Presented by: Dr. Wahyu W. Pandoe

Development, Operational and Maintenance of the Indonesian Tsunami Buoy Program

BPPT

Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster PERIOD : 1991 - 2010 BMKG

Liwa 94 Bengkulu 00

Banggai 00

Mataram 04

Simeulue 02, 10

Kerinci 95

Majalengka 01 Alor 91

Manokwari 03

Nabire 04, 04

Earthquake TSUNAMI Earthquake

Mentawai 05

Earthquake : 30 x Tsunami : 14 x

Yogyakarta 06

P. Buru 06

Alor, 04 Flores 92

Biak, 96

Molucca 98

Banyuwangi 94

Aceh 04

Pangandaran 06

Nias 05

Timor 95

Padangpanjang 07

Bengkulu 07

Situbondo 07

Gorontalo 08 Manokwari 09

Mentawai 10

3

Regional Tsunami Warning Service Provider (RTSP) for Indian Ocean (UNESCO IOC)

ICG/IOTWS

IOC of UNESCO

RTSP Indonesia:

BMKG (also as

Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center)

RTSP Australia: Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)

RTSP India: INCOIS

NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING

CENTRES in the INDIAN

OCEAN

UN Agencies and Other

International Organizations

ICG/IOTWS: Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

4

Components of InaTEWS (Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)

Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center at BMKG

STRUCTURE

BMKG

Seismometer Accelerometer

Indonesia Geospatial

Agency (BIG)

Tide Gauges

BPPT

Tsunami Buoys

CULTURE

(> 11 institutions/agencies)

Preparedness, Education,

Dissemination, Risk Assessment and reduction,

etc

Post Disaster management,

Awareness and Response

BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) is the Indonesia government agency under coordination of the Ministry of Research and Technology

BMKG BAKOSURTANAL

6

Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT

BPPT Chairman

(under the Ministry of Research and Technology

Deputy TIEM Deputy TIRBR

Deputy TPSA (Technology for

Natural Resources Development)

Operational and Maintenance Tsunami Buoy

Program

(Task Force since 2007)

48 Interdisciplinary Engineers , Scientists

and Technician

Technology Center for

Marine Survey

- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,

- 105 employees & crews

5 other Centers

Deputy TAB Deputy PKT

President’s Delivery Unit for Development

Monitoring & Oversight

Baruna Jaya Ship Particulars

Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology)

BPPT Chairman

(under the Ministry of Research and Technology

Deputy TIEM Deputy TIRBR

Deputy TPSA (Technology for

Natural Resources Development)

Operational and Maintenance Buoy Tsunami

Program

(Task Force since 2007)

78 Engineers , Scientists and

Technician

Technology Center for

Marine Survey

- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,

- 105 employees & crews

5 other Centers

Deputy TAB Deputy PKT

9

President Advisory Board

Concept of Buoy Tsunami

Type of operational buoys in Indonesia:

•InaBuoy TEWS (Indonesia)

•DART / DART ETD (USA, Australia, Thailand, India)

•GITEWS (Germany)

Scope of Operational Buoy Tsunami Program at BPPT:

The Operational Buoy Tsunami Program is a task force since 2007 – present (ad-hoc). This program is proposed to become the Indonesia Data Buoy Center (IDBC) that includes: 1. Operational tsunami buoys: InaBUOY, DART (NOAA), DART-ETD Australia, GITEWS (Germany), New development (CBT, HF Radar)

2. Ocean & Climatological Buoys: Global ocean observing System, long term sistematic and sustain observation, include: ATLAS /RAMA / TFLEX (NOAA-USA), TRITON (JAMSTEC-Japan), FIO (China), InaGOOS (Indonesia) 3. Operational experiment for ARGO FLOATERS and DRIFTERS: Starting in 2012 collaboration with NOAA-USA

InaBuoy TEWS Program Buoy Operational in Eastern Indian Ocean /

Western Pacific / internal waters

InaBuoy 2nd Gen

•The 2nd Generation start for operational in

mid 2008

Bali, 09/03/2010 Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 14

Buoy Hull Design & Manufacture • Material : Fiber glass • Max diameter 2,1 m • Height 3 m • Inside diameter 1,7 m • Berat kering: 2700kg • Max payload: 2000 kg

