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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp. 371–387, Article ID: IJCIET_09_01_036

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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PERLITE POWDER AND STEEL FIBER

EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim

Doctor, Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department,

AL-Mansour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

ABSTRACT

Lightweight concrete (LWC) highly beneficial as a construction material,

producing lower weight, improved durability, longer spans qualified, fewer piers, and

continuation of bridge structures. LWC can be identified as one of the numerous

compelling topics related of its benefits such as degraded in the size of concrete

segments, reinforcement ratios, moldings and scaffolding, foundation expenses as well

as the savings generated by the low cost of transport and constructing. Modifications

in the dimensions of columns and beams size lead to a voluminous space, and

reductions in self-weight can improve seismic resistance in building structures.

Moreover, high-grade fire resistance, thermal insulation, sound absorption, frost

resistance, and enhanced damping are other benefits of lightweight concrete.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the lightweight concrete

made from the lightweight material called (Perlite) as replacing part of coarse

aggregate with ratios (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) and its effects on compressive

strengths and density. Besides the effect of perlite powder, steel fiber effect with the

content of (0, 1.0 and 2.0%) was studied. Twenty-one (cylinders and cubes) average

specimens according to ASTM for determining the compressive strength and density

tests are performed at age of 28 days. The results show good performance of

concretes containing expanded perlite powder and increasing steel fiber content

increasing the compressive strength.

Key words: Light weight concrete, Perlite powder, Steel fiber and Compressive

Strength.

Cite this Article: Dr. Ola Adel Qasim, Perlite Powder and Steel Fiber Effects on

Properties of Light Weight Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 9(1), 2018, pp. 371-387.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

Using lightweight concrete extensively in numerous structural and structural determinations

for several years are related to its improved properties such as good operation (workability),

long-term and superior durability strength of concrete, less dead loading and resistance to

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


thawing and freezing of lightweight concrete [S. Chandra and L. Berntsson, 2002]. There are

naturally different types of lightweight materials suitable for building purposes in the market,

which are different in composition, density, surface nature in terms of texture, porosity and

their ability to absorb water. [Lo T.Y., Cui H.Z., 2004], [Tommy, Y. Lo, et. al., 200]. Other

advantages of lightweight structural concrete where design flexibility provides significant cost

economies by contributing: less dead load, better seismic structural response, longer intervals,

better fire ratings, thinner sections, lower story height, smaller structural members, reduced

reinforcement, low foundation costs. ACI committee identified lightweight structural concrete

as a concrete with dried air density at 28-day in the range of 1120 and 1920 kg/m3 and a

compressive strength higher than 17.2 MPa. Figure (1) shows the unit weigh and

classification of lightweight concrete.

Advancement of technology leads to expand lightweight concrete uses. There are

numerous investigations on fundamental lightweight concrete, but presently some published

issued researches on the application of natural perlite powder in structural lightweight

concrete. Perlite is a mineral aggregate with glass structure (crystalline) that is made from the

process of rapid cooling of volcanic lava. About 2 to 6 percent of the chemical composition of

the material is water. The water in the chemical structure of perlite is vapor and gas is given

off with the increase of heat temperature from 900 to 1100 C°, and this will lead to the

formation of bubbles in the softened stone that will cause a bubbled structure. The production

of certain bubbles causes the expanded perlite about 15 to 20 times than its original size.

Figure (2) shows the types of Perlite materials. [Aşık, M., 2006], [Ibrahim T. and Abdulhamit

k., 2007], [Demirboga, R., et.al., 2001].

Perlite powder is used as loose fill insulation in buildings construction, as it enhances fire

levels and reduces noise transmission to buildings. There are many advantages interest in the

use of lightweight fine materials, because of their association with cement paste and the

compatibility among aggregates and cement paste seems not require to be carried into

consideration for the design of the mix [Erdem, T.K., et.al., 2007]. As composite materials,

this character of concrete will head to a further homogeneous and cohesive material with a

lesser of micro-cracks. In the mix design, the cement can be somewhat displaced by the

natural pozzolan substances. All those materials and properties affect the properties of fresh

and hardened concrete. [Bektasa, F., et. al., 2005], [L.H. Yu, et.al., 2003]

Figure 1 Unit weigh and classification of lightweight

concrete.

