Permaculture: Appropriate

Structures & Passive Solar

Design

Permaculture: Appropriate

Structures & Passive Solar

DesignKevin BayukKevin Bayuk

Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives

What form of structure is appropriate?

What is Passive Solar Design

What principles are applied? Different approaches

Tropics, vs. Temperate, vs, Drylands

Calculations

What form of structure is appropriate?

What is Passive Solar Design

What principles are applied? Different approaches

Tropics, vs. Temperate, vs, Drylands

Calculations

What is Appropriate?What is Appropriate?

DesignPlacement in the landscape

FormMaterials

DesignPlacement in the landscape

FormMaterials

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place

Tropics and Sub-TropicsTropics and Sub-Tropics Orient to prevailing winds, not the sun Shaded valleys optimal Materials – light, even permeable to wind Mind flooding and plan for hurricane areas Mind insects

Screens, Stilts allow ground birds access to termites Temperature control

Humidity control Shade Cool air currents

Attached shade house White surfaces in and out Remove heat sources

Semi-detached kitchen?

Orient to prevailing winds, not the sun Shaded valleys optimal Materials – light, even permeable to wind Mind flooding and plan for hurricane areas Mind insects

Screens, Stilts allow ground birds access to termites Temperature control

Humidity control Shade Cool air currents

Attached shade house White surfaces in and out Remove heat sources

Semi-detached kitchen?

DrylandsDrylands Passive solar, summer cooling, winter (night)

warming Cool interior courtyards narrow and tall for shade White surfaces, small windows Towers for ventilation Cooking outdoors under trellis Underground Vines on walls if possible Homes as shade for gardens

Passive solar, summer cooling, winter (night) warming

Cool interior courtyards narrow and tall for shade White surfaces, small windows Towers for ventilation Cooking outdoors under trellis Underground Vines on walls if possible Homes as shade for gardens

TemperateTemperate

Space and Water Heating Passive solar design

Settlement on thermal belt Close housing 2-4 floors Dense windbreaks poleward Materials, dense earth or wood

Vegetation (attached to masonry, out from wood) for insulation

Stepped housing Insulated ceiling

Space and Water Heating Passive solar design

Settlement on thermal belt Close housing 2-4 floors Dense windbreaks poleward Materials, dense earth or wood

Vegetation (attached to masonry, out from wood) for insulation

Stepped housing Insulated ceiling

Passive Solar DesignPassive Solar Design

Designing

a building to work with the sun

Designing

a building to work with the sun

There is a type of solar energy that uses no equipment at all. This is called Passive Solar, and it uses the basic structural elements of a building, careful site selection and home planning, and various homebuilding strategies to keep buildings comfortable at very low energy cost. It also incorporates energy-efficiency features.

There is a type of solar energy that uses no equipment at all. This is called Passive Solar, and it uses the basic structural elements of a building, careful site selection and home planning, and various homebuilding strategies to keep buildings comfortable at very low energy cost. It also incorporates energy-efficiency features.

Looking at the Whole Structure:

Looking at the Whole Structure:

WHOLE HOUSE APPROACH: ENERGY EFFICIENCY

LIGHTINGAPPLIANCES

INSULATION AIR INFILTRATION HVAC PLUMBING FIXTURES

WHOLE HOUSE APPROACH: ENERGY EFFICIENCY

LIGHTINGAPPLIANCES

INSULATION AIR INFILTRATION HVAC PLUMBING FIXTURES

U.S. Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/homes/

The principles of passive solar are nothing new. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece, entire cities were

built to take advantage of the sun and the climate. Buildings were designed to take advantage of

daylighting, ventilation and other good design practices.

The principles of passive solar are nothing new. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece, entire cities were

built to take advantage of the sun and the climate. Buildings were designed to take advantage of

daylighting, ventilation and other good design practices.

In the U.S., drawings and photographs of the cliff dwellings of the American Indians and the sod homes of

the early pioneers show the popularity – and the necessity – of building homes to respond to the

environment.

In the U.S., drawings and photographs of the cliff dwellings of the American Indians and the sod homes of

the early pioneers show the popularity – and the necessity – of building homes to respond to the

environment.

Natural ConditioningNatural Conditioning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PASSIVE COOLING DAYLIGHTING NATURAL VENTILATION

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PASSIVE COOLING DAYLIGHTING NATURAL VENTILATION

Passive solar designs include open areas with walls that absorb heat during the day and

release it at night – into the home in winter and out of the home in summer.

Passive solar designs include open areas with walls that absorb heat during the day and

release it at night – into the home in winter and out of the home in summer.

Large windows take advantage of the winter sun, but blinds and drapes keep the home cooler in summer.

Windows let daylight in, and operable windows let the occupants control the flow of natural ventilation.

Large windows take advantage of the winter sun, but blinds and drapes keep the home cooler in summer.

Windows let daylight in, and operable windows let the occupants control the flow of natural ventilation.

