perkahwinan dan keluarga

8/11/2019 Perkahwinan Dan Keluarga

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ChapterOverview

Perkahwinan/Marriage

KonsepPerkahwinan

PerkahwinanMenurut Islam

Quran

Hadith

Keluarga/Family

Definisi KeluargaPersoalan Tentang

Definisi

PerspektifSosiologi

Perspektif

Teoritikal

Functionalism

Conflict

SymbolicInteractionism

Fungsi Keluarga

Tischer, 2011

Functionalist View

Jenis Keluarga

System of Descent

Authority Patterns

Family Life Cycle/

Kitaran KehidupanKeluarga

Divorce/Penceraian


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When a marriage is troubled and unhappy, it

is generally better for the children if the

couple stays together

Agreed 25%

Disagreed


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Why?

Andrew Cherlin, a sociologist who has spent his life studying

the American family, believes the answer lies with two

divergent beliefs in American culture.

First, we think marriage is the best way to lead ones life. It

should be permanent, loving relationship with divorce as a

last resolt.

Yet, the strong cultural belief in individualism that urges

people to examine their personal situations and make

changes if they are not satisfied. The individual pursuit ofhappiness has been elevated of the changes in the American

family that have occured during the past 50 years (Cherlin,

2009).


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Konsep Perkahwinan

Marriage is an institution found in all societies which is thesocially recognized, legitimized and supported union ofindividuals of opposite sexes. It differs from other unions(such as friendships) in terms of:

a) it is initiated in a public (and usually formal) manner;

b) it includes sexual intercourse as an explicit element of therelationship;

c) it provides the essential condition for legitimizing offspring (i.e. itprovides newborns with socially accepted statuses); and

d) it is intended to be a stable and enduring relationship.

Thus, although almost all societies allow for divorce, nosociety endorses it as an ideal norm (Tischler, 2011, p. 270).


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Perkahwinan Menurut Islam


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Quran Says

Marriage is a highly recommended deed. Allahsays,"Marry the spouseless among you...if they are poor, God will

enrich them of His bounty.(An Nur:32)

"And among His signs is that He has created for you spouses fromamong yourselves so that you may live in tranquility with them;and He has created love and mercy between you. Verily, in that

are signs for those who reflect.

(Ar Rum:21 )


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In another verse Allah says,

"... Then marry such women as seem good to you two, three

or four. But if you fear that you will not do justice between

your wives, then marry only one...

(An Nisa: 3)


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According to the principles of Islamic

jurisprudence...

any communication in imperative form from God can

have two levels of meaning: either it is an obligatory

command or a very high recommendation.


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From these few verses of the Qur'an, one can

easily understand that according to Islam:

a. marriage is a sign of God's power and blessings;

b. marriage is a highly recommended act of virtue

which should not be avoided because of

poverty;

c. sexual urge is a creative command of God placed

in human nature.


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The Prophet Said

The Prophet said, 'Whosoever likes to follow my

tradition, then he should know that marriage is from

my tradition.

The Prophet said, No house has been built in Islam

more beloved in the sight of Allah than through

marriage.


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Definition

1. A social group characterized by common residence,

economic cooperation and reproduction, including

adults of both sexes, at least one of whom maintain

a socially approved sexual relationship, and one ormore children, own or adopted, of the sexually

cohabiting adults

(Murdock, 1949).


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2. Family - consists of people who consider themselves

related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

(Allyn and Bacon, 2003)


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3. a group of persons united by ties of marriage,blood, or adoption; constituting a household;

interacting and communicating with each other in

their respective social roles of husband and wife,

mother and father, son and daughter, brother andsister, and creating and maintaining a common

culture

(Burgess et al., 1971).


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4. any group of persons united by the ties of

marriage, blood, or adoption, or any sexually

expressive relationship in which

(1) the people are committed to one another in an

intimate, interpersonal relationship,

(2) the members see their identity as importantlyattached to the group, and

(3) the group has an identity of its own

(Rice, 1990).


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5. Family refers to a collection of people, related toeach other by marriage, ancestry, adoption, or

affinity, who have a commitment to each other and

a unique identity with each other. This collection

forms an economic unit. The adults in the collection

have varying degrees of responsibility for young

members that might be a part of the collection

(Bidwell and Vander Mey, 2000).