Figure 2 Types of Perlite.

The brittleness nature features of lightweight concrete lead to the appearance of steel

fibers and needed to be attached to the concrete mixture. By using of these fibers has

increased in particular over the past decades. Therefore, a mixture of lightweight concrete

with fiber must be examined in terms of strength, density, and toughness. ACI Committee

Perlite Powder and Steel Fiber Effects on Properties of Light Weight Concrete


noted that concrete made of steel fibers had the potential for many other applications,

particularly in structural elements. Fiber parameters affecting mechanical response of concrete

mix composites are engineering geometry, arrangement, adjustment and the volumetric ratio

of fibers in the matrix. Adding fiber to the concrete makes it more homogeneous and isotropic

and transforms it from a brittle material to a more ductile one. The construction of steel fibers

enhances the design performance of structural concrete, including high-grade protection to

cracking and durability, as well as improved tensile strength, fatigue resistance, impact and

corrosion as previously reported by [21-26].

In this study, fiber lightweight concrete mixtures prepared by using perlite powder as a

supplementary cementing material with percentage of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) as

replacing part of coarse aggregate and its effects on compressive strengths and density, with

the effect of using steel fiber with the content of (0, 1.0 and 2.0%) was studied, all these

materials lead to provide a reducing total weight structure with conservative structural

lightweight concrete characteristics.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Several types of research have been arranged on the achievement of perlite as a replacement

part of the cement in the concrete, around the world. Such studies include evaluation of

thermal conductivity of non-structural concrete containing light aggregate perlite, evaluation

of the durability of concretes containing different amounts of expanded perlite under melting

and freezing cycles, applying these light aggregates in the constructing of self-compacting

concrete. However, little investigations have signified accomplished on the perlite pozzolanic

performance and use of this mineral as a replacement for aggregate. [Khandaker M. and

Hossain A., 2004] study the lightweight concrete by using of Volcanic Pumice as cement and

aggregate replacement material on workability, strength, shrinkage, absorption, and

permeability. They concluded that VPC has a good effect on strength and density, while the

lower effect on modulus of elasticity, increasing permeability and absorption. [Tommy, Y. e.

al., 2007] study the effect of different parameters on lightweight concrete, these parameters

include; aggregate, compressive strength, w/c and the porosities. They concluded that

increasing w/c ratio decreases the compressive strength and pores, No. increase. [Lo T.Y. and

Cui H.Z., 2004] study the influence of porous material to produced lightweight concrete and

its effect on concrete strength.

[Demirboga, R., et. al., 2001] investigates the expanded perlite and pumice aggregates

with the effect of silica fume and fly ash as a replacement to produce lightweight aggregate

concrete on compressive strength. SF and FA were found to decrease concrete unit weight and

increased compressive strength by (80, 84 and 108%) for 28-day curing due to (20, 40 and

60%) of EPA. [Erdem, T.K., et. al., 2007] This study presented the use of natural perlites with

the ratio of (20% or 30%). The study focuses on particle size distribution, consistency, setting

time, soundness and compressive strength.

[Kilic, A., et. al., 2003)] presented experimental results on HSLW concrete made with

mineral admixtures named basaltic-pumice (scoria) with using of fly ash and silica fume to

find compressive and flexural tensile strength. They found that these materials produce

lightweight concrete and using of additive produce high strength concrete.

[Rossignola J.A., et. al., 2003] study five mixes made with Brazilian lightweight

aggregates and its effect on high-performance LWAC for thinner structures members, and

effects of this materials on-air content, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting,

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


modulus of elasticity and deformation. They concluded that this material can produce thin

precast components using HPLWC.

[Chi, J. M., et.al., 2003] study the compressive strengths and modulus of elasticity of

cold-bonded pelletized lightweight aggregate concrete, by using 3 types of aggregates and

different fly ash ratio. Results show that lightweight aggregates and the w/b ratio are two

primary parts that forming the compression test and concrete elastic modulus.