Sunspaces give homeowners bright greenhouse-style rooms that are very

comfortable in cold weather.

Sunspaces give homeowners bright greenhouse-style rooms that are very

comfortable in cold weather.

Know the siteKnow the site

SOUTHERN EXPOSURE VEGETATION LOCAL CLIMATE

PREVAILING WINDS

VIEW/ PRIVACY ADJACENT PROPERTIES/

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

SOUTHERN EXPOSURE VEGETATION LOCAL CLIMATE

PREVAILING WINDS

VIEW/ PRIVACY ADJACENT PROPERTIES/

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

NCDC Online Document Library, Publications: http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/pubs/publications.html#CD

Know the Sun!Know the Sun!

SUNRISE/ SUNSET

ALTITUDE ANGLE

SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES

ALL SEASONS OBSERVATION

SUNRISE/ SUNSET

ALTITUDE ANGLE

SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES

ALL SEASONS OBSERVATION

Sustainable by Design: http://www.susdesign.com/design-tools.html

Altitude AngleAltitude AngleThe altitude angle (sometimes referred to as the "solar elevation angle") describes how high the sun appears in the sky. The angle is measured between an imaginary line between the observer and the sun and the horizontal plane the observer is standing on. The altitude angle is negative when the sun drops below the horizon. (In this graphic, replace "N" with "S" for observers in the Southern Hemisphere.

The altitude angle is calculated as follows: sin (Al) = [cos (L) * cos (D) * cos (H)] + [sin (L) * sin (D)] where: Al = Solar altitude angle L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere) D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere) H = Hour angle

Azimuth AngleAzimuth Angle

  

The solar azimuth angle is the angular distance between due South (see note below) and the projection of the line of sight to the sun on the ground. A positive solar azimuth angle indicates a position East of South, and a negative azimuth angle indicates West of South.

The azimuth angle is calculated as follows: cos (Az) = (sin (Al) * sin (L) - sin (D)) / (cos (Al) * cos (L)) where: Az = Solar azimuth angle Al = Solar altitude angle L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere) D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere)

Design the SystemDesign the System COLLECTION ABSORBTION/ STORAGE DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS

COLLECTION ABSORBTION/ STORAGE DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS

COLLECTORS (i.e. windows)

COLLECTORS (i.e. windows)

OPTIMAL SIZING

SOUTH VS. EAST AND WEST

TYPES FRAME SEALING GLAZING

OPTIMAL SIZING

SOUTH VS. EAST AND WEST

TYPES FRAME SEALING GLAZING

GLAZING, GLAZING, GLAZING …

GLAZING, GLAZING, GLAZING …

SINGLE, DOUBLE, OR TRIPLE

INERT GASES LOW-E HARD COAT

VS. SOFT COAT

POLYESTER FILMS

SPACERS

SINGLE, DOUBLE, OR TRIPLE

INERT GASES LOW-E HARD COAT

VS. SOFT COAT

POLYESTER FILMS

SPACERS

Energy Savers: Advances in Glazing Materials for Windows: http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/factsheets/windows.html

ABSORBTION/ STORAGEABSORBTION/ STORAGE

SURFACES COLOR PLACEMENT

THERMAL MASS MATERIALS PLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION MASS TO GLASS COVERINGS

SURFACES COLOR PLACEMENT

THERMAL MASS MATERIALS PLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION MASS TO GLASS COVERINGS

DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION

NATURAL RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION

MECHANICAL VENTS FANS BLOWERS

NATURAL RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION

MECHANICAL VENTS FANS BLOWERS

CONTROLSCONTROLS

SHADING OVERHANGS EXTERIOR INTERIOR LANDSCAPING

Grapes Kiwis

REFLECTING INSULATING

SHADING OVERHANGS EXTERIOR INTERIOR LANDSCAPING

Grapes Kiwis

REFLECTING INSULATING

CONTROLS (CONT.)CONTROLS (CONT.)