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6. A family consists of two or more people living

together who are related by birth, marriage, or

adoption.

(U.S. Census Bureau)


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7. A family is a relationship by blood, marriage, or

affection, in which members may cooperate

economically, may care for any children, and may

consider their identity to be intimately connected tothe larger group

(Seccombe and Warner, 2004:6)


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Beberapa persoalantentang definisi keluarga

ditimbulkan di sini, iaitu;

1. Adakah keluarga itu secara mutlaknya berasaskan

darah? menyebabkan anak angkat itu menjadi a lesser children, dan keluarga

tiri itu a lesser family? Pada tahun 1993, seorang remaja dari Florida yang telah diserahkan

selepas kelahirannya kepada keluarga yang salah, tidak mahu

kembali kepada keluarga biologikalnya setelah kesilapan itu

diketahui.

Semasa perbicaraan kesnya, peguam remaja tersebut telahmemulakan debatnya dengan soalan "What constitutes a family?"

dan membuat kenyataan bahawa [biology] alone--without more--

does not constitute or sustain a family.


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2. Adakah istilah itu perlu difahami sebagai: mereka

yang tinggal di bawah bumbung yang sama, yang

membawa makna semua isirumah (household)tergolong di dalamnya?


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3. Adakah istilah ini didefinisi berdasarkan fungsi yang

dimainkan?

George Peter Murdock argues that the family is "a social

group characterized by common residence, economiccooperation, and reproduction. ... [it] includes adults of

both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially

approved sexual relationship, and one or more children."


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4. Bagaimana pula perakuan undang-undang kepada

hubungan tersebut?


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Sociological Perspective


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Dari sudut sosiologi, dikenali sebagai ahli keluarga membawa

makna wujudnya perbezaan hak dan obligasi sosial terhadap

mereka yang dikenali (oleh masyarakat dan anggotanya)

sebagai keluarga berbanding dengan orang yang tidak

dikenali (stranger), rakan sekerja, jiran, teman sebilik, rakan

atau saudara mara yang jarak (e.g.,fifth cousin twice

removed) yang tidak dikira sebagai keluarga (of course,

where a culture draws this line between family and not-familyis highly variable; one is no more distantly related from any

other person on earth than a fifty-second cousin or so. Pet

owners and their pet owning friends may view Fido as

"family"--and Fidos have been known to inherit the bulk oftheir deceased owners' estates).


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Theories

Functionalistsbelieve the family is

universal because it fulfillsbasic needs.

Conflict Theoristsbelieve within the familythere is a struggle over

scarce resources.

Most men resist doing

housework.

Women pull a second-shift athome.

SymbolicInteractionist

examine how our ideas, beliefsand attitudes shape our daily

lives.


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Functions of the Family


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Kepentingan keluarga tergambar dalam kenyataan

yang dikemukakan oleh Michael Novak iaitu:

if the family breaks down, not all of the remaining

institutions can put societyback together again.


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There

areseveralfunctionsofth

e

familylisteddownby(Tischler,20

11)

Regulating SexualBehavior

PatterningReproduction

Organizing Productionand Consumption

Socializing Children

Providing Care andProtection

Providing Social Status


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1. Regulating Sexual Behavior

No society permits random sexsual behavior. All societies have

a incest taboo, which forbids intercourse among closely

related individuals, although who is considered to be closely

related varies widely. Almost universally, incest rules prohibit

sex between parents and their children and between brothersand sisters. However, there are exceptions. The royal families

of ancient Egypt, the Inca nation, and early Hawaii did allow

sex and marriage between brothers and sisters (Tischler,

2011, p. 268).


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Incest

Incest refers to sexual relations with a close relative.

The incest taboo is a cultural universal.

What constitutes incest varies widely from culture to culture.

In societies with unilineal descent systems (patrilineal ormatrilineal), the incest taboo is often defined based onthe distinction between two kinds of first cousins: parallelcousins and cross cousins.

Sexual relations with a parallel cousin is incestuous, because theybelong to the same generation and the same descent group.