Bali, 09/03/2010 Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 15

Buoy Hull Payload • Solar cells • Outdoor Instrumentation

– Oceanographic / meteorological sensors

• Flash lamp • Acoustic transducer • Antennas (Iridium n Inmarsat) inside the

hull • Instrument & Battery compartment

Sea Operation for Tsunami Buoy Deployment

US DART Buoy WaveScan Buoy

InaBuoy, Gen-2 GITEWS Buoy

4 R/Vs BARUNA

JAYA

Data Flow from the sea floor to the National Warning Centre

• Data Center at BPPT (also called “Read Down Station - RDS”) operates continuously 24/7 basis

• BPPT sends the data to BMKG as the National Tsunami Warning Center • By State Law, BPPT do not have the authority to issue tsunami early warning, but BMKG

VSAT

TV/Radio/News

BMKG (RTSP)

Time line of tsunami warning

Earthquake

T1=5m

T2=6m

0

t5

FIRST WARNING

ESTIMATION OF THE THREAT

FIRST OBSERVATION

END OF THREAT

SECOND OBSERVATION

FIRST UPDATING

SECOND UPDATING

THIRD OBSERVATION

Bulletin no 1

Bulletin no 2

Bulletin no 3.1

Bulletin no 3.2

Bulletin no 3.3

Bulletin no 4

t0

T3=20m

t4

t6

Seismic

Tsunami scenario

Tide gauge Buoy GPS

Tide gauge Buoy GPS

………

• Previous [2009] plan: 23 buoy along the seas prone to tsunami; consisting of: 10 InaBuoy, 10 Germany, 2 DART USA, 1 Malaysia

DART II - Standard Installed in Sept 2007 Stop transmission in March

2008 Site visit in 2009 indicating the

buoy was vandalized

Buoy Komodo Juni 2008: installed Agustus 2008: detect minor tsunami Oktober 2008: vandalized Nov 2008: repaired and re-installed,

but get vandalized again a week after

April 2009 reinstalled September 2009: drifting

(vandalized) and recovered

Buoy Mentawai Installed inOctober 2009 November 2009:

drifting/vandalized April 2010: redeployment Juli 2010 : vandalized 13 November 2010: reinstalled Maintenace OBU in Feb 2011 Recovered in June 2011 Shifted to ENGGANO in Oct

2011

Buoy Halmahera April 2009 : deployment Januari 2010 : lost contact Aug 2010: considered

missing, and redeployment

Nov 2010: technical failure Jan 2011: recovered Buoy Aru/Nair

April 2009 : depSept 2009 : tow

fisherman November 2009

recovered in Sulawesi

Buoy Simeulue Installed in May 2010 June2010 detects Nicobar minor

tsunami Lost in November 2010 Redeployment: Feb 2011 Malfunction in April 2011 Recovered/redeploy in June 2011 Drifting (Lost) August 2011 Redeploy: May 2012

Buoy Cilacap Installed in August 2010 Oct 2010: reported vandalism on solar

panel December 2010: drifting, cut on

mooring line (vandalized), and recovered

Redeploy in May 2011 Recovered in Feb 2012

Buoy Krakatau Mei 2007 prototype deployment Mei 2008 drifting Juni 2008 transferred to Komodo

Buoy Pelabuhan Ratu Installed August 2011 Maintenance Sept 2011

(vandalized) Redeploy Feb 2012

Buoy ENGGANO Okt 2011: deployment, now in service, but OBU fails, buoy is drifting since 24 Apr 2012

SUMATRA-2 Installed in April 2009 Apr 2010: buoy was

drifting ‘suspiciously’ May 2010: Buoy is

recovered

JAVA-01 Installed in April 2009 Drifting and recovered in Nov 2009

SUMATRA-3 Installed in April 2009 Jan 2011: buoy was drifting

suspiciously Feb 2011: recovered 28 Feb

2011 near Sunda Str.

