

sound hollow, as if talking in a barrel. The muffs should not be easily displaced while

performing regular functions.

Storage & Maintenance To be stored flat and away from high heat areas &

areas of excessive dust, dirt or moisture. Use Mild soap and water to clean. Do not use Solvents.

Combined Usage

Sound Level more than 105 dBA combined usage of ear plug & ear muff

recommended. dual protection only adds 5 dB to the Noise

Reduction Rating (NRR) of the more protective of the two devices.

Significance of Continuous Usage

Percent time used Maximum Protection

50% 3 dB

60% 4 dB

70% 5 dB

80% 7 dB

90% 10 dB

95% 13 dB

99% 20 dB

99.90% 30 dB

Maximum protection provided by non-continuous use of Hearing Protection

EYE PROTECTION

Eye & Face Protection

Hazard type Examples of Hazard Common Related Tasks

ImpactFlying objects such as large chips, fragments, particles, sand, and dirt.

Chipping, grinding, machining, masonry work, wood working, sawing, drilling, chiselling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding.

OpticalRadiation

Radiant energy, glare, and intense light

Welding, torch-cutting, brazing, soldering, and laser work.

Dust Harmful Dust.Woodworking, buffing, and general dusty conditions.

ChemicalsSplash, fumes, vapours, and irritating mists.

Acid and chemical handling, degreasing,

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION SELECTION GUIDE

Activity Possible Hazards Recommended Protective Equipment

Gas Cutting & Gas Welding

Sparks, harmful rays, molten metal, flying particles

“Welding goggles” - Goggles with tinted lenses of appropriate shade (to be selected from table given under section “Eye Protection during Welding & Cutting Operations”)

Electric (arc) welding

Sparks, intense rays, molten metal

Welding helmet with Filter Lens of appropriate shade (to be selected from table given under section “Eye Protection during Welding & Cutting Operations”)

Chipping Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side shields (or) face shield

Grinding Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side shields (or) face shield

Chemical handling Splash, acid burns, fumes

Goggles (or) face shield

Woodworking Flying Particles & Dust Face Shield

Cleaning & other operations creating dust

Dust Goggles

Goggles

Fits the contour of the face Held in position by a head band. Vision correcting spectacles do not provide the

required protection. cover all goggles that fit comfortably over vision

correcting spectacles to be used

Safety Spectacle

oculars mounted in a spectacle type frame, with side shield.

Face Shield

Transparent visor, supported in front of the face to shield the eyes, face, forehead and front of the neck.

Eye Protectors – Inspection &Use

Usage guidelines

Must fit closely to prevent particle entry. tight enough not to fall off but comfortable. Non-side shield spectacles are not acceptable

Replace eye protectors with

Scratched, pitted, broken, bent or ill-fitting glasses

Head bands with loss of elasticity.

Eye Protectors – Storage & Maintenance

Maintenance Should be disinfected before being issued to another

employee. Should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Disinfect by disassembling and cleaning all parts with

soap and warm water.

Storage should be placed in a clean, dust-proof container,

such as a box, bag, or plastic envelope.

Welding & Gascutting

Hazards to eye & face from welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting operations are,

intense light and radiation from welding arc

flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips

Eye Protection for Welding Welder's helmet of appropriate filter shade.

Safety spectacles/goggles when chipping or grinding a

work piece (if not using a welding helmet)

Types of Welding Helmets

With Stationary windows

With Lift-front windows

Hand held shields

Filters for Welding Operation

Flow rate of Oxygen(litres / hour)

Designations for filters for Oxygen cutting

900 to 2000 5

2001 to 4000 6

4001 to 8000 7

Filters for Gas Cutting Operation

IS 5983 - 1980 Table 10

Welding Goggles

Helpers should use welding goggles

FOOT PROTECTION

Selection of Footwear

Possible Injury Recommended Footwear

Impact Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe

Compression Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe

Electrical Shocks Shock-proof Safety Shoe

Protection from slush & concrete & prolonged exposure to water

PVC / Rubber Gum Boot and Ankle Shoe

Puncture Safety Shoe with steel mid sole

SlippingFootwear with anti skidding sole

Conformance to Standards

Shall be certified to any one of the Indian Standard given below or DGMS or any CE, UL mark.

IS 1989: Part 1: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and Shoes - Part 1: For Miners.

IS 1989: Part 2: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and Shoes - Part 2: For Heavy Metal Industries.

IS 11226: 1993 - Leather safety footwear having direct moulded rubber sole – Specification.

IS 14544: 1998 Leather safety footwear with direct moulded PVC soles – Specification.

IS 15298: Part 1: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational Footwear for Professional Use - Part 1: Requirements and Test Methods.

IS 15298: Part 2: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational Footwear for Professional use - Part 2 to Part 10: Specification for Safety Footwear.