[Bektasa, F., et. al., 2005] used expanded perlite and natural perlite as an admixture with

silica fume. They revealed that these materials possess the capacity to overcome the

deleterious alkali-silica development. Many researchers investigated the effect of additives

materials on lightweight concrete. [Demirboga, R. and Gul, R., 2003], [Erqul, Y., et. al.,

2004], [Yasar, E., et. al., 2003], Lo T.Y., et. al., 2004], [Mouli, M., and Khelafi, H. 2008],

[Aşık, M., 2006] presented a lightweight concrete to produce economical structure with

the application of natural perlite powder as a replacement of the cement, the produce 6 mixes

with different cement content and (0, 20 and 35%) of perlite powder ratios, and concluded

that Perlite powder was able to produce of structural lightweight concrete with strength of 20

to 40 MPa.

[Ibrahim T., and Abdulhamit K., 2007] study the compressive strength, porosity, and

coefficient of capillarity with the consequence of extended perlite and natural aggregate with

silica fume at various curing provisions. It was shown that EPA increases capillarity

coefficient and visible porosity of concrete and decrease the compressive strength.

[Shannag, M. J., 2011] Study the effect of additives like silica fume and fly ash with

perlite or lightweight materials. All acknowledge that structural lightweight concrete is

generated by the perlite powder or lightweight materials while mineral additives seem to be

mandatory for the production of high strength lightweight concrete.

Many researchers investigated the effect of fibers on lightweight concrete. [Balendran

R.V., et. al., 2002] presents the effect of fiber on the development of the mechanical

performance of concrete. They register that low quantity of fiber produces a limited effect on

compressive strength but develop exceptionally splitting tensile strength, flexural strength,

and toughness. [Kayall O., et. al., 2003] [Zhang M. H., et. al., 2004], [Mohammadi, Y., et. al.,

2009], [Chena B., and Liu J., 2005], [Libre N. A., et. al., 2011] presented the effect of steel

fibers on lightweight concrete. They found that steel fiber increase compression behavior,

tensile, flexural strength, toughness, shear, impact, and ductility but reduce the modulus of

elasticity.

3. MATERIALS

The following subject is divided into the types of materials used in the experimental program,

the method of preparation, the specimen's used, and method of preparation and test

procedures for research. The materials employed in this investigation are illustrated and

characterized as follows:

3.1. Cement

Cement handled in the present examination is of the ordinary Portland type applied to ASTM

1 specifications manufactured in Iraq factories, which was managed throughout this work

being displayed in Figure (3). Table (1) presents the physical properties of the cement used in

this research. The test results indicate that the cement approved conforms to the [ASTM

C150-04] and the Iraqi Standards Specifications [IQS No. 5/1984].



Table 1 Physical properties of cement.

Physical Properties Result Limits of IQS No.5/1984

Specific surface area Blain method,

m2/kg

372 ≥230

Setting time. Vicat's method:

Initial setting hrs: min.

Final setting hrs: min.

03:18

04:40

≥ 1.0 h

≤10h

Soundness 0.30% ≤0.8%

Compressive strength of mortar. N/mm2:

3 -day

7- day

16

28

≥15N/mm2

≥23 N/mm2

3.2. Fine Aggregate

In this research, the standard fine aggregate held with the maximum capacity of 4.75 mm as

shown in Figure (3). Figure (4) gives the grading curve of fine aggregates. The results

indicated that the designation of the specific grades and sulfates was within the requirements

of the Iraqi specifications. 45/1984] and [ASTM C136-05] as shown in the table (2). Table (3)

exposes the physical properties of fine aggregates.

Table 2 Grading of fine aggregate. Table 3 Physical properties of fine aggregate.

Sieve Size

(mm)

Passing (%) Limits of IQS

No.45/1984 for (Z. 3)

Physical

properties

Result Limits of IQS

No.45/1984 (Z.3)

4.75 100 90-100 Specific gravity 2.7 ---

2.36 91 85-100 Sulfate content 0.075% ≤0.5%

1.18 86 75-100 absorption 0.8% ---

0.6 69 60-79

0.3 23 12-40

0.15 8 0-10

3.3. Coarse Aggregate

The coarse aggregate adopted in this work is of a dry surface type with a maximum size of 10

mm as explained in Figure (3). The classification of grading for coarse aggregate is

conforming to Iraqi standards [No.45 / 1984] and [ASTM C33-03] is displayed in Table (4).