SUMATRA-1 Installed in April 2009 Dec 2010: site visit, but could

not find the buoy. Considered missing/sinking

JAVA-02 Installed in April 2009 Status: unreporting/unknown Sites check are scheduled in

Early-Mid 2012

SUMATRA-4 Installed in April 2009 Status: un-reporting Site visit Oct 2011: Buoy is

missing JAVA-03 Installed in Aapril 2009 Status: damaged n recovered (Feb

2012)

JAVA-04 Installed in Aapril 209 Status: missing (site check on (Feb

2012)

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Expected Buoy Status by end 2012

ENGGANO Redeployment in October 2012

PELB.RATU Redeployment in Feb 2012

DART ETD ID-AU Deployment in Feb 2012

SIMEULUE Ina BUOY, Redepoyment 20 May 2012

Examples on Vandalism Issue on buoy(s)

02/11/10 Pupuk Berimbang

Vandalism on NAIRA Buoys (Banda Sea)

• Deployed in Banda Sea in April 2009 at the depth 5035m

• Buoy unexpectedly 'travel' to north Sulawesi in Sept-Oct 2009

• Buoy is fully recovered by BJ-III in Nov 2009

• Major damage in the surface buoy

• Indonesian, DART-USA and GITEWS Germany buoys were also experienced nearly similar problems

DART 0N92E / 2009

Tracked SUM-03 when vandalized

KOMODO / 2009

GITEWS JAV-03

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Some EQ & Tsunami Events detected by Tsunami Buoys:

• Indian Ocean (Bengkulu), 12 September 2007

• Indian Ocean (Mentawai), 25 October 2010

• East Japan EQ, 11 March 2011

• Indian Ocean (Aceh), 11 April 2012

02/11/10 Pupuk Berimbang

Recorded Vs Predicted Sea Level for Krakatau Tsunameter on Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007

02/11/10 Pupuk Berimbang

Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007

Tsunami signal

• Comparison between post processed KRAKATAU Tsunameter data (red line) to the TUNAMI (Tohoku University’s Numerical-Analysis for Investigation of Tsunami) Numerical model (blue line) of Tsunami wave height.

• Implement new algorithms on KRAKATAU tsunameter data analysis in conjunction to the local tsunami source signals

• Well agree between observation and numerical model for the first tsunami peak wave, but still unable to remove the seismic noise

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Indian Oc. Tsunami Event, 11 April 2012: NOAA’s WEBSIFT Inverse Numerical Model

• Websift Inverse Numerical model result was validated iteratively in near real time to the closest buoy(s) tsunami.

• During EQ 11 April 2012, buoy DART #23401 detects a minor tsunami ~10cm.

• The height of tsunami recorded at DART is inputted into the inverse numerical model to estimate the tsunami height in other areas, including when the tsunami is approaching the western coast of Sumatra

Estimasi waktu rambatan gelomban tsunami (int. kontur = 5 menit)

22/12/2009 Footer 30

Tsunami (minor) event, 11 April 2012

Detiding signal

Raw data

1m

31

Time in UTC (WIB-7)

Sealevel at Meulaboh (west coast of Aceh) Station

Confirmation the occurrence of minor tsunami at coastline detected by coastal tide gauge

EQ & Tsunami, East Japan, 11 Maret 2011 Tsunami Buoy DART #52403

900km NNE Jayapura, d=4431m

Tsunami Height and Propagation Model (WEBSIFT)

Remark: 2nd wave > 1st wave

#1 offshore Biak

#2 offshore Jayapura

(USA) (USA)

(USA)

(USA)

Jerman

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

(Jerman)

21:47 WIB (5 minutes)

21:55 WIB (13 Minutes) 22:02 WIB (20 minutes)

DSS products of Simulation M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB 3.63 S, 99.92 E DEPTH 10 Km

Estimation tsunami height < 0.5m

Source: GFZ Germany, 2010

Note: = GITEWS SUM-03

Sea level & Tsunami detected on SUMATRA-3 Buoy

during EQ Mentawai 25 Oct 2010

22:02 WIB (20 minutes)