Hard Toe

To provide protection from shock of up to 140 joules (mass of 14 kg dropped from 1 metre)

Hard toe Steel Toe - IS: 5852 - 2004 Non Conductive Toe - EN 345

Additional Specifications

Shock Proof Shoes To use wherever hazard of electric shock exist. Non conductive hard toe is used & shoes are

insulated with tough rubber. Safety Shoes with Puncture Resistance

Steel mid sole to protect against the objects like nails

Safety Shoes with antiskid characteristics Slip Resistant - Poly urethane & Nitrile rubber

soles Chemical Resistant - Latex/Rubber footwear Protection from Moisture - PVC footwear

Use & Maintenance

Worn out soles and run down heels are

dangerous.

Wet footwear should be thoroughly dried

before use.

It is recommended to use heavy cotton or

woolen socks which absorb perspiration

better than thin nylon, silk or rayon socks.

Gum Boots & Ankle Shoe

certified to any one of the IS given below or DGMS or CE, UL Mark. IS 5557: 2004, Industrial and Protective

Rubber Knee and Ankle Boots – Specification

IS 12254: 1993, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Industrial Boots - Specification

Respiratory Protection

Hazards requiring Respiratory protection

Oxygen Deficiency volume less than 19.5 %.

Asphyxiants Simple Asphyxiants – Eg: Carbon dioxide,

Methane, Nitrogen. Chemical asphyxiants –Carbon monoxide.

Irritants Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide,

chlorine. Anesthetics

Causes loss of feeling and sensation and may lead to unconsciousness & death.

Hazards requiring Respiratory protection

Systematic Poisons Damages organs and system in the body. E.g.

Hydrogen sulphide.

Particulate Contaminants Particles produced during grinding, crushing,

drilling, blasting, spraying etc. E.g.: silica, asbestos, acid mists, alkali mists, dust.

Classified as dust, fume fog, mist, smoke & spray.

Applicable Indian Standards

IS 6194 : 1971 Specification for Intermittent Positive Pressure Respirator, Bag Type, Manually Operated

IS 8522 : 1977 Respirators, chemical cartridge IS 8523 : 1977 Respirators, canister type (gas masks) IS 9473 : 2002 Respiratory Protective Devices - Filtering Half Masks to

Protect Against Particles – Specification IS 10245 : Part 1 : 1996 Breathing apparatus Part 1 Closed circuit

breathing apparatus (compressed oxygen cylinder) - Specification IS 10245 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices - breathing

apparatus Part 2 Open circuit breathing apparatus IS 10245 : Part 3 : 1999 Breathing Apparatus - Part 3 : Fresh Air Hose

and Compressed Air Line Breathing Apparatus - Specification IS 10245 : Part 4 : 1982 Specification for breathing apparatus Part 4

Escape breathing apparatus (short_duration self-contained type)

Applicable Indian Standard

IS 14138 : Part 1 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices: threads for face pieces - Part 1 Standard thread connection - Specification

IS 14138 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory Protective devices: Threads for face pieces Part 2 Centre thread connection - Specification

IS 14166 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Full face masks - Specification

IS 14170 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Mouthpiece assemblies - Specification

IS 14746: 1999 Respiratory Protective Devices - Half Masks And Quarter Masks - Specification

IS 15322 : 2003 Particle Filters Used in Respiratory Protective Equipment - Specification

IS 15323 : 2003 Gas Filters and Combined Filters Used in Respiratory Protective Equipment - Specification

Classification of respirator

Respiratory Protective Devices

Atmosphere – Supplying Air - Devices

Gas and Vapour Filters

Air Purifying Devices

Combination Gas Vapour and

particulate Filters

Canister Respirator

Hose Mask Airline Respirators

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus

With Blower

Dust Filters

Without blower

Continuous flow

Pressure Demand

Type

Open circuit

Closed circuit

Compressed or Liquid Oxygen

Type

Oxygen Generating

Type

Demand Type

Demand Type

Particulate Removing Respirator

Pressure Demand Type

Cartridge Respirator

Canister Respirator

Cartridge Respirator

Respiratory Protective Devices

Atmosphere – Supplying Air - Devices

Gas and Vapour Filters

Air Purifying Devices

Combination Gas Vapour and

particulate Filters

Canister Respirator

Hose Mask Airline Respirators

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus

With Blower

Dust Filters

Without blower

Continuous flow

Pressure Demand

Type

Open circuit

Closed circuit

Compressed or Liquid Oxygen

Type

Oxygen Generating

Type

Demand Type

Demand Type

Particulate Removing Respirator

Pressure Demand Type

Cartridge Respirator

Canister Respirator

Cartridge Respirator

Selection LogicEnvironment

Unventilated SpaceVentilated Space

Canister respirator

with particulate filter or self contained Breathing Apparatus

Toxic

Cartridge respirator with

particulate filter

Cartridge Respirator

Canister Respirator or self contained

Breathing Apparatus

Self contained Breathing Apparatus

Dust Respirator

Dust or Fume Hazard

Gas or vapour Hazard

Combined Dust, Gas and

vapour Hazard

Oxygen Deficiency

Dust or fume

Hazard

Gas or vapour hazard

Oxygen Deficienc

y

Non toxic

Airline breathing apparatus (allows

only restricted movement)