Sexual relations with a cross cousin is not incestuous because theybelong to the opposite group or moiety.


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2. Patterning Reproduction

Every society must replace its members. By regulting

where and with whom individuals may enter into

sexual relationships, society also patterns sexual

reproduction. By permitting or forbidding certainforms of marriage (multiple wives or multiple

husband for example) a society can encourage or

discourage reproduction.


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3. Organizing Production and

Consumption

In preindustrial societies, the economic system often

depended on each family producing much of what it

consumed. In almost all societies, the family

consumes food and other necessities as a social unit.Therefore, a societys economic system and family

structures often are closely correlated.


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4. Socializing Children

Not only must a society reproduce itself biologically by

producing children, it also must ensure that its children are

encouraged to accept the lifestyle it favors, to master the skills

it values, and to perform the work it requires. The family

provides such a context almost universally, at least during theperiod when the child is dependent on the constant attention

of others. The family is ideally suited to this task because its

members know the child from birth and are aware of its

special abilities and needs.


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5. Providing Care and Protection

Every human being needs food and shelter. In addition, we all

need to be among people who care for us emotionally, who

help us with the problems that arise in daily life, and who

back us up when we come into conflict with others. Although

many kinds of social groups are capable of meeting one ormore of these needs, the family often is the one group in a

society that meets them all.


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6. Providing Social Status

Simply by being born into a family, each individual

receives both material goods and a socially

recognized position defined by ascribed status. These

statuses include social class or caste membershipand ethnic identity. Our inherited social position, or

family background, probably is the single most

important social factor affecting the predictable

course of our lives.


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Family serves six functions

for society according toFunctionalist View

Protection Socialization ReproductionRegulation of

Sexual BehaviorAffection and

CompanionshipProvision ofsocial status


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Types of Family
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Types of FamilyTypes of Family

Keluarga Orientasi

(the family in which anindividual grows up)

Keluarga Orientasi

(the family in which anindividual grows up)

Keluarga Prokreasi

(the family formed when acouple have their firstchild)

Keluarga Prokreasi

(the family formed when acouple have their firstchild)

Richard T. Schaefer, 2003


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Types of Family

Keluarga Nuklear

(Nuclear Family)

A living arrangement inwhich spouses and

children live together

Keluarga Luas

(Extended Family)

A living arrangement inwhich spouses, children andother relatives live together



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Types of FamilyTypes of Family

PolygamyPolygamy

when an individual

has several husbandsor wives

simultaneously

when an individual

has several husbandsor wives

simultaneously

PolygynyPolygyny

Multiple WivesMultiple Wives

PolyandryPolyandry

Multiple HusbandsMultiple Husbands



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Nuclear Family

Nuclear family is the most basic family form and is made up of

a married couple and their biological or adopted children. The

nuclear family is found in all societies, and it is from this form

that all other (composite) family forms are derived.

Setiap keluarga nuklear mengandungi pasangan yangberkahwin dan anak-anak yang bergantung kepada mereka

dan tinggal bersama.


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Extended Families

Extended families include other relations andgenrations in addition to the nuclear family, so thatalong with married parents and their offspring, theremight be the parents parents, siblings of the

parents, the siblings spouses and children, and in-laws. All the members of the extended family live inone house or in homes close to one another, formingone cooperative unit.

Sistem keluarga luas adalah tipikal wujud dalammasyarakat bukan industri dan sektor desa dalammasyarakat moden.


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Polygamous Families

Polygamous families and nuclear families linked

together by multiple marriage bonds, with one

central individual married to several spouses.


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Polygynous

The family is polygynous when the central person is

male and the multiple spouses are female.

Polygyny is more common than polyandry because,

where sex ratios are not equal, there tend to bemore women than men.

Multiple wives tend also to be associated with

wealth and prestige (the Kanuri of Nigeria and the

Betsileo are used as examples).


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Polyandrous

The family is polyandrus when the central person is female and themultiple spouses are male.

Polyandry is rare and only 1% of all societies permit a woman to takeseveral husbands simultaneously, and the women have to be wealthymembers of those societies to do so.

The Tlingit of southern Alaska are one example.