Table (5) presents the physical properties of coarse aggregate. Figure (5) shows the grading

curve for coarse aggregates.

Table 4 Grading of coarse aggregate. Table 5 Physical properties of coarse

aggregate.

Sieve Size

(mm)

Cumulative

Passing (%)

Limits of IQS

No.45/1984. Physical

Properties

Test

results

Limits of

B.S.882/1992 spec.

12.5 100 100 Specific apparent

gravity 2.7 ---

9.5 95 85-100 Sulfate (SO3) 0.06 % 0.1%

4.75 21 10-30

Absorption 0.54% --- 2.36 4.0 0-10

1.18 0 0-5

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


Figure 3 Cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate used.

Figure 4 Grading curve for fine aggregate. Figure 5 Grading curve for coarse aggregate.

3.4. Superplasticizer

With the increase in the percentage of perlite powder, the mixed efficiency decreases so the

need for the superplasticizer has appeared. The main superplasticizers benefits include easy

placement without the loss in the content of cement related to concrete great workability,

producing in high strength concrete with conventional workability except with lower water

content. The superplasticizer used was constructed and supplied by SIKA® under the

marketing name (Sika ViscoCrete-5930) as shown in Figure (6). It has three functions, i.e.

superplasticizer, viscosity modifying factor, and retarder [ASTM C109/C109M-05] and

[ASTM C1240-03]. Table (6) indicates the technological specification of the superplasticizer

used; it is clear of chlorides and connected with [ASTM C494 types A and F].

Table 6 Technical description of Sika® Viscocrete

® Hi-Tech 5930.

Properties Description Technical data

Main

action

Superplasticizer,

Hardening accelerator,

transparent color

Density at 25oC

Viscosity

1.08-1.09 g/cm3, (at +20°C)

160 MPa, at 20°C

Chemical

Base

(Type)

Modified

polycarboxylates based

polymer co-polymers,

Aqueous solution

Solid Content 23-27%

Total Chloride

Content

PH Value

Max. 0.1%

3.8-4.5, Non–flammable

Storage

Condition

Stored in dry condition

away from sunlight for

12 months at 5-35°C.

Dosage

to 2.0 % by weight of binder

it worked including all classes of

Portland cement.

3.5. Steel Fiber

Higher tensile steel fibers class was employed with the volume fraction of (0, 1 and 2%).

Table (7) presents the properties of the utilized steel fibers. It constructed through (Hebei

Yusen MWM Company Ltd. Company, China), while revealed in Figure (7), followed by the

demands of [ASTM A820/A 820M-04] for (Type II of cut sheet fibers).



Table 7 Properties of steel fiber.

Description (Type of steel fiber) Straight

Length of fiber(L)mm 13

Diameter of Fiber (d) mm 0.2

Tensile strength (N/mm2) 2600 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity (Es) (GPa) 210 GPa

Density 7800 kg/m3

Cross section Round

Aspect ratio L/D 65

Figure 6 Superplasticizer used. Figure 7 Steel fiber used (13/0.2 with

aspect ratio of 65).

3.6. Perlit Powder

A lightweight material called (Perlite) which is a commercial name for natural materials in the

form of the glassy cell with high porosity. According to the manufacturing manual, the Perlite

produced by subjecting Perlite particles to high temperature (about 870Co), so the materials

despots any roots of water (combined water) and the materials expanded about 4-20 times the

original volume producing swelled Perlite with very high porosity. The Perlite is useful for

thermal, sound and noise isolation, also it is natural, an organic, fire resistance and energy

saving. In the research, perlite powder was employed for the composition of lightweight

concrete and will present an influence of degrading total weight of the construction and to

achieve a further inexpensive structural lightweight concrete through the application of

mineral components perlite powder as a exchanged of the coarse aggregate. The perlite

powder chemical and physical characteristics are presented in table (8). Perlite is a pozzolan

as specified by [ASTM C 618, ASTM, 2001, Erdem et al., 2007]. Figure (8) shows Perlite

powder used.

