period vii: 1890-1945 part one: american imperialism
TRANSCRIPT
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PeriodVII:1890-1945PartOne:AmericanImperialism
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A“New”ManifestDestiny• Acquiringpossessionsoutsidecon0nentalU.S.• Islandterritories–notlikelytobecomestates• Weren’tsuitableforsizeablese@lementbyAmericans• Reluctantimperialismatfirst
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ReasonsForExpansion• Economic• Newmarkets–foreigntrade• Fearsthatnaturalresourceswouldrunout
• Social• Distrac0onfromsocialprotests:Populistmovement,laborba@les,free-silver
• Na0onalism• Poli0cal• Expansionasaworldpower• KeepupwithEuropeanna0ons
• SocialDarwinism–“upliQ”lessfortunate
• AlfredMahan–expansionofnavalpower
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AlfredMahan:TheIn'luenceofSeaPowerUponHistory(1890)
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LatinAmerica• Pan-AmericanConference(1889)
• Venezuelanborderdispute• invokedMonroeDoctrinetojus0fyinterven0on
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FlirtationWithImperialism• HawaiiandSamoa• Americansugarplanta0ons–stagedrevolu0on• calledonU.S.tosupport• CompetedwithBritainandGermanyforinfluenceinSamoa
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WarWithSpain(1898)Causes:• ControversyoverCuba• CubanrevoltagainstSpanishrule• Tariffdevastatedsugareconomy• Atroci0esof“ButcherWeyler”sensa0onalizedbyyellowjournalists:JosephPulitzer,WilliamRandolphHearst
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WarWithSpain(1898)Causes:• PresidentClevelandhesitanttointervene• Twoeventsmadepeaceimpossible:• DupuydeLomele@er• Destruc0onofTheMaine–“RememberTheMaine!”
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“ASplendidLittleWar”• McKinleymadeonelasteffortatpeace• AssistantSecretaryoftheNavy,TheodoreRoosevelt,clamoringforwar
• Declara0onofwaronApril25,1898• WarwasoverbyAugust• Wareffortplaguedbysupplyandmobiliza0onproblems
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SeizingthePhilippines• RooseveltinstructedCommodoreGeorgeDeweytoa@ackSpanishnavalforcesinthePhilippinesintheeventofwar
• Ba@leofManilaBay-Spanishsurrenderedquickly
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TheBattleforCuba• A@ackedSan0ago• Ba@lesofElCaney,SanJuanHill
• RoughRidersmadeanameforthemselves• CommandedbyColonelTheodoreRoosevelt
• AmericansoccupiedPuertoRicowithnoresistance
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Armistice• SpainrecognizedindependenceofCuba• SpaincededPuertoRicoandGuamtotheU.S.• U.S.con0nuedoccupa0onofManilainthePhilippines
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PuertoRico• GrowingresistancetoSpanishrulebeforethewar• ForakerActestablishedcolonialgovernmentin1900• DeclaredaUnitedStatesterritoryandPuertoRicansbecameU.S.ci0zens
• Sugarindustryflourishedwithouttarifflimita0ons
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Philippines• McKinleydecidestoannexthePhilippines-TreatyofParis(1898)finalizedthedealwithSpain
• Senateresistedra0fica0onoftreaty• An0-ImperialistLeague:mo0va0onsvaried• Treatyra0fiedin1900
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“WhenInextrealizedthatthePhilippineshaddroppedintoourlapsIconfessIdidnotknowwhattodowiththem...Andonenightlateitcametomethisway...1)ThatwecouldnotgivethembacktoSpain-thatwouldbecowardlyanddishonorable;2)thatwecouldnotturnthemovertoFranceandGermany-ourcommercialrivalsintheOrient-thatwouldbebadbusinessanddiscreditable;3)thatwenotleavethemtothemselves-theyareunfitforself-government-andtheywouldsoonhaveanarchyandmisruleoverthereworsethanSpain'swars;and4)thattherewasnothingleQforustodobuttotakethemall,andtoeducatetheFilipinos,andupliQandcivilizeandChris0anizethem,andbyGod'sgracedotheverybestwecouldbythem,asourfellow-menforwhomChristalsodied.”
-WilliamMcKinley
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ThePhilippineWar(1898-1902)• FilipinoshadbeenrebellingagainstSpanishrulebeforeSpanish-AmericanWar• RebelledagainstAmericansaswell
• LedbyEmilioAguinaldo• Brutaltac0csprac0cedonbothsides• POWexecu0ons,concentra0oncamps
• AguinaldocapturedinMarch,1901
• MilitarytransferredauthoritytoWilliamHowardTaQ
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TheRepublicasanEmpire• Departurefromisola0onismofthepast• Pla@Amendment(1901)• PressuredCubaintoincorpora0ngU.S.termsintoitscons0tu0on• Cubawasnottoenterintoanyagreementswithforeignpowersthatwouldendangeritsindependence
• TheU.S.couldinterveneinCubanaffairsifnecessarytomaintainanefficient,independentgovernment
• CubawouldleasetotheU.S.navalandcoalingsta0ons• CubabecameanAmericaneconomicappendage
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TheOpenDoorPolicy• IncreasedAmericaninterestinAsia–China• ImperialpowersdividingChinaamongstthemselves–“spheresofinfluence”
• Sec.ofStateJohnHayproposedOpenDoorPolicy• Eachna0onwastorespectrightsandprivilegesofothersinitssphere
• Chineseofficialsweretocon0nuecollec0ngtariffdu0esinallspheres
• Na0onswerenottodiscriminateagainstotherna0onsinlevyingportduesandrailroadrates
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BoxerRebellion• OpenDoorPolicy:• AllowedU.S.totradefreelyinChina
• RetainedillusionofChinesesovereignty
• PreventedcolonialdismembermentofChina
• Boxers:secretChinesemar0alartssociety• LaunchedrevoltagainstforeignersinChina
• U.S.par0cipatedinquellingoftherebellionwithaninterna0onalexpedi0onaryforce
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AModernMilitarySystem• Spanish-AmericanWarrevealeddeficiencies• ElihuRootappointedtooverseeoverhaulofarmedforces• Enlargedarmyfrom25,000tomax.of100,000• EstablishedstandardsforNa0onalGuard• Officertrainingschools• JointChiefsofStaffestablishedtoadvisesecretaryofwar