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS

SOLAR TEMPERING

DIRECT GAIN INDIRECT GAIN ISOLATED GAIN

SOLAR TEMPERING

DIRECT GAIN INDIRECT GAIN ISOLATED GAIN

SOLAR TEMPERINGSOLAR TEMPERING

INCIDENTAL MASS

DO NOT OVERGLAZE

LOW-COST

INCIDENTAL MASS

DO NOT OVERGLAZE

LOW-COST

DIRECT GAINDIRECT GAIN

COLLECTORS UP TO 12%

FLOOR AREA TO GLAZING

SKYLIGHTS

CONTROLS: SHADING INSULATING REFLECTING

COLLECTORS UP TO 12%

FLOOR AREA TO GLAZING

SKYLIGHTS

CONTROLS: SHADING INSULATING REFLECTING

DIRECT GAIN-STORAGEDIRECT GAIN-STORAGE ALSO ABSORBER

AND DISTRIBUTION 4”-6” THICK 5 – 6 SQ. FT. MASS

TO EVERY SQ. FT. GLASS OVER 7%

EVEN DISTRIBUTION

DIRECT SUN MEDIUM TO DARK

COLORS

ALSO ABSORBER AND DISTRIBUTION

4”-6” THICK 5 – 6 SQ. FT. MASS

TO EVERY SQ. FT. GLASS OVER 7%

EVEN DISTRIBUTION

DIRECT SUN MEDIUM TO DARK

COLORS

INDIRECT GAIN:THERMAL STORAGE WALL

INDIRECT GAIN:THERMAL STORAGE WALL

COLLECTORS SAME SURFACE AREA AS

STORAGE SEPARATED BY 2”-6”

ABSORBER DARK COLOR SELECTIVE SURFACE

STORAGE SIZE DEPENDENT ON

LAT. & AVG. TEMP. 8”-12” THICKNESS

DISTRIBUTION UPPER AND LOWER

VENTS 2 SQ. FT. FOR EVERY

100 SQ. FT. MASS

COLLECTORS SAME SURFACE AREA AS

STORAGE SEPARATED BY 2”-6”

ABSORBER DARK COLOR SELECTIVE SURFACE

STORAGE SIZE DEPENDENT ON

LAT. & AVG. TEMP. 8”-12” THICKNESS

DISTRIBUTION UPPER AND LOWER

VENTS 2 SQ. FT. FOR EVERY

100 SQ. FT. MASS

ISOLATED GAIN:SUNSPACE

ISOLATED GAIN:SUNSPACE

LEVEL WITH HOUSE OR “PIT” TYPE

PROJECTING OR “WRAP-AROUND”

SUBSYSTEMS OPEN WALL DIRECT GAIN/ GLASS

WALL AIR EXCHANGE/

STANDARD WALL THERMAL STORAGE/

MASS WALL

LEVEL WITH HOUSE OR “PIT” TYPE

PROJECTING OR “WRAP-AROUND”

SUBSYSTEMS OPEN WALL DIRECT GAIN/ GLASS

WALL AIR EXCHANGE/

STANDARD WALL THERMAL STORAGE/

MASS WALL

SUNSPACE REQUIREMENTS

SUNSPACE REQUIREMENTS

COLLECTORS OVERHEAD, SLOPED

OR VERTICAL AMOUNT DEPENDENT

ON AVG. TEMP. STORAGE

DEPENDENT ON SUBSYSTEM

3 SQ. FT. OF 4” THICK MASS TO 1 SQ. FT. GLASS

DISTRIBUTION VENTS, WINDOWS

AND DOORS 3% OF WALL AREA

COLLECTORS OVERHEAD, SLOPED

OR VERTICAL AMOUNT DEPENDENT

ON AVG. TEMP. STORAGE

DEPENDENT ON SUBSYSTEM

3 SQ. FT. OF 4” THICK MASS TO 1 SQ. FT. GLASS

DISTRIBUTION VENTS, WINDOWS

AND DOORS 3% OF WALL AREA

ISOLATED GAIN:CONVECTIVE LOOP

ISOLATED GAIN:CONVECTIVE LOOP

SOLAR COLLECTOR PANELS- THERMOSIPHON AIR PANELS (TAPs) VERTICAL OR “U-TUBE” COLLECTOR AND

ABSORBER STORAGE

RADIANT SLAB GRAVEL BED

DISTRIBUTION DUCTS, VENTS AND/OR

FANS

SOLAR COLLECTOR PANELS- THERMOSIPHON AIR PANELS (TAPs) VERTICAL OR “U-TUBE” COLLECTOR AND

ABSORBER STORAGE

RADIANT SLAB GRAVEL BED

DISTRIBUTION DUCTS, VENTS AND/OR

FANS

PASSIVE COOLINGPASSIVE COOLING NATURAL

VENTILATION WING WALLS LANDSCAPING

SHADING AWNINGS,

TRELLISES VEGETATION

THERMAL CHIMNEY FANS

CEILING WHOLE-HOUSE

NATURAL VENTILATION WING WALLS LANDSCAPING

SHADING AWNINGS,

TRELLISES VEGETATION

THERMAL CHIMNEY FANS

CEILING WHOLE-HOUSE

Designer’s ChecklistDesigner’s Checklist

Small is beautiful

East-west axis South facing

glazing North-side earth

berming Thermal mass

inside building envelope

Open airways to promote internal circulation

Small is beautiful

East-west axis South facing

glazing North-side earth

berming Thermal mass

inside building envelope

Open airways to promote internal circulation

Tight insulation and radiant barriers in roof

Energy conservation

Pay attention to details

Regular air exchange

Do not over-glaze

Tight insulation and radiant barriers in roof

Energy conservation

Pay attention to details

Regular air exchange

Do not over-glaze