Table 8 Chemical and Physical properties of Perlite powder.

Chemical Composition (%)

SiO2 71

Al2O3 13.2

Fe2O3 1.2

MgO 0.3

CaO 1.7

Na2O 3.3

K2O 4.7

LOI 3.3

Physical properties

Specific gravity 2.4

Blaine finesses, cm2/g

4270

Passing 45 µm, % 80

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


Figure 8 Perlite powder used.

4. EXPERIMANTAL WORK AND MIX PROPORTION

Mix design is the manner managed to decide the numerous proper constituents of concrete

and determining their relative volumes to perform the desired strength. To perform

lightweight concrete, the mixing proportion [cement: sand: aggregate] was [1:1.66:2.44] and

the water-cement ratio equaled to 0.35. An entirety of (21) average specimens was performed

to ascertain the compressive strength of every mix proportion. Three groups were divided.

Group (1) shown in table (9) consisted of (0% fiber) with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) of

perlite powder as aggregate replacement.





The experimental test proved that the mixture employed creates high-grade workability,

distributed processing of concrete without discrimination and corresponds to density and

compressive strength specifications conditions of [ACI].

Table 9 Mix design for (Group 1, 2 and 3).

Gro

up

Mix

desi

gn

Cemen

t

(kg/m3)

Sand

(kg/m3

)

Aggregat

e (kg/m3) W/c

Superplastic

izer (%) by

weight of

cement

Steel

fiber

(%)

by

volum

e

Cylinder

Compres

sive

Strength

(MPa)

Cube

Compres

sive

Strength

(MPa)

Perlite %

by weight

of

aggregate

Densit

y

(kg/m3

)

1

1 410 680 1000 0.35 2.50% 0 35 41 0 2320

2 410 680 946.81 0.35 2.50% 0 35 41 5 2320

3 410 680 893.62 0.35 2.50% 0 27 31 10 2233

4 410 680 840.43 0.35 2.50% 0 24 28 15 2201

5 410 680 787.24 0.35 2.50% 0 20 23 20 2157

6 410 680 734.05 0.35 2.50% 0 16 18 25 2114

7 410 680 680.86 0.35 2.50% 0 10 11 30 2049

2

1 410 680 1000 0.35 2.50% 1 38 45 0 2390

2 410 680 946.81 0.35 2.50% 1 38 45 5 2390

3 410 680 893.62 0.35 2.50% 1 30 35 10 2314

4 410 680 840.43 0.35 2.50% 1 26 30 15 2276

5 410 680 787.24 0.35 2.50% 1 22 25 20 2238

6 410 680 734.05 0.35 2.50% 1 17 19 25 2191

7 410 680 680.86 0.35 2.50% 1 11 12 30 2134

3

1 410 680 1000 0.35 2.50% 2 44 52 0 2410

2 410 680 946.81 0.35 2.50% 2 44 52 5 2410

3 410 680 893.62 0.35 2.50% 2 33 39 10 2325

4 410 680 840.43 0.35 2.50% 2 30 35 15 2302

5 410 680 787.24 0.35 2.50% 2 25 29 20 2263

6 410 680 734.05 0.35 2.50% 2 20 23 25 2225

7 410 680 680.86 0.35 2.50% 2 12.5 14 30 2167



5. CONCRETE MIXING PROCEDURE, CASTING AND CURING

Significant of mixing process came from the need to obtain the commanded concrete

workability and homogeneity for the mixture. Mixing using (0.1m3) mechanical mixer was

performed. Figure (9) shows the preparation procedure, mixing, casting and curing procedure.

Dry materials (cement and perlite powder) were grouped in the blender and mixed for 2

minutes to ensure homogenization and separation of the cement particles. The sand is then

combined and processed for 3 minutes, and the aggregate is attached and mixed for 2 minutes.