Polyandry also occurs among well-to-do Tibetan families in the highlandsof Limi, Nepal.

Polyandry is quite rare, being practiced almost exclusively in South Asia.

Among the Paharis of India, polyandry was associated with a relatively lowfemale population, which was itself due to covert female infanticide.

Polyandry is usually practiced in response to specific circumstances, and inconjunction with other marriage formats.

In other cultures, polyandry resulted from the fact that men traveled agreat deal, thus multiple husbands ensured the presence of a man in thehome.


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Families, whether nuclear or extended,

trace their relationships through the

generations in several ways.


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System of Descent

(the way people trace kinship overgenerations)

Patrilineal System

(descent is traced only to the fathers side)

Matrilineal System

(descent is traced only to the mothers

side)

Bilateral System(being related to both the mothers and

fathers side of the family)


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Under the patrilineal system, the generations are

tied together through the males of a family which is

all the members trace their kinship through the

fathersline. Under the matrilineal system, exactly the opposite is

the case. The generations are tied together through

the females of a family.

Under the bilateral system, descent passes throughboth females and males of a family.


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In patrilineal society, social, economic, and political affairs

usually are organized around the kinship relationships among

men, and men tend to dominate public affairs. Polygyny often

is permitted, and men also tend to dominate family affairs.

Sociologists use the term patriarchal family to describe

situations in which most family affairs are dominated by men.

The matriarchal family, in which most family affairs are

dominated by women, is relatively uncommon but dows exist.

Therefore, whatever form the family takes and whatever

functions it serves, it generally requires a marriage to exist.

Like the family, marriage varies from society to society in its

forms (Tischler, 2011, p. 269).


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Authority Patterns

(Who Rules?)

Patriarchy

males are expected todominate in all familydecision making

Matriarchy

women have greaterauthority than men

Egalitarian family

family in which spousesare regarded as equals


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THE FAMILY LIFECYCLE

A source of roles, responsibilities

and challenges for families!


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What is a lifecycle?

A lifecycle is a series of stages families

go through as the structure of the

family changes. However, not every family follows the

life cycle in order or description

because each family is unique.


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Understanding the stages in the lifecycle

of a family can help prepare parents and

other family members for the challenges

and demands each stage brings.


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FAMILYLIFECYCLE

STAGE 1

(BeginningFamily)

STAGE 2

(ExpandingFamily)

STAGE 3

(DevelopingFamily)

STAGE 4

(LaunchingFamily)

STAGE 5

(AgingStage)


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In this stage, twopeople form a family

unit separate fromeach ones original

family unit

There are no childrenin this stage of the lifecycle

STAGE 1

What challenges facethe beginning family asthey prepare for theparenting process?

What roles may be

assumed by the familymembers in this stage?

CHALLENGES


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STAGE 2

During this stage, children are addedto the family.

CHALLENGES

What challenges face the expanding family asthey begin the parenting process?

How will roles change in the family when thefirst child is born?


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This stage begins whenthe last child startsschool

STAGE 3

What challenges facethe developing familywith children from ages

6-20 years? Will these challenges

affect family roles?

CHALLENGES


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STAGE 4

This stage begins with the departureof the oldest child and ends with thedeparture of the youngest child fromthe family unit.

CHALLENGES

This stage holds many challenges for families.What are some of them?

This stage is What challenges


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ST

AGE

5

This stage issometimes calledthe empty nest

stage, becausethe children haveleft the original

family unit. Thisstage has parentswith childrenwho are now

independent andliving on their

own. CHA

LLEN

GES

What challengeswould face

parents in the

empty neststage?

How do roles

change for familymembers in this

stage of thecycle?


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Remember.

The family life cycle is one way to

look at the roles and responsibilities

of parenting. In real life, the life cycle may be a

combination of several stages at one

time!


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Divorce


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Divorce is found in many different societies. Marriages that are political alliances between groups are

harder to break up than marriages that are moreindividual affairs.

Payments of bridewealth also discourage divorce. Divorce is more common in matrilineal societies as well as

societies in which postmarital residence is matrilocal.

Divorce is harder in patrilocal societies as the woman maybe less inclined to leave her children who, as members of

their fathers lineage, would need to stay with him.

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