Pressure Demand Type

Toxic Non toxic

Environment

Unventilated SpaceVentilated Space

Canister respirator

with particulate filter or self contained Breathing Apparatus

Toxic

Cartridge respirator with

particulate filter

Cartridge Respirator

Canister Respirator or self contained

Breathing Apparatus

Self contained Breathing Apparatus

Dust Respirator

Dust or Fume Hazard

Gas or vapour Hazard

Combined Dust, Gas and

vapour Hazard

Oxygen Deficiency

Dust or fume

Hazard

Gas or vapour hazard

Oxygen Deficienc

y

Non toxic

Airline breathing apparatus (allows

only restricted movement)

Pressure Demand Type

Toxic Non toxic

Air Purifying Type

Particulate respirators

Combination respirator

Gas & Vapour respirator

filter media in pads, cartridges, or canisters remove dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke or spray particles

designed to remove a single type of particles or classes of particles

do not protect against gases or vapours

filters should be replaced when user finds it difficult to breath

Classified as full-face & half mask

Air Purifying Type

Particulate respirators

Combination respirator

Gas & Vapour respirator

are normally used in atmospheres that contain hazards of both particulates and gases

have both particulate filters and gas/vapor filters

Air Purifying Type

Particulate respirators

Combination respirator

Gas & Vapour respirator

are normally used when there are only hazardous gases and vapours in the air

uses chemical filters (called cartridges or canisters) to remove dangerous gases or vapours

do not protect against airborne particles are made to protect against specific

gases or vapours provide protection only as long as the

filter's absorbing capacity is not depleted

Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied respirators

Combination respirator

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

makes use of a hose to deliver

clean, safe air from a stationary

source of compressed air

limits the range of user-mobility

and may fail due to hose

damage

also called airline respirators

normally used when there are

extended work periods that are

not immediately dangerous to

life and health (IDLH)

Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied respirators

Combination respirator

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

have an auxiliary self-contained air supply that can be used if the primary supply fails

the self-contained portion can be small since it only needs to supply enough air for escape

can be used for entry into confined spaces

normally used when there are extended work periods that are immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)

Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied respirators

Combination respirator

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

consists of a wearable, clean-air supply pack

do not restrict movement with a hose connection

normally used when there is a short-time need to enter and escape from atmospheres which are immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)

Classification of Hazards

Protection against Hazard Typical Construction Activity

Heat, splashes or spatter of molten metal

Welding & Gas cutting.

Abrasions

Material handling (Concrete blocks, reinforcement steel, bricks, scaffold materials, cement bags, tiles and other similar materials).

Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease

Handling or contact with solvents, oils & grease.

Contact with ChemicalsHandling or contact with acids, alkalis, dyes and general chemicals.

Electric ShockWorking with electric current carrying equipment.

Contact with paint Handling & application of paint

Selecting protective equipment

Type of Gloves Suitable for hazards

Chrome Leather GlovesWelding & Gas cutting, Abrasions, contact with paint.

Cotton gloves with leather palms

Abrasions

PVC GlovesContact with Chemicals, Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease, Contact with paint

Rubber GlovesContact with Chemicals, Contact with Solvents Oils & Grease, Contact with paint

Rubber-insulating gloves tested to appropriate voltage

Working with live electric equipment.

Size of the gloves

Length Measured from the tip of the

middle finger to where the cuff edge should be on the wrist / arm

Size measure your hand size,

around the palm at its widest point

7" to 8" = Small

8" to 9" = Medium

9" to 10" = Large

10"+ = X-Large

Types of Gloves

Chrome Leather Gloves Cotton gloves with leather palms

PVC Gloves

Types of Gloves

Rubber Gloves

Storage & Maintenance

Storage Each pair stored unfolded in a separate container in a

dry, dark and cool place. Gloves issued for service but are not actually in use

should be kept in their containers. Maintenance

shall not be exposed to heat or light or allowed to come into contact with oil, grease, etc.

Clean gloves soiled by materials like dust, insulating compound by soap & water.

Wet gloves shall be thoroughly dried before use.

Inspection

Check for harmful irregularities such as: Pinholes Cracks blisters, cuts & conductive embedded foreign matter etc.

Electrical Gloves - Field Air Test

BODY PROTECTION

Classification of Hazards

Protection against HazardTypical Construction Activity

Hot Metal Sparks & Splash Welding & Gas cutting

Acids & Alkalis Handling acids & alkalis.

Organic Solvents & OilsHandling Petroleum related products.

Flying chips, rough objects, mild impacts

Grinding, Woodworking, Shot Blasting, Sand Blasting

X – rays and gamma raysRadiography operations during non destructive testing.

Selection of Equipment

Material of Construction of the Protective Equipment

Recommended for use against hazard

Aluminized fabric Hot Metal Sparks & Splash

Fire resistant cloth Hot Metal Sparks & Splash

LeatherHot Metal Sparks & Splash, Flying chips, rough objects, mild impacts

Natural Rubber Acids & Alkalis

Plastic, Plastic Coated FabricAcids & Alkalis, Organic Solvents & Oils

Synthetic Rubber Organic Solvents & Oils

Lead Plastics or lead rubber or lead leather

X – rays and gamma rays

Body Protection

Types of body protection: Vests Aprons Jackets Coveralls Full body suits

Coveralls

Apron Life Jacket