The superplasticizer was suspended in water and was diluted. The water resolution and the

superplasticizer were continuously supplemented to the revolving mixer and the components

of the entire mix were mixed for a long time. The mixer, later turned off and any matter

adhering to blender blades was washed off in the container. Mix until the consistency of fresh

concrete is guaranteed. For mixtures containing steel fibers, the same scheme was used and

steel fibers were added at the end, and the mixing continued continuously the concrete

became homogenous in consistency. Before casting, the molds remained cleaned and

lubricated to avoid adhesion of hardened concrete to the inner faces of the molds. According

to [ASTM C192 / C192M-02], the composite material has been carefully poured into a mold

in two layers. First, about half of the material was arranged; then, the mixture was shaken for

about 1minutes on the vibrating table to ensure that the material was pressed well. After that,

the second half of the mold was filled with a compound in the same way. After the upper

layer has been pressed, the steel shovel is straightened and settled. After casting, the samples

were capped with plastic sheeting, to delay water evaporation from fresh concrete. Later next

24 hours they were displaced and deposited in the water bath for a period of 28 days to

guarantee that the moisturizing process was carried out entirely under the temperature of the

laboratory.

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


Figure 9 Preparation, mixing, casting and curing procedure.

6. UNIT WEIGHT (DENSITY)

The fresh concrete unit weight of concrete was estimated with an average of three cubes

(100x100x100mm) to determine the compacted density according to specifications [ASTM

C29 / C29M-97] and [AST5 C567-85] and [ASTM C138] respectively. The experimental

results show that lightweight concrete including perlite powder has a lower density than those

without perlite mixes. Current density for total varieties of concrete mixtures is performed in

Table (10). The results determine that mixtures with fibers have a higher density of than the

mixes without fiber as displayed in Figure (10). When the steel fibers increase from (0, 1.0

and 2.0%) density by (0, 3.02 and 3.88%) will increase.

Figure 10 Effect of steel fiber content on Density with (0% perlite).

7. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

For various concrete mixes, the compressive strength (f'c) at the age of 28 days was prepared.

It was arranged associated to [B.S-1881; part 116] and with [ASTM C39-2005]. (100x200

mm cylindrical specimens and 100x100x100 cube were operated to define the compressive

strength of separate concrete mixes using a hydraulic compression apparatus (ELE-Digital)

with 2000 kN capability. Load rate for every test was established at (15MPa per minute),

According to [ASTMC109/C109M-05]. The compressive strength of three specimens was

reported by taking the average. Table (10) shows compressive strength decreasing and

increasing percentage due to perlite powder effect and steel fiber content effect. Figure (11)

shows compressive strength test. The results of using perlite powder in dosages of (0, 5, 10,

15 and 20, 25 and 30%) effect on compressive strength. When steel fiber progress from (0,

1.0 and 2.0%) there is an enhancement in the compressive strength of the concrete after

joining of steel fiber up to 2% is observed. From Figures, it may furthermore be achieved that

the addition of steel fibers developed and enhanced the compressive strength of lightweight

concrete associated to the reliable mechanical bond strength between the two materials (fibers

and the cement matrix) which holds the formation of micro-cracks.



Table 10 Compressive strength with different percentage of perlite powder and steel fiber content.

Group Mix

desig

n

Steel

fiber

(%)

Perlite %

by weight

of

aggregate

Compressi

ve

Strength

(MPa)

(%) Decreasing of

Compressive

Strength (effect of

perlite powder)

(%) Increasing

of Compressive

Strength (effect

of steel fiber)

Density

(kg/m3)

(%) decreasing of

Density (effect of

perlite powder)

1

1 0 0 35 0 0 2320 0

2 0 5 35 0 0 2320 0

3 0 10 27 -22.86 0 2233 -3.74384

4 0 15 24 -31.43 0 2201 -5.15

5 0 20 20 -42.86 0 2157 -7.02

6 0 25 16 -54.29 0 2114 -8.89

7 0 30 10 -71.43 0 2049 -11.70

2

1 1 0 38 0 8.57 2390 0.00

2 1 5 38 0 8.57 2390 0.00

3 1 10 30 -21.05 11.11 2314 -3.17

4 1 15 26 -31.58 8.33 2276 -4.76

5 1 20 22 -42.11 10.00 2238 -6.34

6 1 25 17 -55.26 6.25 2191 -8.32

7 1 30 11 -71.05 10.00 2134 -10.70

3

1 2 0 44 0 25.71 2410 0.00

2 2 5 44 0 25.71 2410 0.00

3 2 10 33 -25.00 22.22 2325 -3.53

4 2 15 30 -31.82 25.00 2302 -4.49

5 2 20 25 -43.18 25.00 2263 -6.09

6 2 25 20 -54.55 25.00 2225 -7.70

7 2 30 12.5 -71.59 25.00 2167 -10.10

Figure 11 Compressive strength test.