M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB (14:42:20UTC)

Sumber: GFZ Jerman, 2010

Concepts of New Designs InaBuoy TEWS (2013-2014)

• Near field or local tsunamis limits the buoy detection in time

• Surface Buoys subject to a vandalism • Proposed new designs:

1. Indonesia Cable Based Tsunameter (CBT) 2. HF Radar

Cable-based Tsunameter (CBT) • Consider small islands along west coast Mentawai Islands as a fix buoy. • Shift surface buoy to the coast line with a permanent structure, while OBU

is still sitting in the 'deep water' • Connect OBU to the “surfaced/landed buoy” with a submarine cable →

'Cable-based InaTEWS' system • The system does not replace buoys, but complement or redundancy. • More focus in western Sumatra and southern Java

RS-232 to FO

FO to

RS-232

Cable Optics

Power Junction

Power Junction

CPU

Copper Cable

Inmarsat Iridium

Battery Rechargerable Battery

Power Management

Modul

Solar Panel

BPR

RS-232

RS- 232

Ocean Bottom Unit (OBU)

Shore-based Station

Prototype Cable-Based Tsunameter

22/12/2009 Footer 39

OBU-CBT

Marine Fiber Optic Cable

Dry test at Puspiptek Serpong

New development in 2012: Cable Based InaTEWS

Proposed Sites:

1. South coast of West Java (1st prototype in September 2012)

2. P. Bajo (northern Siberut Is.)

3. P. Sinyaunyau (southern Siberut Is)

4. P. Rondo (northern Weh Is.)

5. P. Enggano (southwestern Bengkulu)

R&D 2013/2014: Cable based InaTEWS (to be connected to a mesh network of

pressure/seismic sensors)

22/12/2009 Footer

Notional design of a mesh network with redundant paths between nodes, connected to existing on-shore warning systems.

• Initiate collaborative proposal with University of Pittsburgh of USA has been submitted to US National Science Foundation

• Expected to implement in 2013/2014

HF Radar (expected for prototyping in 2013/2014)

• Current

• Radial Current

• Surface Wind Direction and Direction

• Surface Current Speed

• Significant Wave Height

• Dominant Wave Period and Direction

• Non-Directional Wave Spectrum

• Directional Wave Spectrum

• Tsunami Proposed Area:

• Southern coast of Java (~ Cilacap)

• Bengkulu/Padang Coast

• Aceh west coast

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HF Radar: ANTENNA SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (1)

HF Radar: Example : The 2011 Sendai Tsunami observed off Chile by HF Radar

Tsunami Height at KINAOSHI

Tsunami height is superimposed into total current velocity. (Accuracy decreases as approaching the coast line)

Source: Gurgel et al., 2011

CLOSING REMARKS and CONCLUSION

1. The ‘Buoy Technology’ development and engineering at BPPT has been established since 2007, and will continue with some improvements (long/short range tsunamis)

2. Vandalisms are the main issues in the operational of tsunami buoys in Indonesia (and adjacent seas/oceans)

3. Near future collaboration is expected to be established. BPPT engineers would like to share and learn on the state-of-the-art ocean technologies through a close regional/international partnership

4. Strengthening a ‘capacity building’ and related national / international institution efforts to establish national/regional ocean observing/warning system.

Recommendations

• Near Future development, design, engineering and prototyping: – Cable-based tsunami detection system (also collaborates with

University of Pittsburg, USA, and open possibility with other partners)

– HF Radar: initiation for joint development with University of Hamburg (WERA HF Radar) and looking forward with other R&D institutions

• Looking forward to have a specific collaboration with Asian countries in marine technologies, mainly related to the real time tsunami and ocean-climate long term observation/warning system

⇒ It is essential to complete and sustain the (near real time) oceanic observing/warning system for oceanic, climate, and disaster mitigation (McPhaden, Sept. 2011)

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Thank you

The BPPT INDONESIAN TSUNAMI BUOY Program

Wahyu W. Pandoe Email: wahyu.pandoe@bppt.go.id; wpandoe@yahoo.com