1-Group (1)

For group (1) consisted of (0% steel fiber) with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) of perlite

powder as aggregate replacement. The results of using perlite powder in varying dosages

affect decreasingly on compressive strength. When perlite powder dosages increase from (0,

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) a decrease in average compressive strength of (0, 0, 22.86, 31.43,

42.86, 54.29 and 71.43%) as shown in table (10) and Figure (12).

Figure 12 Varying of compressive strength with different perlite powder content and (0%) steel fiber

content.

2- Group (2)

For group (2) consisted of (1.0% steel fiber) with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) of perlite





Figure 13 Varying of compressive strength with different perlite powder content and (1.0%) steel

fiber content.

3- Group (3)

For group (3) consisted of (2.0% steel fiber) with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) of perlite





Figure from (15) to (23) show varying of compressive strength with different perlite

powder content and steel fiber content.



Figure 14 Varying of compressive strength with different perlite powder content and (1.0%) steel

fiber content.

Figure 15 Varying of compressive strength with different perlite powder content and (0, 1.0 and

2.0%)steel fiber content.

Figure 16 Effect of steel fiber on compressive strength with different perlite powder content

Figure 17 Varying of compressive strength with (0%) perlite powder content and (0, 1.0 and 2.0%) steel fiber

content.

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


Figure 18 Varying of compressive strength with (5%) perlite powder content and (0, 1.0 and 2.0%)

steel fiber content.













8. CONCLUSIONS

Depending on the determinations of this work, the resulting conclusions are presented.

Lightweight concrete manufactured from perlite powder is corresponding to the fundamentals

of structural lightweight concrete according to [ACI 213R] "Guide for Structural Lightweight-

Aggregate Concrete" classifications and [ASTM 330-05] "Standard Specification for

Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete" with regard to concrete compressive

strength.

Fiber lightweight concrete mixtures were provided by using perlite powder as a supplementary

cementing material as substituting part of coarse aggregate and its influences on compressive

strengths and density, with the influence of using steel fiber all these materials, leads to

produce a reducing total weight composition with conservative structural lightweight concrete

characteristics. The cylinder and cube compressive strength of lightweight concrete appears to

held in straight proportion to the density of concrete.

Lightweight concrete with perlite powder reducing the concrete density considering to the

density of normal weight concrete which is approximately 2400 kg/m3. The conclusion of this

results leads to an advantage of the decreased total weight of the composition leads to reduce

the chance of earthquake disturbances to a construction because earthquake forces are

proportionate to the mass of the construction.

Three concrete mixes groups were organizing with applying perlite powder in dosages of (0,

5, 10, 15 and 20, 25 and 30%) and steel fiber of (0, 1 and 2%) which influences on

compressive strength and density. The results show that the perlite powder reduces the

compressive strength and the density but the inclusion of steel fiber increases both the

compressive strength and density.

Lightweight concrete with grade strength for a 28-day cylindrical compression test is between

10 MPa-35 MPa can be generated by the application of perlite powder.

Dr. Ola Adel Qasim


When steel fiber increases from (0, 1 and 2%) there is an enhancement in the compressive

strength of the concrete following the extension of steel fiber up to 2% is recognized. The

joining of steel fibers developed the compressive strength of lightweight concrete related to

the higher mechanical bond strength connecting the fibers and the cement matrix which

prevents micro-cracks formation.

For mixes without steel fiber, concrete density is 2320 kg/m3 which is lesser than normal

weight concrete but when steel fiber is adding to the mix there is an improvement in the

density of concrete due to fiber effects.

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